A Broad-Range Survey of Ticks from Livestock in Northern Xinjiang
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"Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude"
By Adrian Zenz - Version of this paper accepted for publication by the journal Central Asian Survey "Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude" - China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang1 Adrian Zenz European School of Culture and Theology, Korntal Updated September 6, 2018 This is the accepted version of the article published by Central Asian Survey at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997 Abstract Since spring 2017, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China has witnessed the emergence of an unprecedented reeducation campaign. According to media and informant reports, untold thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslims have been and are being detained in clandestine political re-education facilities, with major implications for society, local economies and ethnic relations. Considering that the Chinese state is currently denying the very existence of these facilities, this paper investigates publicly available evidence from official sources, including government websites, media reports and other Chinese internet sources. First, it briefly charts the history and present context of political re-education. Second, it looks at the recent evolution of re-education in Xinjiang in the context of ‘de-extremification’ work. Finally, it evaluates detailed empirical evidence pertaining to the present re-education drive. With Xinjiang as the ‘core hub’ of the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing appears determined to pursue a definitive solution to the Uyghur question. Since summer 2017, troubling reports emerged about large-scale internments of Muslims (Uyghurs, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz) in China's northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). By the end of the year, reports emerged that some ethnic minority townships had detained up to 10 percent of the entire population, and that in the Uyghur-dominated Kashgar Prefecture alone, numbers of interned persons had reached 120,000 (The Guardian, January 25, 2018). -
Table S1. the Species Information of Ferula Genus Used in This Study
Table S1. The species information of Ferula genus used in this study. Specimen GenBank Latin name Sample source Sampling parts voucher accession 7-x-z-7-1 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792984 7-x-z-7-2 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792985 7-x-z-7-3 Jeminay County, Xinjiang leaves KF792986 7-x-z-7-4 Jeminay County,Xinjiang leaves KF792987 7-x-z-7-5 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792988 7-x-z-8-2 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792995 Ferula sinkiangensis 7-x-z-7-6 Yining County, Xinjiang roots KF792989 K.M.Shen 7-x-z-7-7 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792990 7-x-z-7-8 Jeminay County, Xinjiang leaves KF792991 7-x-z-7-9 Jeminay County, Xinjiang roots KF792992 7-x-z-7-10 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792993 7-x-z-8-1 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792994 13909 Shawan,County,Xinjiang roots KJ804121 7-x-z-3-2 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793025 7-x-z-3-5 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793027 Ferula fukanensis 7-x-z-3-4 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793026 K.M.Shen 7-x-z-3-1 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KF793024 13113 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KJ804103 13114 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KJ804104 7-x-z-2-4 Toli County, Xinjiang roots KF793002 7-x-z-2-5 Toli County, Xinjiang leaves KF793003 7-x-z-2-6 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793004 7-x-z-2-7 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793005 7-x-z-2-8 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793006 7-x-z-2-9 Toli County, Xinjiang leaves KF793007 Ferula ferulaeoides 7-x-z-2-10 Shihezi City, Xinjiang leaves KF793008 (Steud.) Korov. -
CHINA: HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS in XINJIANG a Human Rights Watch Backgrounder October 2001
350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118 Phone: 212-290-4700 Fax: 212-736-1300 E-mail:[email protected] Website:http://www.hrw.org CHINA: HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS IN XINJIANG A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder October 2001 Xinjiang after September 11 In the wake of the September 11 attacks on the United States, the People’s Republic of China has offered strong support for Washington and affirmed that it "opposes terrorism of any form and supports actions to combat terrorism." Human Rights Watch is concerned that China’s support for the war against terrorism will be a pretext for gaining international support—or at least silence—for its own crackdown on ethnic Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. Beijing has long claimed to be confronted with “religious extremist forces” and “violent terrorists” in Xinjiang, a vast region one-sixth of China’s land area. Xinjiang has a population of 18 million and is home to numerous Turkic-speaking Muslim ethnic groups, of which the Uighurs, numbering eight million, are the largest. (The second largest group is the Kazakhs, with 1.2 million.) The percentage of ethnic Chinese (Han) in the population has grown from 6 percent in 1949 to 40 percent at present, and now numbers some 7.5 million people. Much like Tibetans, the Uighurs in Xinjiang, have struggled for cultural survival in the face of a government- supported influx by Chinese migrants, as well as harsh repression of political dissent and any expression, however lawful or peaceful, of their distinct identity. Some have also resorted to violence in a struggle for independence Chinese authorities have not discriminated between peaceful and violent dissent, however, and their fight against “separatism” and “religious extremism” has been used to justify widespread and systematic human rights violations against Uighurs, including many involved in non-violent political, religious, and cultural activities. -
WRC Case Brief: Lacoste Linked to Factory in China That Reportedly Uses Forced Labor
WRC Case Brief: Lacoste Linked to Factory in China that Reportedly Uses Forced Labor The Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) has determined that the global clothing brand, Lacoste, produced apparel at a factory that has been identified by independent researchers as using forced labor. The factory, Yili Zhuo Wan Garment Manufacturing, is located in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of China. This part of the XUAR is home to members of the Kazakh ethnic group, one of the Muslim minority peoples that are targets of the Chinese government’s brutal campaign of repression in the region. The factory makes leather gloves and other products for export. Its address is Home Textile Park, Number 5, Yining County, Yili.1 Lacoste, with $2.2 billion in annual revenue, sells apparel in 120 countries and operates its own retail stores around the world, as well as boutiques within larger department stores.2 Lacoste sponsors a number of leading professional tennis players, including number-one-ranked Novak Djokovic. The brand is owned by the Swiss holding company, Maus Frères. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a US-based research and policy organization which issued a widely-read report last year on forced labor in the XUAR, documented the abuses suffered by a woman who was forced by the Chinese government to work at Yili Zhuo Wan Garment.3 According to CSIS: After subjecting the woman to extra- judicial detention in a series of internment camps, the government, upon releasing her from detention, forced the woman to report for work at Yili Zhuo Wan Garment. -
Without Land, There Is No Life: Chinese State Suppression of Uyghur Environmental Activism
Without land, there is no life: Chinese state suppression of Uyghur environmental activism Table of Contents Summary ..............................................................................................................................2 Cultural Significance of the Environment and Environmentalism ......................................5 Nuclear Testing: Suppression of Uyghur Activism ...........................................................15 Pollution and Ecological Destruction in East Turkestan ...................................................30 Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Development and Displacement ....................45 Legal Instruments...............................................................................................................61 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................66 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................69 Endnotes .............................................................................................................................70 Cover image: Dead toghrak (populus nigra) tree in Niya. Photo courtesy of Flickr 1 Summary The intimate connection between the Uyghur people and the land of East Turkestan is celebrated in songs and poetry written and performed in the Uyghur language. Proverbs in Uyghur convey how the Uyghur culture is tied to reverence of the land and that an individual’s identity is inseparable -
September 15, 1945 the Situation in Xinjiang
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified September 15, 1945 The Situation in Xinjiang Citation: “The Situation in Xinjiang,” September 15, 1945, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, RGASPI F. 17. Op. 162, D. 37, ll. 150-151. Obtained by Jamil Hasanli and translated by Gary Goldberg. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121808 Summary: The Central Committee of the CPSU reports that the rebels in the East Turkestan Republic (ETR), or northern Xinjiang, have requested that the Soviet Union mediate between the Chinese Nationalist Government and the ETR. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the MacArthur Foundation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document 15 September 1945 299. The Situation in Xinjiang 1. In connection with the conclusion of a treaty of friendship and alliance, a number of agreements, and an exchange of notes about Xinjiang between the Soviet Union and China consider it advisable to assume responsibility for mediation between the insurgents in Xinjiang and the Central Government of China. 2. Charge Cde. Petrov, the Soviet Ambassador in China, with making the following statement to Vice Minister Gan Naiguang: "In reply to your statement of 7 September of this year I have the honor to inform you of the following: the Soviet Consul in Ghulja [Yining] has informed the Soviet government that some Muslims who call themselves representatives of the insurgents in Xinjiang, have turned to him and suggested that the Russians assume responsibility for mediation between them and the Chinese authorities in order to settle the conflict which has arisen. -
Chinese Housing and the Transformation of Uyghur Domestic Space
Ethnic and Racial Studies ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rers20 If you don’t know how, just learn: Chinese housing and the transformation of Uyghur domestic space Timothy A. Grose To cite this article: Timothy A. Grose (2020): If you don’t know how, just learn: Chinese housing and the transformation of Uyghur domestic space, Ethnic and Racial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2020.1789686 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1789686 Published online: 06 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 563 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rers20 ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1789686 If you don’t know how, just learn: Chinese housing and the transformation of Uyghur domestic space Timothy A. Grose Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology ABSTRACT The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is eliminating and replacing (Wolfe, Patrick. 2006. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native.” Journal of Genocide Research 8 (4): 387-409) indigenous expressions of Uyghurness. The Party-state has narrowed the official spaces in which Uyghur language can be used and tightened restrictions on religious practice while it has broadened the criminal category of “extremist.” These policies attempt to hollow-out a Uyghur identity that is animated by Islamic and Central Asian norms and fill it with practices common to Han people. The CCP has thrust these tactics into private homes. Drawing on research in the region between 2010 and 2017, government documents, and colonial theory, this article introduces and interrogates the “Three News” housing campaign. -
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Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 165 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2020) Research on the Influences of Tourism on the Process of Local Urbanization in Western Regions Taking Heavenly Pond in Tianshan Scenic Spot of Xinjiang Province as an Example Min Liao1,* Tao Zhang1 1City University of Macau, Macau, China *Corresponding author. Email:[email protected] ABSTRACT In recent years, urbanization research has gradually become a research hotspot in academia, but there are few literatures on the influences of tourism development on urbanization in the western region. By consulting the relevant literature and materials of Heavenly Pond in Tianshan Scenic Spot in Xinjiang and Fukang City, this paper studies the regional and industrial reallocation of resources in Fukang City due to tourism development, the transfer of surplus rural labor force to urban employment, and the changes in space, economy and society based on the current situation of the research area by interview method. The research results show that tourism has a significant impact on population urbanization, economic urbanization, social and cultural urbanization and environmental development in Fukang City. Keywords: tourism, western region, urbanization process, Heavenly Pond in Tianshan Scenic Spot Spot on the urbanization process of Fukang City based I. INTRODUCTION on urbanization theory and stakeholder theory. In the academic circles, there is a general consensus that the development of tourism has a significant role in II. LITERATURE REVIEW promoting the process of local urbanization, which is based on the national level. However, China has a vast A. Research status in foreign countries territory, the economic development of each region is In the early 1970s, the level of urbanization in significantly different, and the development stage of developed countries in Europe and the United States urbanization process is also different. -
Writing Uyghur Women Into the Chinese Nation
LEGIBLE CITIZENS: WRITING UYGHUR WOMEN INTO THE CHINESE NATION Arianne Ekinci A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the History Department in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved By: Michael Tsin Michelle King Cemil Aydin © 2019 Arianne Ekinci ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Arianne Ekinci: Legible Citizens: Writing Uyghur Women into the Chinese Nation (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) It’s common knowledge that the People’s Republic of China was established as a multi- ethnic state in 1949. But what did this actually mean for populations at the fringes of the new nation? This thesis uses sources from the popular press read against official publications to tease out the implications of state policies and examine exactly how the state intended to incorporate Uyghur women into the Chinese nation, and how these new subjects were intended to embody the roles of woman, ethnic minority, and Chinese citizen. While official texts are repositories of ideals, texts from the popular press attempt to graph these ideals onto individual narratives. In this failure to perfectly accord personal encounters with CCP ideals, these authors create a narrative fissure in which it is possible to see the implications of official minority policy. Focusing on three central stories from the popular press, this thesis probes into the assumptions held concerning the manifestation of Uyghur citizenship and the role of Uyghur women as subjects of the Chinese state as seen through intended relationships with Han women, Uyghur men, party apparati, the public eye, and civil law. -
Violent Resistance in Xinjiang (China): Tracking Militancy, Ethnic Riots and ‘Knife- Wielding’ Terrorists (1978-2012)
HAO, Núm. 30 (Invierno, 2013), 135-149 ISSN 1696-2060 VIOLENT RESISTANCE IN XINJIANG (CHINA): TRACKING MILITANCY, ETHNIC RIOTS AND ‘KNIFE- WIELDING’ TERRORISTS (1978-2012) Pablo Adriano Rodríguez1 1University of Warwick (United Kingdom) E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 14 Octubre 2012 / Revisado: 5 Noviembre 2012 / Aceptado: 10 Enero 2013 / Publicación Online: 15 Febrero 2013 Resumen: Este artículo aborda la evolución The stability of Xinjiang, the northwestern ‘New de la resistencia violenta al régimen chino Frontier’ annexed to China under the Qing 2 en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang dynasty and home of the Uyghur people –who mediante una revisión y análisis de la officially account for the 45% of the population naturaleza de los principales episodios in the region- is one of the pivotal targets of this expenditure focused nationwide on social unrest, violentos, en su mayoría con connotaciones but specifically aimed at crushing separatism in separatistas, que han tenido lugar allí desde this Muslim region, considered one of China’s el comienzo de la era de reforma y apertura “core interests” by the government3. chinas (1978-2012). En este sentido, sostiene que la resistencia violenta, no In Yecheng, attackers were blamed as necesariamente con motivaciones político- “terrorists” by Chinese officials and media. separatistas, ha estado presente en Xinjiang ‘Extremism, separatism and terrorism’ -as en la forma de insurgencia de baja escala, defined by the rhetoric of the Shanghai revueltas étnicas y terrorismo, y Cooperation Organization (SCO)- were invoked probablemente continúe en el futuro again as ‘evil forces’ present in Xinjiang. teniendo en cuenta las fricciones existentes Countering the Chinese official account of the events, the World Uyghur Congress (WUC), a entre la minoría étnica Uigur y las políticas Uyghur organization in the diaspora, denied the llevadas a cabo por el gobierno chino. -
Major Controls on Streamflow of the Glacierized Urumqi River Basin in the Arid Region of Northwest China
water Article Major Controls on Streamflow of the Glacierized Urumqi River Basin in the Arid Region of Northwest China Muattar Saydi, Guoping Tang and Hong Fang * School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (G.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 October 2020; Accepted: 27 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: Understanding the main drivers of runoff availability has important implications for water-limited inland basins, where snow and ice melt provide essential input to the surface runoff. This paper presents an analysis on the runoff response to changes in climatic and other controls of water-energy balance in an inland glacierized basin, the Urumqi River basin, located in the arid region of northwest China, and identifies the major control to which runoff is sensitive across the basin’s heterogeneous subzones. The results indicate that the runoff is more sensitive to change in precipitation in the mountainous headwaters zone of the upper reach, and followed by the impact of basin characteristics. In contrast, the runoff is more sensitive to changes in the basin characteristics in the semiarid and arid zones of the mid and lower reaches. In addition, the change in basin characteristics might be represented by the distinct glacier recession in the mountainous upper reach zone and the increasing human interferences, i.e., changes in land surface condition and population growth, across the mid and lower reach zones. The glacier wasting contributed around 7% on average to the annual runoff between 1960 and 2012, with an augmentation beginning in the mid-1990s. -
46063-002: Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development Project
Social Monitoring Report Project Number: 46063-002 December 2019 PRC: Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development Project (EMDP Monitoring Report-ENG) Prepared by: Xinjiang Agricultural University This social monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB-financed Project of Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development Project External Monitoring & Evaluation Report on Ethnic Minority Development Plan (Year of 2019) Xinjiang Agricultural University December 2019 Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development Project External Monitoring & Evaluation Report on Ethnic Minority Development Plan (Year of 2019) Project Leader: ZHU Meiling Component leader: Wang Jiao Compiled by: WANG Jiao Data collected & analyzed by: ZHU Meiling, Wang Jiao, MA Yongren, Liu Jiaxin, Zeng Ge Translated by: CHENG Luming Reviewed by: ZHU Meiling Table of Contents CHAPTER I PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................... 1 SECTION 1 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT WORKS .................................................................. 1