DOCSLIB.ORG

California State University • Fresno

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
California State University • Fresno CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY • FRESNO SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY ^CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE Viticulture and Enology Research Center 2360 East Barstow Avenue Fresno, California 93740-0089 (209) 278-2089 June 24, 1991 Mr. Justin Meyer American Vineyard Foundation P. O . B o x 4 1 4 Oakvi11e, CA 94562 D e a r J u s t i n , Enclosed please find the following American Vineyard Foundation final reports for the 1990/91 year. 1. Winemaking Without Sulfur Dioxide-Alternative Treatment - C.J. Muller, K.C. Fugelsang and B.H. Gump 2. Capture & Utilization of Fermentation Emission Volatiles II - C.J. Muller and K.C. Fugelsang 3. Variegated Leafhopper Population Dynamics in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Level and Plant Fertilizer Source: A Nutritional Ecology Study - Mark Mayse and William Roltsch 4. Spiders as Beneficials in Grape Agro-ecosystems - William Roltsch, Mark Mayse and Mbah Njokom The Viticulture & Enology Research Center appreciates your continued support. If you have any questions please give me a cal 1. Sincerely, \J . Vincent E. Petrucci, Director Viticulture & Enology Research Center enclosure GCl:5vepjun.91 WS5/5.25 THE CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY FINAL REPORT 1990/1991 AMERICAN VINEYARD FOUNDATION June 30, 1991 PROJECT TITLE: Spiders as Beneficials in Grape Agro-ecosystems PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Dr. William Roltsch, Dr. Mark Mayse, & Mr. Mbah Njokom Viticulture & Enology Research Center 2360 E. Barstow Avenue California State University, Fresno Fresno, CA 93740-0089 Phone: (209) 278-2089 OBJECTIVES AND TIMETABLES: A) Determine the primary spider species and their distribution in central San Joaquin Valley vineyards that vary in location or chemical treatment. B) Determine the seasonal occurrence of the predominant spider species found in grape. C) Evaluate the ecological role of spiders as natural enemies in grape agro- ecosystems in the central San Joaquin Valley. Seven vineyard sites were sampled from early May to October of 1990. Four vineyards were sampled every two weeks for both spiders and leafhoppers (i.e., variegated and western grape leafhopper). The remaining vineyards were sampled m o n t h l y f o r s p i d e r s . SUMMARY: Spiders represent an entirely predacious group of organisms whose potential importance as beneficials in agro-ecosystems has generally been overlooked. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential importance of spiders as a mortality factor for grape insect pests. Spider populations were sampled at frequent intervals in a number of Fresno County vineyards. Except for one site, all vineyards utilized "soft" pesticide alternatives. Furthermore, the sites represented a range of environments including vineyards near and distant from riparian habitats. Spiders were abundant in vineyards managed with the use of "soft" pesticides (e.g., B.t. & soaps) in the Fresno County area. Three species in the families Agelenidae and Clubionidae were particularly common. Species in the family Salticidae were less abundant, although consistently present. Spider populations "built" in the canopy and persisted through the growing season with little fluctuation over short time intervals. The relative abundance of spiders in vineyard canopies suggests that they are of considerable potential importance as biological control agents in vineyards, having been grossly overlooked. It is suggested that the negative impact of pesticide use on spider populations may be extensive. Our findings indicate the need for additional research directed at defining the impact that spiders have on specific insect pests of vineyards. In addition, studies are needed to investigate the effects of ground cover management, pesticide use, and other cultural factors on spider population dynamics. RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS: This study demonstrated that vineyards using "soft" pesticide alternatives harbored relatively large populations of spiders. From mid-June to September, populations in such vineyards averaged from 5 to 15 spiders per sample unit (i.e., one drop sheet count) (Fig. 1). However, the vineyard site under conventional pesticide use (i.e., CSU Con.) had a mid-summer peak of only 1.5 spiders per sample unit. Calculation of 95% confidence intervals indicates that sample means are highly reliable (Fig. 2). Because a relative sampling method was used, absolute population density differences among taxa may differ from our findings. However, visual observations of spiders in the canopy did not indicate that large differences occur between drop sheet composition of taxa and actual canopy populations. In comparing leafhopper populations among vineyards, the vineyard under conventional pesticide use (i.e., CSU Con.) had a large late season variegated leafhopper population (Fig. 4). This was not observed in any of the other sites sampled. In fact, the adjacent vineyard section that was under a reduced pesticide use schedule did not exhibit a large late season leafhopper population. This information clearly suggests the need for improved understanding of the impact of pesticide use on spiders, and in turn their impact on leafhopper populations. Collected spiders were predominantly from three families: Agelenidae, Clubionidae and Salticidae (Fig. 3). The common name of species in the family Agelenidae is "funnel-web spider." These spiders build sheetlike webs with an overall funnel shape. The web contains a tubular retreat for the spider. Capture of prey is primarily through the use of the web. The sole species that represented this family was Hololena nedra. Spiders in the family Clubionidae are called "two-clawed hunting spiders" or "sac spiders." Although they also construct a web (typically tubular in form), it is not used to capture prey. The predominant species represented by this family were Trachelas oacificus. and Chiracanthium inclusum. As the name suggests, clubionids actively hunt for their prey. Salticidae represented the third family whose species were commonly counted in all vineyards. The smaller overall abundance of this group along with the diversity of species involved made it difficult to accurately quantify each species. One common representative was Metaohidippus manni. Salticid or "jumping spiders" do not build webs, and like the two-clawed hunting spiders they hunt for their prey. 2 , nUTSTDF PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH: Presented in a symposium at the Entomological Society of America Pacific Branch meeting. Title: "Spider Survey of Central California Grape Agro- ecosystems." Sacramento, CA. June, 1991. Information will also be presented in a chapter of a book entitled: "Enhancing Natural Control of Arthropod Pests Through Habitat Management." To be edited by Charles Pickett and Robert Bugg. Presented in Ag Alert, a Farm Bureau publication. Title: Arachnophobia may be harmful to your vineyard. March 27, 1991. Presented in CATI Update newsletter. Title: Spider study could spur new biological controls. March 1991. R4:5avfbr.rpt WS5/5.25 3 Spider aver./dropsheet P i l i b o s ( F 1 ) -h- PeteWolf (F2) Maltre (F3) -e- CSU Con.(F4) CSU Min.(F6) S m e d s 1 ( F 6 ) Smeda 2 (F7) Julian Dates. June 1 J u l y 1 A u g . 1 Fig. 1 Average number of spiders (all species combined) by sarapl date in seven vineyard sites in Fresno County, CA during 1990. hnxj ol cpldarc/dropahaal. Ak«r. 0 ol •pldara/dropahaat. CSU Con. (F4) ol •ptdore/dropchaal. K/mt.0 ol cpklora/dropahoot. CSU MIn. (F6) Smeds 1 (F6) <*l. I o«t. t o<t. i< J i m I J i J r toft J ol •pldora/dropalioat. Akor. # ol •pidoro/dropahoot. 20 140 1S0 lao 200 220 240 260 260 300 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 260 300 Julian DatM Julian Datoa lur I Jv t JiJr • *»«. I t**!.! o«i. I o<i. I* hmt0 ol apldara/dropahML Fig. 2 Average number of spiders by sample date in each vineyard site with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Average value based on 30 dropsheet samples per vineyard on each sample date during 1990. 20 140 160 180 200 220 240 280 260 300 Julian Oatoa LL.. I .kM t JkIv I ttm. I awL I 0€t I 0 « l . U Apw«r«/d^op•^•«t AMrydrop«li*«L »l )| ^ PoteWolf. CSU Conv. S o l d e r f a n l l l M . S o l d e r l a m l i l e e . —^ A«el«oldw. Aoelenldee^ -H ClublMildM. - + - C l u U e n l d e e . - * r - 0 « I U o M « d SeiUoldee. ISO 170 ISO 180 200 210 220 230 240 260 260 270 260 280 300 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 280 300 JulUn D«l«. Julian Dal*. ^<ir « *««. 1 1 0«l. t 0«C i« AMrydrofiati**!. Aa«rydit>psli*sL CSU Min. S p i d e r l e m l t l e * . S m e d s 1 s p i d e r ( a m i n e * . — A p e l e n l d e a . — ~ A p e l e n l d e e . — 1 - C l u M o n l d e e . - + - O u W o n l d e e . Seltloldee. SeJtteldee. 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 260 260 270 260 280 300 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 260 280 270 280 280 300 Julian Data. Julian Data. July 1 A.I. 1 MfL I del. I O.I. te ^Aaarydrapaliaat AaarydropatiaaL Maltre. Pilibos. S p M e r f a a U l l e * . S p i d e r f a m l l l e a — ~ A « * l « n l d a * — A p e l e n l d a e -H CtuMdnldaa •+• CluPlontdee H K - S a l M o l d * * - a - S t l t t e l d a * 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 260 260 270 260 280 300 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 260 260 270 260 280 300 Julian data*.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative Analysis of Courtship in <I>Agelenopsis</I> Funnel-Web Spiders
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms Audra Blair Galasso [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons Recommended Citation Galasso, Audra Blair, "Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1377 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Audra Blair Galasso entitled "Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Susan E. Riechert, Major
    [Show full text]
  • Mardin İli Bağ Alanlarındaki Örümcek (Araneae) Türlerinin Belirlenmesi
    DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.16969/teb.67134 Türk. entomol. bült., 2016, 6(3): 255-259 ISSN 2146-975X Orijinal araştırma (Original article) Mardin İli bağ alanlarındaki örümcek (Araneae) türlerinin belirlenmesi The determination of spider species (Araneae) in vineyards areas of Mardin province 1Mehmet KAPLAN1* Erol BAYHAN2 Summary This study was carried out to determine spiders fauna and abundance in vineyards areas of Mardin province in 2012 and 2013 years. D-vac, sweep net, and Japanese umbrella were used to collect spider species on plant organs. At the end of this study, 24 species belonging to 10 families These spider species belonging to the families Salticidae (22 %), Oxyopidae (18 %), Thomisidae (15 %), Theridiidae (12 %), Linyphiidae (12 %), Araneidae (8 %), Philodromidae (6 %), Eutichuridae (3 %), Uloboridae (3 %) and Gnaphosidae (1 %), were found to be important in terms of their prevalence and abundance. Keywords; Vitis vinifera, spiders, abundance, Mardin, Turkey Özet Bu çalışma Mardin ili bağ alanlarında bulunan örümcek faunası ve yoğunluğunun belirlenmesi amacıyla 2012 ve 2013 yılarında yürütülmüştür. Bitki organları üzerinde bulunan örümceklerin toplanmasında D-vac, Atrap ve Japon şemsiyesi kullanıldı. Bu çalışma sonucunda Araneae (Arachnida) takımına bağlı 10 familya’ya ait 24 adet örümcek türü tespit edilmiştir. Bu familyalardan Salticidae (% 22), Oxyopidae (% 18), Thomisidae (% 15), Theridiidae (% 12), Linyphiidae (% 12), Araneidae (% 8), Philodromidae (% 6), Eutichuridae (% 3), Uloboridae (% 3) ve Gnaphosidae (% 1), ait
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mh27908 Journal Biological Invasions, 12(8) ISSN 1573-1464 Authors Hogg, Brian N. Gillespie, Rosemary G. Daane, Kent M. Publication Date 2010-08-01 DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9659-1 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biol Invasions (2010) 12:2499–2508 DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9659-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems Brian N. Hogg • Rosemary G. Gillespie • Kent M. Daane Received: 9 November 2009 / Accepted: 13 November 2009 / Published online: 26 November 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Invasions have often been linked to Introduction reduced biodiversity, but the role of non-native species in the decline of native species is ambiguous. Invasive species threaten biodiversity in managed and In a 2003 survey of four California vineyard regions, natural ecosystems worldwide (Mack et al. 2000; exotic spiders (Cheiracanthium spp.) were more Kolar and Lodge 2001). Invasions may result in dominant in vineyards with lower spider species species displacement (Parker et al. 1999; Levine et al. diversity and reduced spider abundance. There was 2003; Yurkonis et al. 2005), although evidence is no evidence for the role of species interactions in the often indirect and difficult to obtain (Didham et al. invasion of Cheiracanthium spiders, however, as 2005). It is still unclear whether the majority of native spiders from the same feeding guild were most invasions cause declines in biodiversity through the abundant in regions with high Cheiracanthium levels.
    [Show full text]
  • TESIS Doctor En Ciencias
    Programa de Estudios de Posgrado SISTEMÁTICA DE LAS ARAÑAS DE LA FAMILIA AGELENIDAE (ARANEAE: ARANEOMORPHAE) DE MÉXICO TESIS Que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Uso, Manejo y Preservación de los Recursos Naturales (Orientación en Ecología) P r e s e n t a JULIETA MAYA MORALES La Paz, Baja California Sur, Diciembre de 2015 COMITÉ TUTORIAL Dra. María Luisa Jiménez Jiménez Directora de Tesis Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, La Paz, B.C.S., México Dr. Guillermo Ibarra Núñez Co-Tutor El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Chiapas, México Dr. Alejandro Manuel Maeda Martínez Co-Tutor Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, La Paz, B.C.S., México Dr. Gopal Murugan Co-Tutor Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, La Paz, B.C.S., México Dr. Atilano Contreras Ramos Co-Tutor Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, México D.F. COMITÉ REVISOR DE TESIS Dra. María Luisa Jiménez Jiménez Dr. Guillermo Ibarra Núñez Dr. Alejandro Manuel Maeda Martínez Dr. Gopal Murugan Dr. Atilano Contreras Ramos JURADO EN EXAMEN DE GRADO Dra. María Luisa Jiménez Jiménez Dr. Guillermo Ibarra Núñez Dr. Alejandro Manuel Maeda Martínez Dr. Gopal Murugan Dra. María del Carmen Blázquez Moreno (CIBNOR) SUPLENTE Dra. Yolanda Maya Delgado (CIBNOR) i RESUMEN Las arañas de la familia Agelenidae tejen una característica red laminar con un refugio en forma de embudo. Es una de las diez familias de arañas más diversas en el mundo. Para México se tenían registrados ocho géneros y 37 especies. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la sistemática de la familia en México, conocer su diversidad, describir la genitalia y analizar las relaciones filogenéticas de los géneros.
    [Show full text]
  • Day Vs. Night Sampling for Spiders in Grape Vineyards
    2005. The Journal of Arachnology 33:25–32 DAY VS. NIGHT SAMPLING FOR SPIDERS IN GRAPE VINEYARDS Michael J. Costello1 and Kent M. Daane: Center for Biological Control, Division of Insect Biology, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA ABSTRACT. We compared day sampling (between 0700 and 1100) and night sampling (between 1900 and 2300) of spiders on grapevines in a California vineyard in 1993 and 1994, shaking spiders from the vines onto a drop cloth and vacuuming them up. Pooled density of the seven most abundant spider species did not differ significantly between day and night sampling, nor did density of Cheiracanthium inclusum (Miturgidae), Trachelas pacificus (Corrinidae), Oxyopes spp. (Oxyopidae) or Neoscona oaxacensis (Ara­ neidae). Under day sampling Metaphidippus vitis (Salticidae) was 60% more abundant and Hololena nedra (Agelenidae) more than 2.5 fold more abundant than under night sampling. Daytime sampling generally resulted in a higher percentage of capture for each spider taxa analyzed, but neither of the diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson or Bray-Curtis) showed any difference between day and night sampling. Pa­ rameters generated by Taylor’s power law indicate a uniform distribution for most spider taxa, which was not affected by sampling time with the exception of H. nedra. We suggest that at vineyard sites in California with a similar spider community, sampling can be limited to daylight hours if a sampling method is used which is sufficiently vigorous to dislodge spiders from their resting places. Keywords: Sampling, night, vineyards, grapes It is well recognized that many spiders ex­ sity (Coddington et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Maddelerden Kalsiyum, Potasyum, Sodyu Lardan Biride Arz Etmektedir. 3 Ve 2014 L 40 Adet Omca' S
    maddelerden kalsiyum, potasyum, sodyu lardan biride arz etmektedir. 3 ve 2014 l 40 adet omca' S - Araneae (Arachnida) ta Trichoncus hackmani Millidge, Oxyopes heterophthalmus (Latreille), Aelurillus sp. Evarcha falcata Clerck, Salticus scenicus Clerck, Thyene imperalis Rossi, Thomisus onustus Walckenaer ve Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille ve Anahtar Kelimeler: (Vitis vinifera www.anadolukongre.org/ ISBN: 978-605-80597-1-9 UYGU . , Lobesia botrana (Denis Klapperichicen viridissima Viteus vitifolii Eriophyes vitis (Pgst.) (Acarina: Arboridia adanae (Dlabola, 1957) (Homoptera: Planococcus citri (Risso) (Anonymous, 2004). 1999; Samu, 2003; Ghavami et al., 2007). ri k www.anadolukongre.org/ ISBN: 978-605-80597-1-9 UYGU - 40 adet omca' S - ler 2013 ve 2014 l sonucunda, Araneidae (1), Eutichuridae (2), Linyphiidae (1) Oxyopidae (2), Philodromidae (2), Salticidae (4), Theridiidae (3), Thomisidae (2) ve Ulobo alanlarda Salticidae (% 25), Oxyopidae (% 20), Linyphiidae (%14), Thomisidae (% 11), Theridiidae (% 9), Philodromidae (% 7), Uloboridae (% 6), Araneidae (% 5) ve Eutichuridae (% 2) B Trichoncus hackmani Millidge, Oxyopes heterophthalmus (Latreille), Aelurillus sp. Evarcha falcata Clerck, Salticus scenicus Clerck, Thyene imperalis Rossi, Thomisus onustus ve Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille . Araneae (Arachnida) et lerdir. belirlenen familyalardan Salticidae (% 22), Oxyopidae (% 18), Thomisidae (% 15), Theridiidae (% 12), Linyphiidae (% 12), Araneidae (% 8), Philodromidae (% 6), Eutichuridae in bildir lerdir. (2014), www.anadolukongre.org/ ISBN: 978-605-80597-1-9 UYGU Salticidae (654 birey), Philodromidae (291 birey), Thomisidae (264 birey), Araneidae (196 birey), Theri ait Thyene imperalis Plexippus paykulli Monases israeliensis Philodromidae(1), Oxyopidae (2), Thomisidae (1), Theridiidae (1) ve Uloboridae (1) Oxyopidae (% 23), Linyphiidae (% 23), Salticidae (%21), Thomisidae (% 13), Theridiidae (% Oxyopes n 1 besinlerinin % 6 -temmuz aylar Zelotes (% 17.8) ve Pardosa Theridion dilutum (Levi) ve T.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Ecology of Wasp-Spider Interactions: the Role Of
    BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF WASP-SPIDER INTERACTIONS: THE ROLE OF WEBS, CHEMICALS, AND DECEPTION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology By Divya Bellur Uma, M.S. Washington, D.C. April 14, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Divya Bellur Uma All Rights Reserved ii BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF WASP-SPIDER INTERACTIONS: THE ROLE OF WEBS, CHEMICALS, AND DECEPTION Divya Bellur Uma, M.S. Dissertation Advisor: Martha R. Weiss, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Predator-prey interactions are integral to the maintenance of community structure and function. Predators and prey use multiple cues to detect and assess each other, and identification of these cues is necessary to understand how selection operates to shape predator-prey interactions. Mud-dauber wasps (Sphecidae), one of the main predators of spiders, prefer araneids (two-dimensional web-building spiders) over derived araneoids, (three-dimensional web-building spiders). Predation pressure by spider-hunting wasps is considered a key factor in the evolution of 3D web-building spiders. However, the proximate basis of such preference was not known. By conducting behavioral and chemical assays I have determined that Sceliphron caementarium wasps recognize araneids as potential prey due to the presence of chemicals present on their silk and cuticle. By analyzing cuticular extracts of spiders in several families, I have shown that all spiders that are taken by wasps have similar cuticular chemistry; however, all spiders that have that similar chemistry are not taken by iv wasps. Indeed, spiders’ antipredator behavior, morphology and web architecture are important factors that influence prey capture by wasps.
    [Show full text]
  • Naïveté, Nouveauté Et Indigénisation : Vers Une Meilleure Compréhension De L’Impact Des Espèces Animales Invasives Sur Les Faunes Natives
    AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ IMBE, UMR CNRS 7263/IRD 237/ AMU/ UAPV Naïveté, nouveauté et indigénisation : vers une meilleure compréhension de l’impact des espèces animales invasives sur les faunes natives THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR D’AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ Discipline : Biologie des populations et Écologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Agathe Gérard Le 4 Septembre 2015 Directeur de thèse : Eric Vidal Co-directeurs de thèse : Hervé Jourdan et Bruno Sicard École doctorale : Sciences de l’Environnement (ED 251) JURY M. Jean-Louis CHAPUIS Maître de conférences, Muséum Rapporteur M. Pierre LEGRENEUR Maître de conférences, CRIS Rapporteur M. Olivier LORVELEC Ingénieur de recherche, INRA Examinateur M. Jean-Louis MARTIN Directeur de recherche, CNRS Examinateur M. Thierry TATONI Professeur, IMBE Examinateur M. Eric VIDAL Directeur de recherche, IRD Directeur M. Hervé JOURDAN Ingénieur de recherche, IRD Co-directeur M. Bruno SICARD Directeur de recherche, IRD Co-directeur A mon grand-père. REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement au travers du Centre IRD de Nouméa et de son directeur Georges de Noni, pour m’avoir accueillie ces trois dernières années, et assuré via les différents services « supports » à la recherche, les soutiens logistiques et administratifs liés à ce travail. Merci notamment de m’avoir permise d’être hébergée sur le centre pour les derniers mois de rédaction et de bénéficier ainsi de conditions particulièrement favorables à l’aboutissement de ce travail. Je remercie également l’Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE, UMR CNRS 7263 / IRD 237 / AMU /UAPV), pour m’avoir accueillie lors de mes différentes missions métropolitaines.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Diversity and Crop Vigor Influence Biological Control of the Western Grape Leafhopper (E
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Landscape Diversity and Crop Vigor Influence Biological Control of the Western Grape Leafhopper (E. elegantula Osborn) in Vineyards. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h22t1v1 Journal PLoS One, 10(11) Authors Wilson, Houston Miles, Albie Daane, Kent et al. Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0141752 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE Landscape Diversity and Crop Vigor Influence Biological Control of the Western Grape Leafhopper (E. elegantula Osborn) in Vineyards Houston Wilson*, Albie F. Miles¤, Kent M. Daane, Miguel A. Altieri Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America ¤ Current address: Division of Social Sciences, University of Hawai’i, West O’ahu, Kapolei, Hawaii, United States of America * [email protected] Abstract This study evaluated how the proportional area of natural habitat surrounding a vineyard (i.e. landscape diversity) worked in conjunction with crop vigor, cultivar and rootstock selec- tion to influence biological control of the western grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegantula OPEN ACCESS Osborn). The key natural enemies of E. elegantula are Anagrus erythroneurae S. Trjapitzin & Chiappini and A. daanei Triapitsyn, both of which are likely impacted by changes in land- Citation: Wilson H, Miles AF, Daane KM, Altieri MA (2015) Landscape Diversity and Crop Vigor Influence scape diversity due to their reliance on non-crop habitat to successfully overwinter. Addi- Biological Control of the Western Grape Leafhopper tionally, E. elegantula is sensitive to changes in host plant quality which may influence (E.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Patterns in the Invasion Success of Cheiracanthium Spiders (Miturgidae) in Vineyard Ecosystems
    Biol Invasions (2010) 12:2499–2508 DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9659-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems Brian N. Hogg • Rosemary G. Gillespie • Kent M. Daane Received: 9 November 2009 / Accepted: 13 November 2009 / Published online: 26 November 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Invasions have often been linked to Introduction reduced biodiversity, but the role of non-native species in the decline of native species is ambiguous. Invasive species threaten biodiversity in managed and In a 2003 survey of four California vineyard regions, natural ecosystems worldwide (Mack et al. 2000; exotic spiders (Cheiracanthium spp.) were more Kolar and Lodge 2001). Invasions may result in dominant in vineyards with lower spider species species displacement (Parker et al. 1999; Levine et al. diversity and reduced spider abundance. There was 2003; Yurkonis et al. 2005), although evidence is no evidence for the role of species interactions in the often indirect and difficult to obtain (Didham et al. invasion of Cheiracanthium spiders, however, as 2005). It is still unclear whether the majority of native spiders from the same feeding guild were most invasions cause declines in biodiversity through the abundant in regions with high Cheiracanthium levels. suppression of native species. Just as invasive species Comparison with a survey conducted 10 years earlier may be ‘‘drivers’’ of ecological change, they may also indicated that the recent invader C. mildei simply be ‘‘passengers’’ of anthropogenic changes to eco- represented an addition to the spider community, with systems that negatively impact native species (Mac- no apparent change in proportions of the congener Dougall and Turkington 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article-The Demystification of the Venomosity of Spiders
    The demystification of the toxicity of spiders Ed Nieuwenhuys Abstract Recent controlled studies increasingly show that the effect of a bite of many spiders thought to be toxic for humans are not nasty at all and only simple treatment of the effects and comforting the victim is the best therapy. Only species of four genera of spiders are to be labelled with a red tab with the words “dangerous” or “to be avoided”. The females of some species of the genus Latrodectus, often already red-tabbed on their abdomen, are capable of a bite that can be very painful. Bites of Loxosceles (brown recluse) spiders may cause mild necrosis and conservative wound care seems the best therapy. The other red-tabbed spiders belong to the group of Australian funnel-weavers of the genus Atrax and Hadronyche. These spiders are not very common and the “famous” Sydney funnel web Atrax robustus is becoming extinct due to urbanisation of the area where it lives and to wood fires. The other species live outside cities in areas were human habitation is almost absent. Bites of these spiders are not lethal but it is wise to seek medical attention and to catch the spider for identification. The venom of these spiders is neurotoxic and therefore painful. The use of antivenom has not been proven to be effective. Conclusions Tegenaria spiders can bite. The bite feels like a mild prick and the wound may be red for an hour. Tegenaria (hobo) spiders are harmless. The bite of Dysdera crocata may prick. In exceptional cases the pain will last for a few hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Növényvédelmi Technológiák Hatása Pók (Araneae) Együttesekre, Fás Szárú Kertészeti Kultúrákban
    DOKTORI (PhD) ÉRTEKEZÉS PANNON EGYETEM GEORGIKON KAR NÖVÉNYVÉDELMI INTÉZET ÁLLAT- ÉS AGRÁRKÖRNYEZET-TUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA ISKOLAVEZETŐ: Dr. Anda Angéla egyetemi tanár TÉMAVEZETŐ: DR. MARKÓ VIKTOR egyetemi docens BELSŐ TÉMAVEZETŐ: DR. KONDOROSY ELŐD egyetemi docens NÖVÉNYVÉDELMI TECHNOLÓGIÁK HATÁSA PÓK (ARANEAE) EGYÜTTESEKRE, FÁS SZÁRÚ KERTÉSZETI KULTÚRÁKBAN Készítette: KERESZTES BALÁZS KESZTHELY 2013 NÖVÉNYVÉDELMI TECHNOLÓGIÁK HATÁSA PÓK (ARANEAE) EGYÜTTESEKRE, FÁS SZÁRÚ KERTÉSZETI KULTÚRÁKBAN Értekezés, doktori (PhD) fokozat elnyerése érdekében Írta: KERESZTES BALÁZS KÉSZÜLT A PANNON EGYETEM, ÁLLAT- ÉS AGRÁRKÖRNYEZET-TUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA „AGRÁRTUDOMÁNYI ÉS TERMÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI” PROGRAMJA, „KÖRNYEZETTUDOMÁNYOK/KÖRNYEZETTUDOMÁNY KÉPZÉSI ÁG” ALPROGRAMJA KERETÉBEN Témavezető: Dr. Markó Viktor Elfogadásra javaslom (igen / nem) ………………………. (aláírás) A jelölt a doktori szigorlaton ........%-ot ért el, Az értekezést bírálóként elfogadásra javaslom: Bíráló neve: …........................ …................. igen /nem ………………………. (aláírás) Bíráló neve: …........................ …................. igen /nem ………………………. (aláírás) A jelölt az értekezés nyilvános vitáján..…..........%-ot ért el. Keszthely, 2013. …………………………. a Bíráló Bizottság elnöke A doktori (PhD) oklevél minősítése…................................. ………………………… Az EDHT elnöke 3 Tartalom 1. Kivonatok ............................................................................................................................... 6 1. 1. Magyar nyelvű kivonat ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]