Homogenización De La Leche Para Espumado En Elaboración De Capuchino

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Homogenización De La Leche Para Espumado En Elaboración De Capuchino Vector 6 (2011) 94 - 99 ISSN 1909 - 7891 Homogenización de la leche para espumado en elaboración de capuchino Félix Octavio Díaz Arangoa*, Julio César Caicedo-Erasob, Luz Piedad Bedoya Arcilac a Magister. Profesor, Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. b PhD. Profesor, Departamento de Sistemas e Informática, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. c Ingeniera de Alimentos. Egresada, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. Recibido: 01 de febrero de 2015. Aprobado: 15 de mayo de 2015. Resumen El capuchino, como bebida a base de café expreso, leche caliente y espuma, es parte del barismo. La textura y consistencia de la espuma de la leche depende de sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y de la homogenización de la leche. Los análisis físico, sensorial y fisicoquímicos se realizaron en leche cruda materia prima (MP) y en tres leches ultra pasterizadas (UHT) de marca comercial. Se les evaluó densidad, pH, punto crioscópico, viscosidad, volumen final, tiempo de división de fases, tiempo de persistencia y consistencia de la espuma y porcentajes de: proteína, grasa, lactosa, sólidos solubles no grasos y agua adicionada. El análisis sensorial se realizó por prueba de análisis cuantitativo descriptivo (QDA), según perfil de sabor y textura por los atributos como sabor a cocido, brillo, color, uniformidad y sedosidad de la espuma. La nueva técnica de homogenización de la leche propuesta permitió obtener resultados favorables en el espumado de la leche. Se sugiere que la aplicación de la técnica estandarizada de homogenización, previa al espumado de la leche, logra obtener microespuma adecuada y de mejor calidad para la elaboración de capuchino. Palabras clave: capuchino, espumado, proteínas, homogenización, leche. Homogenization of milk for making foamed cappuccino Abstract Cappuccino as a drink made with espresso coffee, hot milk and foam, is part of barismo. The texture and consistency of milk foam depends on its physicochemical properties and the homogenization of milk. The physical, sensory and physicochemical analyses were performed on raw milk and three trademarks of ultra-pasteurized milk. Density, pH, cryoscopy point, viscosity, final volume, time division stages, and persistence time and foam consistency percentages -protein, fat, lactose, solids-not-fat and added water soluble- were evaluated. Sensory analysis was performed by quantitative descriptive test analysis (QDA) by flavor profile and texture of cooked flavor attributes, brightness, color, smoothness and silkiness of the foam. The new proposed technique for homogenization of milk showed favorable results in the milk foaming. It is suggested that the proposed standardized homogenization, previous to milk foaming, can obtain adequate and best quality micro-foam for making cappuccino. Key words: cappuccino, foaming, proteins, homogenization, milk. 1. Introducción una textura extremadamente aterciopelada y un gusto dulce (Martínez, 2011). Tanto el café expreso El capuchino es una bebida de origen italiano, como la leche vaporizada se preparan mediante una preparada con café expreso y leche caliente y máquina de café expreso. Un café expreso es una espumosa, inventado por el monje capuchino Marco bebida de un volumen entre 25 y 35 ml (incluyendo d’Aviano en 1683. El capuchino se extendió por la crema), preparada con varios gramos de café, a toda Europa, popularizándose y adquiriendo su una temperatura (T°) entre los 90,5°C y 96,0°C, con forma definitiva en 1950. Algunos años después, una presión de 8,5 a 9,5 atmósferas y un tiempo de llegó a Suramérica, popularizándose en países como extracción entre 20 y 30 segundos (WBC, 2010). La Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay y Argentina leche aireada convertida en espuma se utiliza para (Bollo, 2010). El elemento más importante en su dar un acabado a la presentación y al sabor del café. preparación es la textura de la leche. Cuando se Cuando se desea espumar la leche para la preparación acrema y da volumen a la leche, por medio de vapor, de capuchino, se deben tener en cuenta diversos se introducen minúsculas burbujas de aire formando factores tanto químicos como físicos, que de una u la denominada microespuma. Esto da a la leche otra manera pueden afectar este proceso, evitando la formación de microespuma adecuada y característica * Autor de correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected] (F.O. Díaz) de la bebida. Los reportes se direccionan a factores Homogenización de la leche para espumado en elaboración de capuchino tales como tratamiento térmico y tipo de leche, 2.2. Preparación de la muestra contenido graso, contenido de proteínas, lactosa, T° de la leche y rara vez a la homogenización (Bahamón- Se evaluaron 4 muestras: la MP y 3 marcas Ávila, 2008). comerciales (M1, M2 y M3) de leche UHT (Hernández- Si se pretende crear volúmenes de espuma, la leche Fujigaki, 2010); existe una gran tendencia por parte sin grasa es la mejor. Sin embargo, la leche entera, a de los expertos baristas a emplear leche entera pesar de ser más difícil de espumar y trabajar, permite pasteurizada o ultra pasteurizada (UHT), debido a obtener una bebida de mejor sabor (De-Lazzer, 2003). las propiedades fisicoquímicas y sensoriales que este Por otro lado, se encuentra que la leche entera es más tipo de leche le imparte a la bebida. Para el análisis adecuada para la formación de espuma en un rango fisicoquímico se tomaron 20 ml de cada muestra de de T° entre 50°C y 60°C. Con respecto a la leche, se leche a T° ambiente. Para el desarrollo de la técnica puede obtener espuma de cualquier tipo de leche, de homogenización se tomaron 200 ml a una T° pero cada tipo tiene un comportamiento diferente, inicial de 4°C, aplicando variaciones de tiempo de no obstante, la leche con mayor contenido de grasa es homogenización comenzando en 0 s hasta 12 s con más dulce y confiere mejores propiedades a la bebida variación de 2 s por ensayo. Se realizó la vaporización (Borcherding et al., 2008). de la leche mediante una técnica de espumado en la La microespuma tiene una mayor durabilidad si los que se introdujo la lanceta en la superficie de la leche surfactantes tienen la oportunidad de desarrollarse sin a 4°C y se le incorporó vapor hasta un rango de 65ºC ser totalmente desnaturalizados (JL-Hufford, 2007). a 70°C. El expreso se preparó mediante una técnica de Galvis (2011) reporta que para elaborar una correcta preparación consistente en molienda fina del café con espuma, se debe homogenizar la leche de manera varias compactaciones en el portafiltros y extracción mecánica, previo a la preparación del capuchino. La de la bebida (WLL, 2003). formación de microespuma en la leche vaporizada es de vital importancia para la preparación de un 2.3. Análisis físico y sensorial de la espuma de leche capuchino, ya que es la responsable de la sensación de tersura y suavidad en la bebida. Para el análisis físico se homogenizó y espumó El propósito de esta investigación fue desarrollar previamente la leche, controlando una T° inicial de y estandarizar una técnica de homogenización de 4°C y una T° final entre 65ºC y 70°C y un volumen la leche para el espumado que permita formación inicial de 200 ml. Se vertió el líquido en la probeta adecuada de microespuma que confiera características para determinar volumen final, tiempo de división óptimas al capuchino. de fases y tiempo de persistencia y consistencia de la espuma. El análisis sensorial se realizó a través de una 2. Materiales y Métodos prueba descriptiva, siendo ésta un perfil de sabor y textura que midió atributos tales como sabor a cocido, 2.1. Equipos y condiciones de análisis brillo, color, uniformidad y sedosidad de la espuma. El comportamiento de la microespuma de la leche Se realizaron análisis (analizador ultrasónico en la preparación del capuchino fue evaluado según la de leches Milktech Ultrasound Analyzers MA250) técnica de la WBC (World Barista Championship). La de densidad, punto crioscópico y porcentajes de: evaluación del comportamiento de la microespuma proteína, grasa, lactosa, sólidos solubles no grasos y de leche en la preparación del capuchino se realizó agua adicionada a una muestra de 20 ml. Se midió según la WBC. Para evaluar el capuchino se preparó la el pH (pH-metro SCHOTT Lab 850) y la viscosidad bebida según las técnicas establecidas anteriormente (viscosímetro BROOKFIELD LUDVN con aguja G2). para elaboración de café expreso y para espumado La vaporización de la leche y la elaboración del café de la leche con la técnica de homogenización, y se expreso se realizaron en una cafetera expreso WEGA evaluó con el formato establecido por la WBC para POLARIS EVD1PR con una presión interna de la análisis sensorial de capuchino. Se contó con 4 jueces caldera entre 0,9 a 11,2 bares y una presión del agua sensoriales expertos conocedores de la bebida, quienes entre 8 y 10 bares. Los análisis físicos se realizaron con se basaron en las normas, parámetros y puntuaciones la ayuda de una probeta de 500 ml, un termómetro de establecidos por la WBC (2010). Luego de los análisis punzón (±1ºC) y un cronómetro digital (1 s). Para el sensoriales se tabularon los resultados y estos fueron desarrollo de la técnica de homogenización se empleo promediados (Anzaldua, 1994). un agitador eléctrico a 1500 rpm. [ 95 ] Félix Octavio Díaz Arango, Julio César Caicedo-Eraso, Luz Piedad Bedoya Arcila / Vector 6 (2011) 94-99 3. Resultados y Discusión en su mayoría, los datos más altos para cada una de las características, sin embargo, no fue la muestra que Los análisis fisicoquímicos de proteína, contenido mejores características de espumado presentó. graso, densidad, pH, % de agua adicionada, punto El análisis del tiempo de homogenización con crioscópico, viscosidad y contenido de sólidos solubles respecto al tiempo de formación de espuma y el no grasos, no mostraron variaciones significativas tiempo de consistencia y persistencia de la misma entre las marcas M1, M2 y M3 respecto a la MP.
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