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Community Research in a Public Place: Wangangarra 1 Rockshelter, Mitchell River National Park, East Gippsland (Australia)

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Community Research in a Public Place: Wangangarra 1 Rockshelter, Mitchell River National Park, East Gippsland (Australia) AUSTRALIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2020, VOL. 86, NO. 2, 176–197 https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2020.1769250 ARTICLE Community research in a public place: Wangangarra 1 rockshelter, Mitchell River National Park, East Gippsland (Australia) Georgia L. Robertsa,b,c , Russell Mullettd, Bruno Davida,b , Joanna Fresløvd, Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporationd, Jerome Mialanesa,b , Fiona Petcheya,e , Matthew McDowella,f , Vanessa N. L. Wongg , Katherine Szabob,h , Daniel Stoesseli, Kyne Krusic-Golubj and Lynette Russella,b aARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Canberra, ACT, Australia; bMonash Indigenous Studies Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; cDepartment of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; dGunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, Kalimna West, VIC, Australia; eRadiocarbon Dating Laboratory, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; fSchool of Natural Sciences, Sandy Bay campus, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; gSchool of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; hMuseum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; iDepartment of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; jFish Aging Services Pty Ltd, Queenscliff, VIC, Australia ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Southeastern Australia’s temperate East Gippsland region is a large and diverse landscape Received 12 February 2020 that spans from the Bass Strait coast to the Australian Alps. The region includes a number Accepted 11 May 2020 of national parks and reserves jointly managed by Aboriginal Traditional Owners, the KEYWORDS Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation (the ‘Gunaikurnai Corporation’), and Parks Victoria. The Gunaikurnai Corporation recognises that archaeological research can be a Community archaeology; Gippsland; Gunaikurnai; fundamental tool in understanding relationships in past landscapes and managing places Mitchell River National Park; within Country. In 2017, the Gunaikurnai Corporation initiated a long-term collaborative partnership research; study of Gunaikurnai Country with university-based scientists, with the management of Traditional Owners Country through informed decision-making in mind. Here we present results from the first partnership research project in the Mitchell River National Park. A small-scale archaeological excavation of Wangangarra 1, a rockshelter that was not previously recognised to hold arch- aeological evidence, has revealed highly significant deposits spanning from before the Last Glacial Maximum to recent times, including evidence of occupation by the Old People. The results contribute to a better understanding of the Park as a cultural landscape, and demon- strate the success of respectful partnership research with local Indigenous groups as Traditional Owners. Introduction the Old People1 on Indigenous lands (in local Aboriginal worldviews: ‘Country’), and thus In 2017, the Gunaikurnai Land and Waters approached the Monash Indigenous Studies Centre Aboriginal Corporation, representing the Aboriginal (Monash University) with a research proposal to Traditional Owners of large parts of East Gippsland investigate the archaeology of the Park and its sur- in southeastern Australia, became concerned that rounding areas. The Gunaikurnai Land and Waters while there was a wealth of cultural knowledge Aboriginal Corporation have since developed a for- about customary lands and waters in what is today mal collaborative research partnership with Monash ‘ known as the Mitchell River National Park ( the University and with the Australian Research Council ’ Park ), there was insufficient scientific information Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and ’ of any depth or value to help manage it in today s Heritage (CABAH), an intellectually independent corporate environment and to assess the risk to cul- but government-funded multi-university research tural values posed by recent and ongoing develop- group that works across disciplines, to investigate ment considerations and aspirations. The the Park among other locations within Gunaikurnai Gunaikurnai Traditional Owners realised that the lands and waters. The aim of this first partnership Park had great potential to tell the long (hi)story of project within the Park was community-driven, to CONTACT Joanna Fresløv [email protected] Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, 27 Scriveners Road (Forestec), Kalimna West, VIC 3909, Australia Supplementary data for this article are available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2020.1769250. 1The term ‘Old People’ is a respectful term commonly used by Gunaikurnai when referring to past/deceased ancestors. It is also a way of avoiding naming the recently deceased, as per respectful Gunaikurnai cultural ways. ß 2020 Australian Archaeological Association AUSTRALIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 177 Mitchell River National Park a re P A A R ai rn ku ai n u G N 100 km Figure 1. Location of Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation area and Mitchell River National Park. Base Map: Google Earth. Data LDEO-Columbia, NSF, NOAA Image Landsat/Copernicus. Spatial Data: Property of the State of Victoria used under approved licencing conditions. find out more about the past cultural occupation concern for the Traditional Owners regarding the and environmental properties of the Park, using security of the Park and its surrounding cultural careful and reliable scientific methods: how long ago context. Many undated archaeological sites had been did the Old People live along the Mitchell River located during several small-scale surveys of the (Gunaikurnai name: Wangangarra)? How did they Park, which have to date, due to their unsystematic live? Did they change, or maintain, the landscape nature, contributed very little to understanding the through traditional burning practices? What was the Park’s archaeological values or how they might be landscape like in the past and more recently, and affected by changes to the drainage of the Mitchell what kinds of creatures lived in the Park compared River catchment. A number of small rockshelters to now? What did they do when the Old People were known to be present downstream of the loca- camped or otherwise used individual sites? And tion of the proposed impoundment. None had been could recent advances in dating and science help thoroughly investigated, while some had not been Gunaikurnai tell the story of the Michell River and documented at all. All were, however, subject to its people? impacts from unregulated camping within the shel- The Park is heavily forested. It is located 40 km ters themselves. Importantly, while stone artefacts to the northwest of Bairnsdale in temperate East could be seen exposed in surface substrates of some Gippsland (Figure 1). The Park is an area of great of the rockshelters, they appeared to be absent, or at natural beauty and of high cultural significance to least undetected, from others. The presence of soft Traditional Owners, the Gunaikurnai who formally surface sediments, at times of considerable depth, share its management with Parks Victoria, a govern- indicated that these latter sites could still hold con- ment authority. Today it is surrounded by irrigated siderable archaeological deposits. How, then, were farmland, to which the supply of water was prob- these rockshelters, as unrecognised but likely sites, lematic during recent long-term droughts. As a to be addressed? Archaeological excavations were result, a proposal was made in 2017 to build an clearly needed for a better-informed understanding impoundment on the Park’s boundary, on a tribu- of this part of Gunaikurnai Country, including tary of the Mitchell River. This proposition, coupled for community wishes to better know the deeper with proposed sandmining in adjacent areas, caused (hi)story of the Old People within Country. 178 G. L. ROBERTS ET AL. Gippsland comprises almost a fifth of the area of the laboratory work was undertaken at the Monash the state of Victoria, yet there has been little aca- University laboratories without hands-on commu- demic archaeological research beyond two excava- nity involvement due to community rangers being tions which occurred near the Snowy River at unavailable at the time. The overseeing Gunaikurnai Cloggs Cave and New Guinea II, 100 km to the Registered Aboriginal Party Manager (RM) and northeast (Flood 1974, 1980; Ossa et al. 1995). Both co-ordinating archaeologists for the Gunaikurnai excavations were poorly dated, were carried out dec- Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation (JF) and ades ago, and had unreliable chrono-stratigraphic Monash and CABAH (BD) regularly reported to sequences. There is little information about the past Gunaikurnai representative committees such as the occupation of the East Gippsland region and no Elders Sub-Committee. Both in the field and at the indication of what the nature of occupation might Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal look like for the Mitchell River valley. As Corporation headquarters, the Wangangarra 1 exca- Gunaikurnai Traditional Owners keep emphasising, vations were an opportunity to train community we cannot assume that the Snowy River valley’s two members in archaeological methods, with all aspects excavated caves are relevant to other river valleys to explained through two-way discussions in non-tech-
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