Index alias command, 57–58 SYMBOLs alsamixer, 109–110 #! syntax, shells and, 64 AMD-V virtualization support ... (ellipses), omitted information in (svm), 298–299 code, 10 apropos command, 12–13 [ ] (brackets), testing shell scripts APT (Advanced Package Tool). See and, 65 also software, managing with APT ~. (tilde and period), exiting ssh vs. aptitude, 25 sessions and, 262 basics of, 21 > (greater-than sign) commands for security, 295 appending files and, 55 apt-get command to direct output to files, 55 update command, 35, 37 . (dots), in PATH environment clean option, 29–30 variables, 65 installing packages and, 28–29 ! (exclamation points), negating KVMs and, 301 search criterion with, 85 remove option, 29 / (forward slash), IRC commands and, aptitude. See also software, managing 253 with aptitude ; (semicolons), vi and, 315 vs. APT, 25 basics of, 21 A Aptitude Survival Guide, 35 -a option, (debsums), 42 Aptitude User’s Manual, 35 adding apt-key command, 70 content to scripts, 65–68 archives. See also backups to files to archives, 160 compressed archives groups, 286 backing up with SSH, 161–162 passwords, 281 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), software, virtualization hosts and, 301 checking, 229–230 software collections, 24–25 ASCII art, viewing movies and, 123 text, 91, 93 ASCII text, reading, 99 user accounts,COPYRIGHTED 280–281 at command, MATERIAL 186 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Atheros, 225 checking, 229–230 audio, 107–117 administration of remote systems. See adjusting levels, 109–110 remote systems administration encoding, 111–114 Advanced Linux Sound Architecture files, converting, 116–117 (ALSA), 109 playing music, 107–109 Advanced Package Tool. See APT ripping CDs, 110–111 (Advanced Package Tool) streaming, 114–116 aumix audio mixing application aumix audio mixing application, 110 brackets ([ ]), testing shell scripts authentication, public key, 264–267 and, 65 awk command, processing columns bridge-utils, adding software and, 301 and, 104 byobu command for remote shells, 270–272 bzflag, installing with APT, 27–28 B bzip2 command for compressing, backing up over networks, 161–165 157–158, 159 basics of, 161 OpenSSH, 161–162 rsync, 162–163 C unison, 164–165 –c option backing up to removable media, debsums, 42 165–170 mkswap command, 135 basics of, 165 cal command, 202–203 cdrecord command, 168–169 case command, 67 growisofs command, 170 cat command mkisofs command, 165–168 displaying file contents with, 94–95 backticks, executing command lines viewing /proc information with, with, 56 321–325 backups to compressed archives, cd commands, 77 155–160 cdparanoia tool, 110, 111 with compression tools, 157–160 cdrecord command, 168–169 tar archives, 160 CDs. See also backing up to removable with tar command, 155–157 media badblocks command, 141–142 ripping, 110–111 bash. See Bourne Again Shell (bash) chage command, 285 batch command, 186 chains, filter tables, 289 batches, converting images in, changing /proc information, 321–325 119–121 characters bcm43xx-fwcutter package, 225 in files and directories, meaning bg command, 171, 183–184 of, 73–74 binaries, finding text in, 99 shell special characters, 317–318 BIOS, enabling virtualization support translating or removing, 101 in, 299 charms, defined, 18 bits, virtualization capacity and, 300 chattr command, 81 block devices, 322 chgrp commands, 77 book contents, 1–2 chkrootkit, 295 boot images, mounting, 140 chmod command, 74–76 boot loaders, 205 chown (-R) option, 77 boot process, 205–207 chrt command, 188, 189 bouncers (IRC), 252 CIFS (Common Internet File Bourne Again Shell (bash) System), 248 Bash Guide for Beginners, 68 cleaning up bash history, 53–54 packages with APT, 29–30 Linux and, 49 packages with aptitude, 39 shell settings, 52 client for URLs application (curl special characters, 317–318 command), 241 variables, 318–320 328 dash option (-) clients connecting to Windows desktop, VNC, starting, 277 272–274 X11, tunneling for, 262 connections. See network connections clocks connectivity to hosts, checking, hardware, 203–204 228–229 system, 202–203 content, adding to scripts, 65–68 system vs. hardware, 201 control keys cloud computing, Ubuntu and, 4 for editing in JOE, 91–92 Cloud Guest, 18 for editing in nano, 93–94 columns convert command, images and, 118, processing, 104 119, 120–121 selecting and viewing column output, converting 175–177 audio files, 116–117 command line completion, 54 images, 118–121 command not found message, 9 copying commands. See also specific files, 79–80, 244–245 commands partition tables, 129 APT, 25–26 remote files, 244 bash history, 53–54 cp command, 79 for checking users, 286–288 cPanel, 280 ex commands (vi), 315–316 CPU finding, 9–11 capacity for virtualization and, 298–299 for finding files, 82–85 usage, 194, 196–198 firewalls rules, 290–291 crontab files, 186–187 FTP, for transferring files, 241–243 crontab man pages, 14 Legacy, 260–261 cryptsetup package, 143–145 Linux, 7–11 Ctrl+c, in shell windows, 50 managing VMs with, 306–309 CUPS for manipulating audio files, 107 basics of, 6 manipulating text with, 89 printing remote administration, miscellaneous vi commands, 314–315 tunneling and, 262–263 modifying with numbers (vi), 315 curl command, 241 for web browsing, 237–239 current shell, running processes away Common Internet File System from, 185 (CIFS), 248 cut command, 104 compressed archives. See backups to Cygwin, 261, 275 compressed archives compression tools, backups with, 157–160 D computers' capacity for virtualization, –D flag command, 30 298–302 -d option concatenating tar files, 160 compressing with lzop and, 160 configuration, checking (Samba), 251 deleting from ARP cache with, 230 configuring removing keys from agents with, 267 built-in firewalls, 288–289 -D option network connections from the GUI, ssh, 263 215–216 useradd command, 280, 282 SSH, 261–262 dash option (-), su command and, 62 329 date date /proc/sys directory, 325 changing with graphical tools, 201–202 using, 71 setting with NTP, 204–205 viewing file types in, 69–70 dd command disk labels, defined, 131 copying data and, 79, 80 disk partitions erasing data with, 144 changing with fdisk command, .deb 128–129 files, extracting from, 32–33 changing with parted command, 127, files, managing at installation, 21 130–131 packages, building, 44–47 copying partition tables, 129–130 querying packages, 33–35 creating filesystems on, 132–133 Debian. See also dpkg (Debian package); writing changes to, 128 software, managing with dpkg disk space. See also Logical Volume software packages, 20–24 Manager (LVM) Ubuntu and, 2–3 determining amount of, 147–148 debsums, verifying installed packages virtualization support and, 300–301 with, 39–44 diskstats output, 322 DeCSS, 121 dmesg command, 209–210 decrypting DVDs, 121 dmidecode command, 212 deleting dots (.), in PATH environment from ARP cache, 230 variables, 65 characters, 101 downloading files from archives, 160 files from remote servers. See files, routes, 232–233 transferring text with vi, 314 lftp command for, 242 user accounts, 283 packages with APT, 30 delimiters packages without installing, 38 awk command and, 104 Ubuntu, 17–18 sed command and, 100 dpkg (Debian package). See also desktops software, managing with dpkg remote Windows desktops, 272–274 basics of, 21 sharing with VNC, 275–276 commands for software management, X desktop and applications, 274–275 29–30 -detail option, mdadm command, dpkg command, installing software 146–147 and, 22 device drivers, defined, 72 dpkg-query -l command, 96–97 device files, 69, 72 –i command, 32 df command, checking disk space with, –L option, 35 147, 301 –r option, 32 DHCP server, 215 dstat command, 197 diff command, 101–104 du command, 147–148, 286 dig command, 227–228 dumpe2fs command, 133–134 dircproxy, 252 DVDs. See also backing up to directories. See also file/directory removable media permissions, setting; remote making and burning, 170 directories, sharing starting players, 123 information from /proc directory, 321–322 330 files -F option E mii-tool and, 220 –e option (debsums), 42 processing columns and, 104 e2label command, 131 fc command, bash history, 54 editing fdisk command bash history commands, 53 disk partitions, creating with, 150 shell scripts, 64 disk partitions, changing with, 127, text files, 90–94 128–129 editors. See text editors fg command, 171, 183–184 Edubuntu, 2 fields,/etc/fstab file, 137 egrep command, 298 file command, 69–70 elinks browsers, 237–238 file extensions ellipses (...), omitted information in mkisofs command and, 166 code, 10 tar command, 156 Emacs vs. vi (vim) text editor, 311 file/directory permissions, setting, e-mail, text-based e-mail clients, 73–78 254–257 basics of, 73–74 encoding music, 111–114 chmod command, changing permissions encrypting USB drives, 143–145 with, 74–76 encrypted filesystems, creating, ownership, changing, 76–77 143–145 umask, setting, 76 Ensim, 280 files entertainment devices (Ubuntu), 4 adding to archives, 160 environment variables, shells and, 62–63 attributes, changing, 80–81 error messages, locale, 23 audio, converting, 116–117 /etc/fstab file, 136–137 backing up with rsync, 162–163 Ethernet connections compressing, 157–160 starting and stopping, 221–223 copying, 79–80 viewing information, 223–224 creating blank, 70 ethtool (ethtool package) device files, 72 ethtool command, 216–218 differences between, checking, installing, 216 101–104 NICs and, 216–219 directories, 71 ethX interface, 225 extracting from .deb files, 32–33 ex commands (vi), 315–316 File formats and conventions (man exclamation