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Media Images of War 3(1) 7–41 © the Author(S) 2010 Reprints and Permission: Sagepub
MWC Article Media, War & Conflict Media images of war 3(1) 7–41 © The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1750635210356813 Michael Griffin http://mwc.sagepub.com Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA Abstract Photographic images of war have been used to accentuate and lend authority to war reporting since the early 20th century, with depictions in 1930s picture magazines of the Spanish Civil War prompting unprecedented expectations for frontline visual coverage. By the 1960s, Vietnam War coverage came to be associated with personal, independent and uncensored reporting and image making, seen as a journalistic ideal by some, and an obstacle to successful government conduct of the war by others. This article considers the idealized ‘myth’ of Vietnam War coverage and how it has influenced print and television photojournalism of American conflicts, skewing expectations of wartime media performance and fostering a consistent pattern of US Government/media collaboration. Upon analysis, pictorial coverage of US wars by the American media not only fails to live up to the myth of Vietnam but tends to be compliant and nationalist. It fails to reflect popular ideals of independent and critical photojournalism, or even the willingness to depict the realities of war. Keywords documentary, Gulf War, Iraq War, journalism, news, photography, photojournalism, television, television news, Vietnam War, visual communication, visual culture, war, war photography Media representations of war are of interest to media scholars for many reasons. First, as reports or images associated with extreme conflict and matters of life and death, they tend to draw intense public attention, and potentially influence public opinion. -
War News Coverage
WAR NEWS COVERAGE A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES by PUNLEY HUSTON YANG B.L#, National Chengchi University Taipei, China, 1961 A MASTER 1 S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Technical Journalism KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1968 Approved by: ajor Professor JCC? ii J3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to the many persons whose guidance, suggestions, and services have helped to make possible the completion of this thesis. First of all, I am immeasurably indebted to Mr. Del Brinkman for his suggestions, criticism, and patience* I would also like to acknowledge Dr. F. V. Howe as a member of my Advisory Committee, and Professor Ralph Lashbrook as Chairman of the Committee for the Oral Examination. I wish to thank Helen Hostetter for her suggestions on the style of the thesis and English polishing. I wish to extend my thanks for Kim Westfahl's tremendous typing. Finally, sincere appreciation is due the Lyonses, the Masons, and Myrna Hoogenhous for their continual encouragement in the school years. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii INTRODUCTION -V Chapter I. A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S PORTRAIT 1 II. EARLY PERIOD* WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN THE 19th CENTURY 6 III. COVERAGE OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR H* IV. COVERAGE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 26 V. COVERAGE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR «f0 VI. COVERAGE OF THE KOREAN WAR 63 VII. COVERAGE OF THE VIETNAM WAR 75 VIII. CONCLUSION 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY 100 IV • • • • And let me speak to the yet unknowing World How these things came about: so shall you hear Of carnal, bloody and unnatural acts, Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, And, in this upshot, purposes mistake Fall'n on the inventors 1 heads: all this can I truly deliver. -
IMMF 13 Bios Photogs.Pdf (188
Index of photographers and artists with lot numbers and short biographies Anderson, Christopher (Canada) - Born in British Columbia 1971). He had been shot in the back of the head. in 1970, Christopher Anderson also lived in Texas and Colorado In Lots 61(d), 63 (d), 66(c), 89 and NYC. He now lives in Paris. Anderson is the recipient of the Robert Capa Gold Medal. He regularly produces in depth photographic projects for the world’s most prestigious publica- Barth, Patrick (UK) Patrick Barth studied photography at tions. Honours for his work also include the Visa d’Or in Newport School of Art & Design. Based in London, he has been Perpignan, France and the Kodak Young Photographer of the working since 1995 as a freelance photographer for publications Year Award. Anderson is a contract photographer for the US such as Stern Magazine, the Independent on Sunday Review, News & World Report and a regular contributor to the New Geographical Magazine and others. The photographs in Iraq York Times Magazine. He is a member of the photographers’ were taken on assignment for The Independent on Sunday collective, VII Agency. Review and Getty Images. Lot 100 Lot 106 Arnold, Bruno (Germany) - Bruno Arnold was born in Bendiksen Jonas (Norway) 26, is a Norwegianp photojournal- Ludwigshafen/Rhine (Germany) in 1927. Journalist since 1947, ist whose work regularly appears in magazines world wide from 1955 he became the correspondent and photographer for including GEO, The Sunday Times Magazine, Newsweek, and illustrated magazines Quick, Revue. He covered conflicts and Mother Jones. In 2003 Jonas received the Infinity Award from revolutions in Hungary and Egypt (1956), Congo (1961-1963), The International Centre of Photography (ICP) in New York, as Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (1963-1973), Biafra (1969-1070), well as a 1st prize in the Pictures Of the Year International Israel (1967, 1973, 1991, 1961 Eichmann Trial). -
J4568/7568 History of Photojournalism Fall 2013 Class Schedule Keith Greenwood, Ph.D
J4568/7568 History of Photojournalism Fall 2013 Class Schedule Keith Greenwood, Ph.D. (Schedule is subject to change with advance notice) All readings available through the ERES system are marked (E) All items available through Blackboard are marked (BB) All reserve materials available at the Journalism Library are marked (R) Please have readings completed and be ready to discuss on the date listed. Items marked with a * are covered on reading quizzes. Week 1 August 20 Why Study History? Introduction, discussion of course requirements August 22 History and Visual Evidence Wisconsin Death Trip by Michael Lesy (BB)/(R) & “The Questionable Uses of 19th Century Photographs” by C. Zoe Smith in Journal of Visual Literacy (E) "You Can't Believe Your Eyes: Inaccuracies in Photographs of North American Indians" by Joanna Cohan Scherer (E) Written Assignment #1 due before class August 27 Week 2 August 27 Early History of Photojournalism *American Photojournalism Ch. 1 “Four Streams Nourish Photojournalism” & *American Photojournalism Ch. 2 “From Photography’s Invention to Proto-Photojournalism” pp. 17-34 August 29 Photographing Conflict: Civil War *American Photojournalism Ch. 2 “From Photography’s Invention to Proto-Photojournalism” pp. 35-59 & *“Photographs of War,” Ch. 3 in Carlebach, Origins of Photojournalism in America (E) & *Reading quiz #1 due before class. Reserve materials: Timothy O'Sullivan, America's Forgotten Photographer by James Horan (R) Witness to an Era: The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner by D. Mark Katz (R) Working Stiffs: Occupational Portraits in the Age of Tintypes by Michael Carlebach (R) History of Photojournalism Schedule Fall 2013 Week 3 Sept. -
Master Draft “Coolness Under Fire”
“No Job For a Woman:” The Women Who Fought To Report World War II TABLE OF CONTENTS A. SUMMARY This is a request for $625,000 for the Production phase of’ ‘No Job For a Woman’: The Women Who Fought to Report World War II, a one-hour documentary for public television focusing on the story of the women war reporters of World War II, the obstacles they encountered, and their role in contributing to a new way of war reporting. The project received an NEH Consultation Grant in 2002, an NEH Planning Grant in 2004, and an NEH Scripting Grant in 2006. The project has also been selected to be part of the Endowment’s “We the People” initiative because it explores “significant events and themes in our nation’s history and culture” and advances “knowledge of the principles that define America.” During the Production phase, we will expand our fundraising campaign to finance the production, projected to cost approximately $735,000. The non-profit sponsor for this film is Women Make Movies. B. SUBJECT AND HUMANITIES THEMES “Bullets don’t discriminate. The dangers are basically the same whether you are male or female,” says NPR’s Iraq war correspondent, Anne Garrels. Today, a woman -- CNN’s Christiane Amanpour -- is possibly the most famous war reporter worldwide. While women reporting war may seem commonplace now, their arrival in the profession is the result of nearly 150 years of struggle and hard work. Many of these battles were fought in the newsrooms and trenches of World War II. During the course of World War II nearly 140 women reporters were accredited to cover events overseas out of a total of approximately 1700 accredited reporters overall. -
Female War Correspondents in Vietnam: a Turning Point for Women in American Journalism
FEMALE WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN VIETNAM: A TURNING POINT FOR WOMEN IN AMERICAN JOURNALISM By Natalia J. Haller A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Science Emphasis: Teaching American History May, 2006 FEMALE CORRESPONDENTS IN THE VIETNAM WAR: A TURNING POINT FOR WOMEN IN AMERICAN JOURNALISM by Natalia J. Haller Approved by the Master’s Thesis Committee: Delores McBroome, Major Professor Date Gayle Olson-Raymer, Committee Member Date Rodney Sievers, Committee Member Date Delores McBroome, Graduate Coordinator Date Donna E. Schafer, Dean for Research and Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT Considering the amount of literature written on the Vietnam War, it is confounding that female war correspondents have failed to make a significant entry into historical accounts of the conflict. Part of the challenge when searching for literature on the female war correspondent in Vietnam is that historically, war and journalism have been considered a man’s area of expertise. Much of the literature written about reporters in Vietnam reflects this sentiment. This perception was transformed during the Vietnam War by an unprecedented number of courageous women who broke the stereotypes to become successful wartime correspondents. Unrestricted access to the fighting proved to be an opportunity for women journalists. Four hundred and sixty seven women became accredited during the war, of which 267 were American. The purpose of my research was to review the literature on various factors that created opportunity for women journalists in Vietnam and develop a prosopography of the female war correspondent. -
The News Media Coverage of the Tet Offensive (1968): Historical Evaluation As and Educational Tool
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1992 The News Media Coverage of the Tet Offensive (1968): Historical Evaluation as and Educational Tool Edmund J. Rooney Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Rooney, Edmund J., "The News Media Coverage of the Tet Offensive (1968): Historical Evaluation as and Educational Tool" (1992). Dissertations. 3196. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3196 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1992 Edmund J. Rooney LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE NEWS MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE TET OFFENSIVE (1968): HISTORICAL EVALUATION AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND POLICY STUDIES BY EDMUND J. ROONEY JR. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 1992 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, thanks to my family, including my deceased parents, for their help and encouragement over many years. Especial gratitude goes to my wife of thirty-six years--Mary--and to my six children of whom five are Loyola graduates and the sixth is a senior in Loyola's School of Education. Second, many thanks to my Loyola faculty colleagues--past and present. Two former Chairs of the Department of Communication--the late Professor Elaine Bruggemeier and Dr. -
Vietnam, the Last Assignment Summer 2020
Vol. 38 No. 2 Summer 2020 Vietnam, the Last Assignment Summer 2020 A recent Air Force Association magazine featured an article “The Difference in Korea”. The lead off photo was of two B-26s on a bomb run. That got my attention. About all everyone read about US air power in that “police action” was about the first ever jet to jet dogfights over “Mig Alley”. When North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, they planned to seize all of South Korea in a month or less, before the US could respond. The only thing that prevented that were the 7000 close support and interdiction air strikes by the Far East Air Forces in July. In fact, during the course of the entire police action, almost four times as many close support and interdiction sorties were flown as counter air. While no specific units were mentioned in the article, most of those missions were by B-26s and B-29s, the B-29s flying out of Okinawa. There was no mention of A-26s, so I wondered if that was an error and called Perry Nuhn. Perry confirmed that it was, that there were no Martin B-26s in Korea, only the Douglas A-26s, but that the A-26 Invader had been redesignated as B-26 after the Maurader had Bob Koehne been retired. https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the- difference-in-korea/ President’s Corner On June 11th, the Secretary of the Air Force, Barbara I hope that all of you are coping with these once in M. -
Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions
7.3 Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions Standard 7.3: Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions Explain the different functions of news articles, editorials, editorial cartoons, and “op-ed” commentaries. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T7.3] News Reporters Watch the Launch of the Apollo 11 Moon Mission (July 15, 1969), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Marshall Image Exchange, Public Domain FOCUS QUESTION: What are the Functions of Different Types of Newspaper Writing? Newspapers include multiple forms of writing, including news articles, editorials, editorial cartoons, Op-Ed commentaries, and news photographs. Each type of writing has a specific style and serves a Building Democracy for All 1 particular function. News articles report what is happening as clearly and objectively as possible, without bias or opinion. In reporting the news, the Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics demands that reporters: 1. Seek truth and report it 2. Minimize harm 3. Act independently 4. Be accountable and transparent Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed Commentaries are forums where writers may freely express their viewpoints and advocate for desired changes and specific courses of action. In this way, these are forms of persuasive writing. Topic 4/Standard 6 in this book has more about the uses of persuasion, propaganda, and language in political settings. Photographs can be both efforts to objectively present the news and at the same time become ways to influence how viewers understand people and events. Press Conferences are opportunities for individuals and representatives of organizations to answer questions from the press and present their perspectives on issues and events. -
Vanes and Vietnam
Cover Story Vanes and Vietnam In May the FCC remembered much-loved Club stalwart, Hugh Van Es, who died a year ago. A wonderful retrospective of this famous photographer’s work – deftly put together by Vanes’ close friend and fellow photographer, Kees Metselaar – started proceedings while a huge gathering of old friends and media professionals, many of whom had just attended events in Vietnam and Cambodia that commemorated the 35th Anniversary of the “fall of Saigon”, brought things to a suitably rowdy close. It was fitting – as a consummate social networker, Vanes had always been instrumental in arranging the previous reunion gatherings. Former FCC President John Giannini attended both the Vietnam and the Hong Kong events and here, for The Correspondent, he remembers when he first met Vanes in a bar (that was actually a tent) in Quan Loi in 1969. Overleaf, former Vietnam war journalist Don Kirk uses the reunion to trigger media memories from the war while Luke Hunt finds that the mystery surrounding the disappearance of famed combat photographer Sean Flynn is as strong as ever. 8 THE CORRESPONDENT Cover Story A GUY WALKS INTO A BAR… The bar happened to be the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment’s Air Rifle Platoon enlisted men’s club at Quan Loi, Vietnam, near the Cambodian border. The bar wasn’t really a bar, but a tent on a wooden floor. It was the Fall of 1969. At a table sat four civilians, at least the guy assumed they were civilians. They wore mismatched bits of military uniforms and they had more style than any military personnel. -
The War Correspondent in Vietnam
THE WAR CORRESPONDENT IN VIETNAM: PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS IN REPORTING THE WAR By JOE S. WILLIAMS III // Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1968 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1972 • \~· /q1.d. ·tu1~1w CC-f·~ UK LAHOMA ITATE UNIVEFB~ 1 '~RARV NOV I !l 1972 THE WAR CORRESPONDENT IN VIETNAM: PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS IN REPORTING THE WAR Dean of the Graduate College 830951 ii PREFACE The investigation into the subject matter of this thesis began in June, 1970. Since that time an attempt has been made to try and gather as much information as possible in order to give this study a representative outlook. Yet, from the outset, a few obstacles have been encountered which have formed a barrier precluding the examination of some material. It is regretted that the film ''Why Vietnam?" could not be obtained for· examination. This film was made by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. With the help of Ltc. John Rodo~ph of the Oklahoma State University Department of Military Science, it was traced from Ft. Sill, Oklahoma to Toby Hana Arsenal, Pennsylvania, to find that the only remaining copy is on record in the National Archives in Washington, o.c., and cannot be released for viewing. Telegrams were sent to selected war correspondents asking for telephone interviews. The only individual to consent was Brig. Gen. s. L. A. Marshall (U.S. Army, Ret. ), a former war reporter, author (~ Chop Hill), and perhaps the most knowledgeable military historian living today. -
The Patriot Journalist: an Examination of the Work of Wisconsin's Dickey Chapelle
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2020 The Patriot Journalist: An Examination of the Work of Wisconsin's Dickey Chapelle Dee Ann Holzel University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Holzel, Dee Ann, "The Patriot Journalist: An Examination of the Work of Wisconsin's Dickey Chapelle" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2384. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2384 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PATRIOT JOURNALIST AN EXAMINATION OF THE WORK OF WISCONSIN'S DICKEY CHAPELLE by Dee Hölzel A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee May 2020 ABSTRACT THE PATRIOT JOURNALIST AN EXAMINATION OF THE WORK OF WISCONSIN'S DICKEY CHAPELLE by Dee Hölzel The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Under the Supervision of Professor Chia Vang Wisconsin journalist Dickey Chapelle is primarily remembered as the first female journalist from the U.S. killed while covering combat. She died while on patrol with the Marines on Nov. 4, 1965 in South Vietnam. Chapelle was repeatedly in Vietnam to cover the war from 1961-1965, but the resulting articles were rarely published. In fact, only three articles from her trips to Laos and Vietnam were published in any major magazine.