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2020 Cultural Infrastructure Index Cultural Infrastructure 2020 Index 2020 Cultural Infrastructure Index Cultural Infrastructure 2020 Index The Cultural Infrastructure Index, undertaken by AEA Consulting, seeks to measure investment in capital projects in the cultural sector, identifying projects with a budget of US$10 million or more that were public- ly announced or completed within a calendar year. “Cultural infrastructure” comprises museums, per- forming arts centers, and cultural hubs or districts, and projects tracked include new buildings, renovations, and expansions. Above: Culturespaces Les Bassins de Lumières Digital Arts Centre, Bordeaux, France Left: Kadokawa Cultural Museum, Tokorozawa, Japan Cover: Oklahoma Contemporary Arts Center, Oklahoma City, OK projects in Asia, Australia/New Zealand, the Middle and a decrease in renovations and expansions. 102 Introduction East and Africa were either flat or increased, and it new buildings represented $7.2 billion of investment was the first year that the number of projects com- (up from 64 projects and $3.5 billion in 2019), com- pleted in Asia (34) exceeded those in North America pared with only 15 renovations worth $584.0 million (32) to become the leading region globally. Project (down from 17 and $490.0 million) and 13 expansions announcements tell a similar story, with a notable worth $383.0 million (down from 20 and $816.0 million). increase in Asia both in terms of volume (+100% to 24) and value (+135% to $3.6 billion). This was led by • Analysis of the sponsoring organizations for com- investment in China (specifically Shenzhen) where pleted projects reveals a decrease in the relative announced spending exceeded the US for the first share of not-for-profit projects (31%, down from time ($3.3 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively). 54%) and increase in public projects (49%, up from Our 2020 analysis is the fifth undertaken by AEA 25%). This reflects a longer-term trend visible across Consulting. The Index seeks to measure investment in • Houston, Texas was the city with the highest number completed and announced projects – the number capital projects in the cultural sector, identifying proj- of completed projects (three) while Shenzhen was of not-for-profit projects show a compound annu- ects with a budget of US$10 million or more that were the city with the highest number of announced proj- al growth rate of -9%, while public projects have publicly announced or completed within a calendar ects (ten). Infrastructure development continued grown at a rate of +14% over the same period (2017- year. “Cultural infrastructure” comprises museums/gal- well beyond the bellwether destinations: projects 20).Commercial (6%), private (4%), and public-pri- leries, performing arts centers, multifunction arts ven- in the top 70 global cities2 accounted for just 22% of vate partnerships (3%) still account for only a small ues, and cultural hubs or districts, and projects tracked completed projects this year and 29% in 2019. proportion of total cultural infrastructure. include new buildings, renovations, and expansions. • Despite a fall in the total number of completed proj- • The top three highest value projects completed in The data that underpins the Index is gathered daily ects, their aggregate size increased 13% to 2.0 million 2020 were: Humboldt Forum, Berlin, Germany ($825.0 throughout the year by AEA staff members who scour square meters, and their median size also increased million); Suzhou Bay Cultural Center, Suzhou, China hundreds of publications in English, Spanish, Russian, 30% to 5,853 square meters. This jump was driven ($422.0 million); and the expansion of the Museum of Arabic, and Chinese, including several aggregator sites substantial impact on the figures for completed projects by a handful of large-scale projects in Asia and the Fine Arts Houston, Texas, US ($385.0 million). The top and news forums. While we cannot claim that the Index in 2020, down 30% in volume and 27% in value from 2019. Middle East including Changzhou Culture Plaza in three announced projects were: Shenzhen Natural is exhaustive, it is intended to provide a broad snapshot China which (at 365,000 square meters) is the largest History Museum, Shenzhen, China ($496.0 million); of global cultural infrastructure investment and pro- As we noted in last year’s Index, the lasting legacy of the completed project recorded to date. Conversely, the National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Washington, vide useful information on the number, type, location, pandemic on the scale and type of cultural infrastruc- aggregate size of announced projects fell 80% to 1.9 D.C, US ($450.0 million); and Shenzhen Reform and and budgets of major cultural infrastructure projects ture is unknown. It is unclear whether projects are being million square meters following a peak in 2019. Openness Policy Exhibition Hall, Shenzhen, China announced and completed each year.1 Each year we scaled back, as changes in approaches to design are for ($437.0 million). Seven of the top 13 highest value try to advance the sophistication of the analysis, now the most part still at the discussion and prototype stage, • The median budget for completed projects was $31.2 projects announced in 2020 are located in Shenzhen, identifying longer-term trends over the five-year span of or short-term and improvisatory in nature. million, marginally lower than $32.0 million in 2019, China worth a grand total of $2.5 billion (see sepa- this publication. and the median budget for announced projects was rate article). This year’s analysis (our fifth year) finds that: $40.0 million, up 33% from $30.0 million in 2019. We look forward to the 2021 Index to continue to moni- The coronavirus had a significant impact on project con- • $5.7 billion-worth of new physical assets were com- tor these trends. struction timelines and completions – or in some cases pleted globally in 2020 across 104 projects (2019 fig- • Museums remained the dominant building type, more accurately “opening dates”. Many major cultural ures were $7.9 billion across 149 projects), and $8.2 accounting for the lion’s share (about half) of buildings scheduled to be completed in 2020 pushed back billion of investment in 130 projects was announced announced and completed projects and constitut- their openings to 2021 due to pandemic related delays, (2019 figures were $4.8 billion and 101 projects). As ing $7.0 billion of total investment. Performing Arts including the Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo ($1 billion), mentioned above and as might be expected due to Centers were the next most popular form (23%), the National Museum of Art, Architecture, and Design the pandemic, this represents a 30% decrease in the followed by Multifunction Arts Venues (18%) and ($723 million) and the Munch Museum ($321 million), volume and 27% decrease in the value of completed Cultural Hubs/Districts (9%). The highest growth both in Oslo, the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures projects compared with the year prior. What is per- was seen among Multifunction Arts Venues, which in Los Angeles ($380 million), Bourse de Commerce- haps more surprising is that the volume and value increased both in terms of their volume (up 54%, to Pinnault Collection in Paris ($170 million), and the National of announced projects increased during the period, 43) and value (up 132%, to $2.8 billion). This could be Museum of African American Music in Nashville ($60 and for the first time since 2016 volume was up by indicative of a broader move toward more flexible million). Consequently, these delayed openings had a 29% and value by 72% following a dip in 2019. cultural infrastructure. • Geographically, construction in North America and • A breakdown among new buildings, renovations, 1 This is the fifth year of formal publication. However, AEA has Europe slowed substantially with the number of and expansions announced this year indicates an tracked infrastructure projects in the cultural sector for over seven Above: years and therefore is able to identify new projects as opposed to completed projects down by 51% (from 65 to 32) and increase in the volume and value of new buildings Museum Piguet, Le Brassus, France re-announced projects with some accuracy. Budget data in curren- 39% (from 38 to 23), respectively, compared with last cies other than US dollars were converted to US dollars using year. But this was not the case universally: completed Facing: conversion rates current as of June 3, 2021. 2 As determined by Kearney’s 2019 Global Cities Report. Zuhai Museum, Zuhai, China 2 3 experimentation has made this megacity the hi-tech 51 smaller facilities across the ten municipal districts In Focus: center of China, and positioned it as the new gem of reflects an ambition to create a network of cultur- Southern China. Uncertainty around the status of Hong al nodes across the entire city. This, combined with Kong as a global hub has created the opportunity for ten new iconic landmarks that have a total estimated Shenzhen, China Shenzhen to play the lead role in the central govern- budget of ¥110.2 billion (US$17.03 billion) that are to ment’s plans for the development and integration of the be completed in the space of five years, means that Guangdong – Hong Kong – Macau Greater Bay Area. Shenzhen has the capital and momentum to achieve While Shenzhen has the flashy cityscape to show for it status as a major new cultural capital. (having completed the second-highest number of tall buildings in the world in 2020 despite a 20% year-on- Traditional heritage has a central role in urban design year decrease in skyscraper construction globally in and cultural planning 2020, and only just losing the top spot it had held since The story of the economic miracle of Shenzhen – for- 2015 to Dubai), Shenzhen has had no new iconic public mally established as a city and the country’s first Special infrastructure built since the last major round of devel- Economic Zone in 1979 as part of then-Premier Deng opment in the 2000s and the addition of the creative Xiaoping’s “reform and opening-up policy” – is well-re- industries as a fourth pillar in the 2009 cultural plan.2 The hearsed.
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