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Lelov: Cultural Memory and a Jewish Town in Poland. Investigating the Identity and History of an Ultra - Orthodox Society
Lelov: cultural memory and a Jewish town in Poland. Investigating the identity and history of an ultra - orthodox society. Item Type Thesis Authors Morawska, Lucja Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 03/10/2021 19:09:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7827 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. Lelov: cultural memory and a Jewish town in Poland. Investigating the identity and history of an ultra - orthodox society. Lucja MORAWSKA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2012 i Lucja Morawska Lelov: cultural memory and a Jewish town in Poland. Investigating the identity and history of an ultra - orthodox society. Key words: Chasidism, Jewish History in Eastern Europe, Biederman family, Chasidic pilgrimage, Poland, Lelov Abstract. Lelov, an otherwise quiet village about fifty miles south of Cracow (Poland), is where Rebbe Dovid (David) Biederman founder of the Lelov ultra-orthodox (Chasidic) Jewish group, - is buried. -
Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤
Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤ § Robert Warren Anderson† Noel D. Johnson‡ Mark Koyama University of Michigan, Dearborn George Mason University George Mason University This Version: 30 December, 2013 Abstract What factors caused the persecution of minorities in medieval and early modern Europe? We build amodelthatpredictsthatminoritycommunitiesweremorelikelytobeexpropriatedinthewake of negative income shocks. Using panel data consisting of 1,366 city-level persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely in colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in average growing season temperature increased the probability of a persecution between one-half and one percentage points (relative to a baseline probability of two percent). This effect was strongest in regions with poor soil quality or located within weak states. We argue that long-run decline in violence against Jews between 1500 and 1800 is partly attributable to increases in fiscal and legal capacity across many European states. Key words: Political Economy; State Capacity; Expulsions; Jewish History; Climate JEL classification: N33; N43; Z12; J15; N53 ⇤We are grateful to Megan Teague and Michael Szpindor Watson for research assistance. We benefited from comments from Ran Abramitzky, Daron Acemoglu, Dean Phillip Bell, Pete Boettke, Tyler Cowen, Carmel Chiswick, Melissa Dell, Dan Bogart, Markus Eberhart, James Fenske, Joe Ferrie, Raphäel Franck, Avner Greif, Philip Hoffman, Larry Iannaccone, Remi Jedwab, Garett Jones, James Kai-sing Kung, Pete Leeson, Yannay Spitzer, Stelios Michalopoulos, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Naomi Lamoreaux, Jason Long, David Mitch, Joel Mokyr, Johanna Mollerstrom, Robin Mundill, Steven Nafziger, Jared Rubin, Gail Triner, John Wallis, Eugene White, Larry White, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. -
Negative Shocks and Mass Persecutions: Evidence from the Black Death
Negative Shocks and Mass Persecutions: Evidence from the Black Death Remi Jedwab and Noel D. Johnson and Mark Koyama⇤ April 16, 2018 Abstract We study the Black Death pogroms to shed light on the factors determining when a minority group will face persecution. In theory, negative shocks increase the likelihood that minorities are persecuted. But, as shocks become more severe, the persecution probability decreases if there are economic complementarities between majority and minority groups. The effects of shocks on persecutions are thus ambiguous. We compile city-level data on Black Death mortality and Jewish persecutions. At an aggregate level, scapegoating increases the probability of a persecution. However, cities which experienced higher plague mortality rates were less likely to persecute. Furthermore, for a given mortality shock, persecutions were less likely in cities where Jews played an important economic role and more likely in cities where people were more inclined to believe conspiracy theories that blamed the Jews for the plague. Our results have contemporary relevance given interest in the impact of economic, environmental and epidemiological shocks on conflict. JEL Codes: D74; J15; D84; N33; N43; O1; R1 Keywords: Economics of Mass Killings; Inter-Group Conflict; Minorities; Persecutions; Scapegoating; Biases; Conspiracy Theories; Complementarities; Pandemics; Cities ⇤Corresponding author: Remi Jedwab: Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, George Washington University, [email protected]. Mark Koyama: Associate -
Brief History of German Anti-Semitism
Chapter 1 Writings on the Wall Chapter 1 A Concise History of German Anti-Semitism In 1942, in a suburb of Berlin known as Wannsee, Reinhard Heydrich (head of the infamous Nazi secret police, the Gestapo) finalized the Nazi commitment to the extermination of the Jews within the Third Reich’s sphere of influence (Gilbert 281). According to some historians, these announcements made at Wannsee were the culmination of step-by-step decisions that had brought about what Adolf Hitler meant when, in 1920, he announced the Nazi party’s position that “None but members of the Nation may be citizens of the State. None but those of German blood, whatever their creed, may be members of the Nation. No Jew, therefore, may be a member of the Nation” (qtd. in Gilbert 23). Both ancient and contemporary European and German anti-Semitic forces were about to collide in Wannsee. That collision tragically ignited one of history’s most devastating and most documented genocidal conflagrations—what today is commonly called the “Holocaust.” Some historians suggest the Holocaust was the result of the Nazi targeting of Jews as scapegoats by suggesting that world-Jewry collectively had had something to do with the “stab in the back” that brought the World War I German war effort and World War I itself to a turbulent end. Some researchers suggest European Jewry was singled out for “special treatment” because they, the Jews, were somehow responsible for the unexpectedly final battlefield- failures, the consequent enormous war reparation payments, the collapsing stock markets and the subsequent spiraling inflation that financially crippled the German nation. -
The Galitzianer a Publication of Gesher Galicia
The Galitzianer A Publication of Gesher Galicia Vol. 8, No. 4 August 2001 In This Issue Two articles in this issue are of special import to the future of The Galitzianer and of Gesher Galicia. The first, Shelley Pollero’s column on page 2, explains the reasons that the Steering Committee has felt it necessary to raise Gesher Galicia’s dues … mainly the increased costs of publishing The Galitzianer and the Gesher Galicia Family Finder. The second, on page 3, describes a proposed electronic option for distributing The Galitzianer via email to those who want to receive it that way. It also asks a couple of questions about this proposal on which the Steering Committee needs your advice.. GG Matters 8 JRI-PL 1929 Business Directory Project 2 Coordinator’s Column Stanley Diamond & Howard Fink Shelley Kellerman Pollero 6 Krakow marriage and Banns Registers 3 An Electronic Version of the Galitzianer? Stanley Diamond & Judy Wolkovitch Edward Goldstein A project at the Jewish Historical Institute in A proposal on which we need your input Warsaw 23 Gesher Galicia Family Finder Updates Feature Articles Two pages you can insert into your GGFF 7 Austrian Military Recruitment in Galicia Town Updates Find out which regiments of the Austro- 3 Kolomyya Hungarian army recruited in your town in Alan Weiser which years 4 Lwow 10 Matching Patronymics to Surnames in Krakow Josef Herz Dan Hirschberg & Julian Schamroth Breaking through a barrier in Jewish genea- 4 Sokal logical research Josef Herz 12 My Journey to Bukaczowze 4 Przemysl Linda Cantor Barbara Yeager -
Reform Or Consensus? Choral Synagogues in the Russian Empire
arts Article Reform or Consensus? Choral Synagogues in the Russian Empire Vladimir Levin The Center for Jewish Art, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; [email protected] Received: 5 May 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Abstract: Many scholars view the choral synagogues in the Russian Empire as Reform synagogues, influenced by the German Reform movement. This article analyzes the features characteristic of Reform synagogues in central and Western Europe, and demonstrates that only a small number of these features were implemented in the choral synagogues of Russia. The article describes the history, architecture, and reception of choral synagogues in different geographical areas of the Russian Empire, from the first maskilic synagogues of the 1820s–1840s to the revolution of 1917. The majority of changes, this article argues, introduced in choral synagogues were of an aesthetic nature. The changes concerned decorum, not the religious meaning or essence of the prayer service. The initial wave of choral synagogues were established by maskilim, and modernized Jews became a catalyst for the adoption of the choral rite by other groups. Eventually, the choral synagogue became the “sectorial” synagogue of the modernized elite. It did not have special religious significance, but it did offer social prestige and architectural prominence. Keywords: synagogue; Jewish history in Russia; reform movement; Haskalah; synagogue architecture; Jewish cultural studies; Jewish architecture 1. Introduction The synagogue was the most important Jewish public space until the emergence of secular institutions in the late nineteenth century. As such, it was a powerful means of representation of the Jewish community in its own eyes and in the eyes of the non-Jewish population. -
Poles and Jews: the Quest for Self-Determination 1919- 1934
Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919- 1934 By Feigue Cieplinski Poland became an independent nation against all odds in the interwar period and retained her sovereignty from 1919 to 1939; hence the concept “interwar Poland.” The vicissitudes of her existence earned her the name of “God’s Playground.” [1] The Jews within her borders shared her history since 1240 C.E. Their freedoms during this period, unequaled in other places of Western Europe, earned Poland the Biblical allusion of “New Canaan.” [2] In contrast, some scholars have described Poland’s Jewry in the interwar Republic as being “On the Edge Of Destruction.” [3] That Polish Jewry was in distress is attested by the urgent visit of Mr. Neville Laski, a member of the British Joint Foreign Committee closely associated with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the Joint Distribution Committee, in 1934. [4] His August visit fell between two historical events framing Polish Jewry’s status: seven months before, in January of that year, Poland and Germany signed a bilateral non- aggression declaration and in September Colonel Josef Beck, as Foreign Minister, announced in Geneva, his country’s unilateral abrogation of the Minorities Treaty in force since 1919. The scholars listed below have studied separately either the birth of Poland and the imposition of the Minorities Protection Treaty, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, or the situation of the Jews in Poland. However, they have paid scant attention to the nexus between the rise of Hitler, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, the demise of the Minorities Protection Treaty, and the consequent worsening situation of Polish Jewry. -
The Home Town As Mother
Chapter 1 The Home Town as Mother Shmuel Yosef Czaczkes, later known as Agnon, was born on August 7, 1887 in the Jewish shtetl of Buczacz on the River Strypa, in the Tarnopol district of the province of Galicia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The town had been founded in the fourteenth century by Polish noblemen, and Jews began to live there in the late-fifteenth or early-sixteenth century. From the tenth to the fourteenth century, Galicia had been part of the principality of Volhynia, which had been conquered by the Kievan king Vladimir Sviatoslav- ich1 and called Vladimeria or Lodomeria. In the thirteenth century Galicia was conquered by the marauding Mongols; in the fourteenth century it became part of the kingdom of Poland. Over the centuries, Galicia became more or less synonymous with Lodomeria.2 Jews immigrated to the kingdom of Poland-Lithuania, including Galicia, from Germany and other parts of Central Europe from late medieval and Early Modern times. They lived among the Poles and Ukrainians, while forming their own distinct communities. Americans are used to cities and towns having a single name. This was not the case in multicultural Eastern Europe, where several ethnic groups and cultures shared the same town, and each had its own name for it. A case in point was the capital of the Austrian province of East Galicia. The German speakers and the Jews called it Lemberg, the Poles called it Lwów and the Ukrainians Lviv.3 Austrian Lemberg was an important center of Jewish culture, home to several Yiddish and Hebrew periodicals and the celebrated University of Lemberg.4 Two major Jewish figures in international law studied there: Hersch Lauterpacht,5 who coined the term “war crimes” and was a member of the United Nations International Law Commission and a judge of the International Court of Justice, and Raphael Lemkin,6 who coined the term “genocide” and pushed for the United Nations to adopt the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.7 1 Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great (died 1015), medieval king of Kievan Rus. -
THE GALITZIANER Volume 26, Number 4 December 2019
The Quarterly Research Journal of Gesher Galicia THE GALITZIANER Volume 26, Number 4 December 2019 JODI G. BENJAMIN 3 From the Editor's Desk RESEARCH CORNER 4 Mark Jacobson ANDREW ZALEWSKI 6 The First Habsburg Census BÖRRIES KUZMANY 11 Jewish Deputies from Galicia REUVEN LIEBES 16 Looking for My Parents PETER BEIN 20 My Grandmother’s Kitchen JAY OSBORN 25 Map Corner BARBARA KRASNER 29 A Day with Murray SHELLEY K. POLLERO 34 Membership News September 2019 The Galitzianer 1 Gesher Galicia Gesher Galicia is a non-profit organization that promotes and conducts Jewish genealogical and historical research on Galicia, a province of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, which is today part of south- eastern Poland and western Ukraine. BOARD OF DIRECTORS ACADEMIC ADVISORS ARCHIVAL ADVISORS Steven S. Turner, DDS Michał Galas Agnieszka Franczyk-Cegła President Department of Jewish Studies, Ossolineum, Wrocław Andrew Zalewski, MD Jagellonian University, Kraków Magdalena Marosz Vice President Sergey R. Kravtsov National Archives in Kraków Charlie Katz Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew Kateryna Mytsan CFO and Treasurer University, Jerusalem State Archive of Ivano-Frankivsk Milton Koch, MD Antony Polonsky Oblast (DAIFO), Ivano-Frankivsk Secretary Brandeis University, Waltham John Diener Fedir Polianskyi Mark Jacobson David Rechter State Archive of Ternopil Oblast Tony Kahane Oxford Centre for Hebrew and (DATO), Ternopil Shelley Kellerman Pollero Jewish Studies Sławomir Postek Michał Majewski Dariusz Stola Central Archives of Historical Renée Stern Steinig Collegium Civitas, Polish Academy Records (AGAD), Warsaw of Sciences, Warsaw THE GALITZIANER Igor Smolskyi Wacław Wierzbieniec Central State Historical Archives Jodi G. Benjamin, Editor Department of History and Jewish of Ukraine in Lviv (TsDIAL), Lviv KEY ASSOCIATES Culture, Rzeszów University CONTACT US GG Secretariat in Poland GESHER GALICIA Piotr Gumola, Warsaw Gesher Galicia, Inc. -
A Chronology of the Black Death (1347–1363)
A Chronology of the Black Death (1347–1363) 1347 Plague comes to the Black Sea region, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Sicily, Marseille on the southeastern coast of France, and perhaps the Greek archipelago and Egypt. 1348 Plague comes to all of Italy, most of France, the eastern half of Spain, southern England, Switzerland, Austria, the Balkans and Greece, Egypt and North Africa, Palestine and Syria, and perhaps Denmark. The flagellant movement begins in Austria or Hungary. Jewish pogroms occur in Languedoc and Catalonia, and the first trials of Jews accused of well poisoning take place in Savoy. 1349 Plague comes to western Spain and Portugal, central and north- ern England, Wales, Ireland, southern Scotland, the Low Coun- tries (Belgium and Holland), western and southern Germany, Hungary, Denmark, and Norway. The flagellants progress through Germany and Flanders before they are suppressed by order of Pope Clement VI. Burning of Jews on charges of well poisoning occurs in many German-speaking towns, including Strasbourg, Stuttgart, Con- stance, Basel, Zurich, Cologne, Mainz, and Speyer; in response, Pope Clement issues a bull to protect Jews. Some city-states in Italy and the king’s council in England pass labor legislation to control wages and ensure a supply of agricul- tural workers in the wake of plague mortality. 1350 Plague comes to eastern Germany and Prussia, northern Scot- land, and all of Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden). King Philip VI of France orders the suppression of the flagellants in Flanders. The córtes, or representative assembly, of Aragon passes labor legislation. 179 180 CHRONOLOGY 1351– 1352 Plague comes to Russia, Lithuania, and perhaps Poland. -
Two Hundred ''Six Million Jews'' Allegations from 1900-1945
Two hundred ''Six million Jews'' allegations from 1900-1945 1900 - Stephen S. Wise, New York Times, June 11, 1900: "There are 6,000,000 living, bleeding, suffering arguments in favor of Zionism." 1902 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th Edition, Vol. 25, 1902, page 482: "While there are in Russia and Rumania six millions of Jews who are being systematically degraded ..." 1902 - Samuel W. Goldstein, New York Times, November 27, 1902: "PLEA FOR ZIONISM ... In answer I would say: Does Dr. Silverman represent the 6,000,000 Jews in Russia, 300,000 in Roumania and the 1,000,000 in Galicia?" 1903 - The Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh), September 18th, 1903, page 6: " ... six million downtrodden brethren." 1904 - The Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh), February 19th, 1904, page 2: " ... where five or six million people existed under persecution." 1904 - The Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh), October 7th, 1904, page 1: " ... the final and definite deliverance of the six millions of Russian, Roumanian and Galician Jews ... transporting five or six million people over the sea." 1904 - Israel Zangwill, New York Times, October 20, 1904: "The problem does not relate to the American Jews, but to the 6,000,000 in Russia. The Russian Government has consented to allow the Jews to leave," 1905 - New York Times, January 29th, 1905: "He declared that a free and a happy Russia, with its 6,000,000 Jews, would possibly mean the end of Zionism, since the abolition of the autocracy would practically eliminate the causes that brought Zionism into existence." 1905 - New York Times, November 1st, 1905: "From 1800 to 1902 he caused 6,000,000 Jewish families to be expelled from Russia ..." 1906 - New York Times, March 25th, 1906: " .. -
Jewish Anti-Zionism in the Galician Socialist Movement1
R ICK K UHN Jewish Anti-Zionism in the Galician Socialist Movement 1 Galicia, the Polish province of the Austro-Hungarian empire, was one of its most economically backward regions. Despite Jews’ over-representation in urban areas, only ten percent of the small manual working class in Galicia was Jewish, roughly the proportion of Jews in the overall population of 7,136,000 in 1900. 2 Although formally emancipated in 1867, Austrian Jews and especially those in the eastern provinces of the Empire, the overwhelming majority of whom spoke Yiddish as their first language, remained an oppressed group. They suffered from entrenched, if often unofficial, discriminatory practices and at - titudes. They were also subject to formal, legal discrimination. Under laws which dated back to the late 18th century, as well as more recent legislation and ordinances, Yiddish was not accorded the same status in the courts, with public authorities or in the education system as officially recognised languages. 3 There were Jewish workers amongst the earliest members of the social demo cratic (Marxist) movement in Galicia, in the early 1890s. By 1896 there were general workers’ associations in Kraków, Lemberg (now L’viv in Ukraine), Kolomea (Kolomya in Ukraine) and Przemyśl. 4 A territorial social democratic 1 This paper derives the larger project which gave rise to Rick Kuhn’s Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago 2007. 2 J. Thon, “Die Berufsgliederung der Juden in Galizien,” Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden , 3 (8-9), August-September 1907, pp. 114-116.