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Sinopsis De Las Especies Argentinas Del Genero Berberis (Berberidaceae) *

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Sinopsis De Las Especies Argentinas Del Genero Berberis (Berberidaceae) * Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica Volumen XVII, N° 1-2 (Marzo 1976), págs. 127-149 SINOPSIS DE LAS ESPECIES ARGENTINAS DEL GENERO BERBERIS (BERBERIDACEAE) * POR MARIA CRISTINA ORSI SUMMARY Synopsis of the Argentine species of the Genus < Berberis > (Berberidaceae). A synthesis of the author’s studies on the 26 Argentine species of Berberis is presented. Type specimens of the Genus- from Argentine, Chilean, Brazilian and European herbaria were analized. A key, concerning the vegetative and sexual morphology and phytogeographical area of each species is provided. In all cases, their respective ecological behavior and general distribution are described. The vernacular names and the list of “rusts” (Uredinales) which infect the different species are given. Their applications (as drugs, food, dyes, ornament, etc.) are also mentioned. The three fossil species known for Argentine arc here compiled. The main taxonomic novelties proposed are the following: Berberis serrato-dentata Lechl. ( = B. pearcei Phil.); ( = B. negeriana Tischl.). Berberis bidentata Lehcl. ( = B. lologensis Sand.). Berberis antucoana Schn. ( = B. barilochensis Job). Berberis heterophylla Juss. ( = B. cuneata DC.). Berberis argentinensis Hoss. ( = B. trollii Diels). Berberis ilicifolia L. fil. ( = B. ilicifolia sensu Forst.). INTRODUCCION El género Berberis se presenta en la República -Argentina en forma de arbustos generalmente espinosos, siendo excepcionales tanto los casos de árboles de hasta 8 m de altura como los de arbustos rastreros. Habita en cuatro Dominios Fitogeográficos dentro de nuestro territorio: Subantár- tico, Andino-Patagónico, Chaqueño y Amazónico2. Aunque las especies * Extracto del trabajo de tesis presentado para optar.al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Orientación Botánica en la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata,— U.N.L.P. Estudio —realizado en posesión de una Beca de Iniciación (1971-1973) y otra de Perfeccionamiento (1973-1975), otorgadas por la Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. 1 División Plantas Vasculares. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Univer¬ sidad Nacional de La Plata. 2 La terminología fitogeográfica adoptada en este trabajo es cf. A. L. Cabrera, 1971. 128 BOLETíN DE LA SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE BOTáNICA, XVII (1-2), 1976 de Berberís nunca constituyen elementos predominantes en una flora, se caracterizan por su notable plasticidad ecológica, pudiendo adaptarse a las más diversas condiciones climáticas y edáficas. Es bastante amplia la gama de utilidades que puede prestar al hombre, ya sea por sus frutos, en la fabricación de dulces y jarabes; o bien por su bella fisonomía, que las hace apreciadas como plantas ornamentales; o a causa de sus principios químicos, principalmente alcaloides del grupo dé la berberina, de aplicación farmacológica o como sustancias tintóreas. De interés en Fitopatología es la función que cumplen los Berberís como huéspedes intermediarios de las “royas del trigo” ( Uredinales ). A pesar de no haberse comprobado experimentalmente ni por semejanzas morfológicas que algunas fases ecídicas presentes sobre Berberís argenti¬ nos se hallen conectadas con la teleutospórica de Puccinia graminis Pers., que afecta a los cereales, es necesaria la identificación de las especies de Berberís infectadas, a fin de contribuir a evitar la contaminación de Gra¬ míneas con esta terrible enfermedad. Desde el punto de vista paleobotánico, agregaremos que fueron halla¬ dos en nuestro país los siguientes fósiles pertenecientes a este género: Berberís boweri (Berry, 1937; cf. Feruglio, 1949, II: 290) del Oligoceno de Río Turbio, Provincia de Santa Cruz; Berberidiphyllum reflexum (Dusén, 1899; cf. Feruglio, op. cit., II: 274, 290), del Mioceno infe¬ rior de Río Guillermo, Provincia de Santa Cruz y Berberís corymbosifolia (Berry, 1938: 74), de Picón Leufú, Provincia de Neuquén, hallada en una flora de Araucarias asignada por el autor al Mioceno, aunque según Feruglio (op. cit., II: 290) pertenece al Eoceno tobas de la serie An- desítica o quizá, a través de recientes estudios,—sea más antigua aún ( Archangelsky,— S., com. verb.). Cabe destacar que las dos primeras espe¬ cies fueron encontradas entre Fagáceas (Fagus- spp. y Nothofagus spp.). No se conocen en nuestras tafofloras Berberidáceas fósiles adjudicadas a otros- géneros, así como tampoco existen en la actualidad. AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento a los que posibilitaron la realización de este trabajo: a mi padrino de tesis, Profesor Emérito Dr. Angel L. Ca¬ brera, al Profesor Dr. Hans Zeidler, al Profesor Emérito Ing. Agron. Juan Carlos Linquist, a la Dra. Genoveva Dawson de Teruggi, a la Srta. Nelly Vittet, a Frau Ingeborg Maroszek y al Sr. Lorenzo F. Cuomo y en ellos, a todo el personal científico y técnico de los institutos donde investigué. Mi recuerdo para el Ing. Forestal Don Sergio Schajovskoy. MARíA CRISTINA ORSI, Las especies argentinas del género Berberís 129 CLAVE PARA LA IDENTIFICACION DE LAS ESPECIES ARGENTINAS DE BERBERIS A. Hojas aciculares. Flores solitarias ó 2-3-fasciculadas. Arbusto achaparrado. Provincias Patagónica y Altoandina 1. Berberís empetrifolia A'. Hojas nunca aciculares. B. Baya de color castaño claro o ..................lívido de 9-13,5 mm de diámetro, exclu¬ yendo estilo y estigma persistentes de 3-4 mm de largo. Semillas man¬ tenidas en bloque globoso. Plantas inermes (pero posiblemente las haya espinosas). Provincia Patagónica 2. Berberís comberi B’. Baya de color negro azulado o negro rojizo. Semillas libres. C. Hojas lineares, coriáceas. Flores fasciculadas de color anaranjado damasco a ariaranjado rojizo. Bayas con estilo larguísimo. Provin¬ cia Subantártica- 3. Berberís linearifolia C. Hojas elípticas, ovadas, obovadas, etc., pero nunca lineares. D. Inflorescencia en panoja. E. Inflorescencia (25)27-55(60)-flora, de 100-120 mm de lar¬ go por 30-40 mm de diámetro, totalmente compuesta. Pro¬ vincia de la Yunga 4. Berberís jobii E'. Inflorescencia (9)12-17(23)-flora, de 30-45 mm de largo por 15 mm de diámetro, sólo compuesta en la parte in¬ ferior. Provincia de la Yunga 5. Berberís jujuyensis D'. Flores solitarias o en inflorescencia,........pero en este caso, nunca en panoja. F. Hojas con 5-13 dientes espinosos a cada lado, ± elípti¬ cas, coriáceas. G. Inflorescencia corimbosa. Plantas frecuentemente- iner¬ mes. Provincia Subantártica .. 6. Berberís serrato-dentata G'. Inflorescencia racimosa. Plantas generalmente espino¬ sas. Provincia de la Yunga .... 7. Berberís argentinensis F’. Hojas con el margen entero o pauci-dentado-espinoso (has¬ ta con 3 dientes a cada lado). H. Estilo desarrollado. J. Flores solitarias. Hojas membranáceas, pequeñas. Provincia Subantártica 8. Berberís cbillanensis J'. Flores en fascículos, corimbos,......umbelas, etc, a veces acompañados por flores solitarias. K. Ramas jóvenes y envés de las hojas con pu¬ bescencia velutina rojiza, siendo estas últimas coriáceas. Espinas palmadas, igualmente pu¬ bescentes o no. Provincia Subantártica. L. Racimos 15-20-floros. Hojas cuya rela¬ ción largo-ancho es ’±1:1 9. Berberís darwinii L'. Racimos o corimbos 3-4-floros. Hojas ....................cuya 2:1 ... relación largo-ancho es ± . 10. Berberís bidentata K'. Tallos...........y hojas sin pubescencia.......velutina rojiza. M. Hojas con 1-3 dientes a cada lado, co¬ riáceas. N. Corimbos 4-8-floros. Hojas obova¬ das. Provincia Subantártica 11. Berberís ilicifolia N'. ................Umbelas o racimos 3-5(7)-floros. Hojas oblanceoladas. Dominio Cha- queño 12. Berberís ruscifolia 130 BOLETíN DE LA SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE BOTáNICA, XVII (1-2), 1976 M'. Hojas enteras. O. Flores solitarias, fasciculadas o en umbelas (2)3-4(5)-floras. Hojas membranáceas, obovadas u oblan- ceoladas. Provincia Subantãrtica . 13. Berberís cabrerae O'. ................Flores en racimo. Provincia de la Yunga. P. Estambres apiadados. Hojas membranáceas, elípticas, obova¬ das u oblanceoladas. Arbol de hasta 6 m de altura 14. Berberís mikuna P'. Estambres agudos u obtusos, no apiculados. Q. Hojas papiráceas, obova¬ das. Racimos muy alarga¬ dos y laxos, de 40-90 mm de largo total. Arbol de 3-8 m de altura 15. Berberis andeana Q'. Hojas coriáceas, elípticas u ovál-lanceoladas. Racimos ± cortos y densos, de 20- 30 mm de largo total. Ar¬ busto de 2-3 m de altura. 16. Berberis commutata H\ Estilo brevísimo o nulo. ..... R. Flores en racimo. S. Estambres con apéndices laterales ganchudos. Hojas coriáceas, oblanceoladas, con 1 diente espinoso a cada lado. Racimos 2-5-floros, muy laxos, de 50-100 mm de largo total, con pe¬ dúnculo de 20-60 mm de largo. Provincia Subantãrtica 17. Berberis michay S'. Estambres sin apéndices laterales ganchudos. Hojas membranáceas, elípticas u obovad’as, generalmente enteras. Racimos 8-15-floros, densos, de 40-50 mm de largo total, con pe¬ dúnculo de 18-24 mm de largo. Provincia de la Yunga 18. Berberis lilioana R'. Flores solitarias, en fascículos o en umbelas. T. Estambres con apéndices laterales ganchudos. Espinas divaricadas, palmadas o foliáceas. U. Flores solitarias. Estambres con el ápi¬ ce agudo. Provincias Patagónica y Sub- antártica 19. Berberis heterophylla • U'. ' Flores fasciculadas.........Estambres con el ápice hendido. Provincia Altoandina. 20. Berberis grevilleana T'. Estambres sin apéndices laterales ganchudos. V. ..................Espinas largamente pedunculadas, semi- amplexicaules en la base. Flores fascicu¬ ladas. Arbusto achaparrado. Provincia Altoandina 21.' Berberis copahuensis V'. Espinas ± sésiles,
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