Non-Newtonian Fluids Flow Characteristic of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Bingham Yield Stress and Bingham Plastic Viscosity of Homogeneous Non-Newtonian Slurries
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Cape Peninsula University of Technology BINGHAM YIELD STRESS AND BINGHAM PLASTIC VISCOSITY OF HOMOGENEOUS NON-NEWTONIAN SLURRIES by Brian Tonderai Zengeni Student Number: 210233265 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree and which counts towards 50% of the final mark Master of Technology Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Prof. Graeme John Oliver Bellville Campus October 2016 CPUT copyright information The dissertation/thesis may not be published either in part (in scholarly, scientific or technical journals), or as a whole (as a monograph), unless permission has been obtained from the University DECLARATION I, Brian Tonderai Zengeni, declare that the contents of this dissertation represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. October 2016 Signed Date i ABSTRACT This dissertation presents how material properties (solids densities, particle size distributions, particle shapes and concentration) of gold tailings slurries are related to their rheological parameters, which are yield stress and viscosity. In this particular case Bingham yield stresses and Bingham plastic viscosities. Predictive models were developed from analysing data in a slurry database to predict the Bingham yield stresses and Bingham plastic viscosities from their material properties. The overall goal of this study was to develop a validated set of mathematical models to predict Bingham yield stresses and Bingham plastic viscosities from their material properties. -
Viscosity of Gases References
VISCOSITY OF GASES Marcia L. Huber and Allan H. Harvey The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases generally less than 2% . Uncertainties for the viscosities of gases in as a function of temperature . Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity this table are generally less than 3%; uncertainty information on values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) . The notation P = 0 specific fluids can be found in the references . Viscosity is given in indicates that the low-pressure limiting value is given . The dif- units of μPa s; note that 1 μPa s = 10–5 poise . Substances are listed ference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is in the modified Hill order (see Introduction) . Viscosity in μPa s 100 K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 600 K Ref. Air 7 .1 13 .3 18 .5 23 .1 27 .1 30 .8 1 Ar Argon (P = 0) 8 .1 15 .9 22 .7 28 .6 33 .9 38 .8 2, 3*, 4* BF3 Boron trifluoride 12 .3 17 .1 21 .7 26 .1 30 .2 5 ClH Hydrogen chloride 14 .6 19 .7 24 .3 5 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) 15 .3 19 .7 23 .8 27 .6 6 H2 Normal hydrogen (P = 0) 4 .1 6 .8 8 .9 10 .9 12 .8 14 .5 3*, 7 D2 Deuterium (P = 0) 5 .9 9 .6 12 .6 15 .4 17 .9 20 .3 8 H2O Water (P = 0) 9 .8 13 .4 17 .3 21 .4 9 D2O Deuterium oxide (P = 0) 10 .2 13 .7 17 .8 22 .0 10 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 12 .5 16 .9 21 .2 25 .4 11 H3N Ammonia 10 .2 14 .0 17 .9 21 .7 12 He Helium (P = 0) 9 .6 15 .1 19 .9 24 .3 28 .3 32 .2 13 Kr Krypton (P = 0) 17 .4 25 .5 32 .9 39 .6 45 .8 14 NO Nitric oxide 13 .8 19 .2 23 .8 28 .0 31 .9 5 N2 Nitrogen 7 .0 12 .9 17 .9 22 .2 26 .1 29 .6 1, 15* N2O Nitrous -
Mapping Thixo-Visco-Elasto-Plastic Behavior
Manuscript to appear in Rheologica Acta, Special Issue: Eugene C. Bingham paper centennial anniversary Version: February 7, 2017 Mapping Thixo-Visco-Elasto-Plastic Behavior Randy H. Ewoldt Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Gareth H. McKinley Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Abstract A century ago, and more than a decade before the term rheology was formally coined, Bingham introduced the concept of plastic flow above a critical stress to describe steady flow curves observed in English china clay dispersion. However, in many complex fluids and soft solids the manifestation of a yield stress is also accompanied by other complex rheological phenomena such as thixotropy and viscoelastic transient responses, both above and below the critical stress. In this perspective article we discuss efforts to map out the different limiting forms of the general rheological response of such materials by considering higher dimensional extensions of the familiar Pipkin map. Based on transient and nonlinear concepts, the maps first help organize the conditions of canonical flow protocols. These conditions can then be normalized with relevant material properties to form dimensionless groups that define a three-dimensional state space to represent the spectrum of Thixotropic Elastoviscoplastic (TEVP) material responses. *Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Introduction One hundred years ago, Eugene Bingham published his first paper investigating “the laws of plastic flow”, and noted that “the demarcation of viscous flow from plastic flow has not been sharply made” (Bingham 1916). Many still struggle with unambiguously separating such concepts today, and indeed in many real materials the distinction is not black and white but more grey or gradual in its characteristics. -
On Nonlinear Strain Theory for a Viscoelastic Material Model and Its Implications for Calving of Ice Shelves
Journal of Glaciology (2019), 65(250) 212–224 doi: 10.1017/jog.2018.107 © The Author(s) 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re- use or in order to create a derivative work. On nonlinear strain theory for a viscoelastic material model and its implications for calving of ice shelves JULIA CHRISTMANN,1,2 RALF MÜLLER,2 ANGELIKA HUMBERT1,3 1Division of Geosciences/Glaciology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 2Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany 3Division of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Correspondence: Julia Christmann <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. In the current ice-sheet models calving of ice shelves is based on phenomenological approaches. To obtain physics-based calving criteria, a viscoelastic Maxwell model is required account- ing for short-term elastic and long-term viscous deformation. On timescales of months to years between calving events, as well as on long timescales with several subsequent iceberg break-offs, deformations are no longer small and linearized strain measures cannot be used. We present a finite deformation framework of viscoelasticity and extend this model by a nonlinear Glen-type viscosity. A finite element implementation is used to compute stress and strain states in the vicinity of the ice-shelf calving front. -
Modification of Bingham Plastic Rheological Model for Better Rheological Characterization of Synthetic Based Drilling Mud
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Covenant University Repository Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 13 (10): 3573-3581, 2018 ISSN: 1816-949X © Medwell Journals, 2018 Modification of Bingham Plastic Rheological Model for Better Rheological Characterization of Synthetic Based Drilling Mud Anawe Paul Apeye Lucky and Folayan Adewale Johnson Department is Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Abstract: The Bingham plastic rheological model has generally been proved by rheologists and researchers not to accurately represent the behaviour of the drilling fluid at very low shear rates in the annulus and at very high shear rate at the bit. Hence, a dimensionless stress correction factor is required to correct these anomalies. Hence, this study is coined with a view to minimizing the errors associated with Bingham plastic model at both high and low shear rate conditions bearing in mind the multiplier effect of this error on frictional pressure loss calculations in the pipes and estimation of Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) of the fluid under downhole conditions. In an attempt to correct this anomaly, the rheological properties of two synthetic based drilling muds were measured by using an automated Viscometer. A comparative rheological analysis was done by using the Bingham plastic model and the proposed modified Bingham plastic model. Similarly, a model performance analysis of these results with that of power law and Herschel Buckley Model was done by using statistical analysis to measure the deviation of stress values in each of the models. The results clearly showed that the proposed model accurately predicts mud rheology better than the Bingham plastic and the power law models at both high and low shear rates conditions. -
Shear Thickening in Concentrated Suspensions: Phenomenology
Shear thickening in concentrated suspensions: phenomenology, mechanisms, and relations to jamming Eric Brown School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343 Heinrich M. Jaeger James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (Dated: July 22, 2013) Shear thickening is a type of non-Newtonian behavior in which the stress required to shear a fluid increases faster than linearly with shear rate. Many concentrated suspensions of particles exhibit an especially dramatic version, known as Discontinuous Shear Thickening (DST), in which the stress suddenly jumps with increasing shear rate and produces solid-like behavior. The best known example of such counter-intuitive response to applied stresses occurs in mixtures of cornstarch in water. Over the last several years, this shear-induced solid-like behavior together with a variety of other unusual fluid phenomena has generated considerable interest in the physics of densely packed suspensions. In this review, we discuss the common physical properties of systems exhibiting shear thickening, and different mechanisms and models proposed to describe it. We then suggest how these mechanisms may be related and generalized, and propose a general phase diagram for shear thickening systems. We also discuss how recent work has related the physics of shear thickening to that of granular materials and jammed systems. Since DST is described by models that require only simple generic interactions between particles, we outline the broader context of other concentrated many-particle systems such as foams and emulsions, and explain why DST is restricted to the parameter regime of hard-particle suspensions. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding problems and emerging opportunities. -
A Review on Recent Developments in Magnetorheological Fluid Based Finishing Processes
© 2018 JETIR June 2018, Volume 5, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) A REVIEW ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID BASED FINISHING PROCESSES Kanthale V. S., Dr. Pande D. W. College of Engineering Pune, India ABSTRACT-The recent engineering applications demand the use of tough, high intensity and high temperature resistant materials in technology, which evolved the need for newer and better finishing techniques. The conventional machining or finishing methods are not workable for the hard materials like carbides; ceramics, die steel. Magnetorheological fluid assisted finishing process is a new technique under development and becoming popular in this epoch. With the use of external magnetic field, the rheological properties of the MR fluid can be controlled for polishing the surfaces of components. An extended survey of the material removal mechanism and subsequent evolution of analytical MR models are necessary for raising the finishing operation of the MR fluid process. Understanding the influence of various process parameters on the process performance measures such as surface finish and material removal rate. The objective of this study is to do a comprehensive, critical and extensive review of various material removal models based on MR fluid in terms of experimental mechanism, finding the effects of process parameters, characterization and rheological properties of MR fluid. This paper deals with various advancements in MR fluid based process and its allied processes have been discussed in the making the developments in the future in these processes. KEYWORDS: Magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid), Process parameter, Surface roughness, Material removal rate 1. INTRODUCTION The modern engineering applications have necessitated high precision manufacturing. -
Rough-Wall and Turbulent Transition Analyses for Bingham Plastics
THOMAS, A.D. and WILSON, K.C. Rough-wall and turbulent transition analyses for Bingham plastics. Hydrotransport 17. The 17th International Conference on the Hydraulic Transport of Solids, The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and the BHR Group, 2007. Rough-wall and turbulent transition analyses for Bingham plastics A.D. THOMAS* and K.C. WILSON† *Slurry Systems Pty Ltd, Australia †Queens University, Canada Some years ago, the authors developed an analysis of non- Newtonian pipe flow based on enhanced turbulent microscale and associated sub-layer thickening. This analysis, which can be used for various rheologic modelling equations, has in the past been applied to smooth-walled pipes. The present paper extends the analysis to rough walls, using the popular Bingham plastic equation as a representative rheological behaviour in order to prepare friction-factor plots for comparison with measured results. The conditions for laminar-turbulent transition for both smooth and rough walls are also considered, and comparisons are made with earlier correlations and with experimental data. Notation D internal pipe diameter f friction factor (Darcy-Weisbach) fT value of f at laminar-turbulent transition He Hedström number (see Equation [2]) k representative roughness height Re* shear Reynolds number (DU*/) Re*k Reynolds number based on roughness (kU*/ ) ReB Bingham plastic Reynolds number (VD/B) U local velocity at distance y from wall U* shear velocity (͌[o/]) V mean (flow) velocity VN mean (flow) velocity for a Newtonian fluid -
Guide to Rheological Nomenclature: Measurements in Ceramic Particulate Systems
NfST Nisr National institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce NIST Special Publication 946 Guide to Rheological Nomenclature: Measurements in Ceramic Particulate Systems Vincent A. Hackley and Chiara F. Ferraris rhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. -
Application Note to the Field Pumping Non-Newtonian Fluids with Liquiflo Gear Pumps
Pumping Non-Newtonian Fluids Application Note to the Field with Liquiflo Gear Pumps Application Note Number: 0104-2 Date: April 10, 2001; Revised Jan. 2016 Newtonian vs. non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids fall into one of two categories: Newtonian or non-Newtonian. A Newtonian fluid has a constant viscosity at a particular temperature and pressure and is independent of shear rate. A non-Newtonian fluid has viscosity that varies with shear rate. The apparent viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a non-Newtonian fluid at a given temperature, pressure and shear rate. Newton’s Law states that shear stress () is equal the dynamic viscosity () multiplied by the shear rate (): = . A fluid which obeys this relationship, where is constant, is called a Newtonian fluid. Therefore, for a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is directly proportional to shear rate. If however, varies as a function of shear rate, the fluid is non-Newtonian. In the SI system, the unit of shear stress is pascals (Pa = N/m2), the unit of shear rate is hertz or reciprocal seconds (Hz = 1/s), and the unit of dynamic viscosity is pascal-seconds (Pa-s). In the cgs system, the unit of shear stress is dynes per square centimeter (dyn/cm2), the unit of shear rate is again hertz or reciprocal seconds, and the unit of dynamic viscosity is poises (P = dyn-s-cm-2). To convert the viscosity units from one system to another, the following relationship is used: 1 cP = 1 mPa-s. Pump shaft speed is normally measured in RPM (rev/min). -
Investigations of Liquid Steel Viscosity and Its Impact As the Initial Parameter on Modeling of the Steel Flow Through the Tundish
materials Article Investigations of Liquid Steel Viscosity and Its Impact as the Initial Parameter on Modeling of the Steel Flow through the Tundish Marta Sl˛ezak´ 1,* and Marek Warzecha 2 1 Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 2 Department of Metallurgy and Metal Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 September 2020; Accepted: 5 November 2020; Published: 7 November 2020 Abstract: The paper presents research carried out to experimentally determine the dynamic viscosity of selected iron solutions. A high temperature rheometer with an air bearing was used for the tests, and ANSYS Fluent commercial software was used for numerical simulations. The experimental results obtained are, on average, lower by half than the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid steel adopted during fluid flow modeling. Numerical simulations were carried out, taking into account the viscosity standard adopted for most numerical calculations and the average value of the obtained experimental dynamic viscosity of the analyzed iron solutions. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed differences in the flow structure of liquid steel in the tundish, in particular in the predicted values and the velocity profile distribution. However, these differences are not significant. In addition, the work analyzed two different rheological models—including one of our own—to describe the dynamic viscosity of liquid steel, so that in the future, the experimental stage could be replaced by calculating the value of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid steel using one equation.