AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

HOMOSEXUALITY: PART OF WORLD HISTORY

1Shruti Yadav & 2Dr R.K. Patni 1Research Scholar, 2Professor 1,2Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Jyoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Abstract: is sentimental fascination, sexual fascination, or sexual conduct between individuals from a similar sex or sex. As a sexual direction, homosexuality is "a suffering example of enthusiastic, sentimental, and additionally sexual attractions" to individuals of a similar sex. It "likewise alludes to an individual's feeling of personality dependent on those attractions, related practices, and enrollment in a network of other people who share those attractions. The term homosexual emerged from work in the clinical and mental field to name and analyze same-sex sexual conduct. Homosexuality was regularly characterized and treated as an infection. But when we see the history it exists from a very long period. This paper will focus on the defining what is homosexuality, and its evidences from the historical period all around the world. Keywords: Homosexual, Homosexuality, Lesbianism, Gay

1. INTRODUCTION Homosexuality, sexual enthusiasm for and fascination in individuals from one's own sex. The term gay is as often as possible utilized as an equivalent word for homosexual; female homosexuality is regularly alluded to as lesbianism. At various occasions and in various societies, homosexual conduct has been differently endorsed of, endured, rebuffed, and restricted. Homosexuality was normal in antiquated Greece and Rome, and the connections among grown-up and immature guys specifically have become a central focal point of Western classicists lately. [1] Judeo-Christian just as Muslim societies have commonly seen homosexual conduct as evil. Numerous Jewish and Christian pioneers, notwithstanding, have tried really hard to clarify that it is the demonstrations and not the people or even their "tendency" or "direction" that their beliefs restrict. Others—from groups inside standard Protestantism to associations of Reform rabbis—have pushed, on philosophical just as social grounds, the full acknowledgment of homosexuals and their connections. The theme has taken steps to cause altogether splits in certain divisions. [1] Mentalities toward homosexuality are by and large in motion, somewhat because of expanded political activism (see gay rights development) and endeavors by homosexuals to be seen not as deviant characters yet as varying from "typical" people just in their sexual direction. The clashing perspectives on homosexuality—as a variation however typical human sexual conduct on one hand, and as mentally freak conduct on the other— stay present in many social orders in the 21st century, yet they have been generally settled (in the expert sense) in most created nations. [2] The American Psychiatric Association, for instance, declassified "sense of self syntonic homosexuality" (the state of an individual substance with their homosexuality) as a dysfunctional behavior in 1973. In any case, some strict gatherings keep on underlining reparative treatment in the endeavor to "fix" homosexuality through petition, directing, and conduct alteration. Their cases of achievement, in any case, are questionable. Any place supposition can be unreservedly communicated, banters about homosexuality will probably proceed. [2] Clinicians in the nineteenth and twentieth hundred of years, a large portion of whom characterized homosexuality as a type of psychological maladjustment, built up an assortment of speculations on its cause. The nineteenth century analyst Richard von Krafft-Ebing, whose Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) included , sado- masochism, and "desire murder" in its rundown of sexual depravities, considered it to be

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starting in heredity. His contemporary Sigmund Freud described it because of contentions of psychosexual turn of events, incorporating recognizable proof with the parent of the other gender. Others have seen social impacts and physiological occasions in fetal advancement as potential birthplaces. Almost certainly, numerous occasions of homosexuality result from a mix of inherent or established elements and ecological or social impacts. [3] By the 21st century, numerous social orders had been examining sexuality and sexual practices with expanded sincerity. Together with a developing acknowledgment of homosexuality as a typical statement of , long-standing convictions about homosexuals had started to lose assurance. The generalizations of male homosexuals as feeble and feminine and lesbians as manly and forceful, which were across the board in the West as of late as the 1950s and mid '60s, have to a great extent been disposed of. In the twentieth century United States, a field known as sex examine was built up among the social and conduct sciences with an end goal to explore real sexual practice. Scientists, for example, Alfred Kinsey announced that homosexual action was a regular example in pre- adulthood, among the two guys and females. [3] The Kinsey report of 1948, for instance, found that 30 percent of grown-up American guys among Kinsey's subjects had occupied with some homosexual action and that 10 percent detailed that their sexual practice had been only homosexual for a time of in any event three years between the ages of 16 and 55. About half the same number of ladies in the examination detailed transcendently homosexual action. Kinsey's exploration strategies and ends have been tremendously censured, notwithstanding, and further examinations have delivered to some degree extraordinary and shifting outcomes. A scope of later studies, concerning prevalently homosexual conduct just as same-sex sexual contact in adulthood, have yielded results that are both higher and lower than those distinguished by Kinsey. Rather than classifying individuals in total terms as either homosexual or hetero, Kinsey watched a range of sexual movement, of which restrictive directions of either type make up the boundaries. The vast majority can be recognized at a point on either side of the midpoint of the range, with bisexuals (the individuals who react explicitly to people of either sex) arranged in the center. Situational homosexual action will in general happen in conditions, for example, detainment facilities, where there are no open doors for hetero contact. [3]

2. Historical Evidences 2.1 Africa Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe revealed that ladies in Lesotho occupied with socially authorized "long haul, sexual connections," named motsoalle.[4] E. E. Evans-Pritchard additionally recorded that male Azande warriors (in the northern Congo) routinely took on kid spouses between the ages of twelve and twenty, who assisted with family errands and partook in intercrural sex with their more established husbands. The training had ceased to exist by the mid twentieth century, after Europeans had dealt with African nations, yet was related to Evans-Pritchard by the seniors with whom he spoke.[4] 2.2 Antiquated Egypt A Ramesside period ostraca, portraying a pederastic couple (a kid and man) engaging in sexual relations together Ostraca dating from the Ramesside Period have been discovered which delineate quickly drawn pictures of homosexual just as hetero sex.[citation needed] The team Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, manicurists in the Palace of King Niuserre during the Fifth Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, around 2400 BC.[5] are hypothesized to have been gay dependent on a portrayal of them grasping nose-to-nose in their common tomb. Lord Neferkare and General Sasenet, a Middle Kingdom story, has a fascinating plot spinning around a ruler's surreptitious gay issue with one of his officers. It might reference the real Pharaoh Pepi II, who was likely gay.[5]

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2.3 Americas Sac and Fox Nation formal move to praise the two-soul individual. George Catlin (1796– 1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Among Indigenous people groups of the Americas preceding European colonization, various countries had regarded jobs for homosexual, swinger, and nonconforming people; in numerous indigenous networks, these social and profound jobs are still observed.[6] While each indigenous culture has its own names for these individuals,[6] a cutting edge, dish Indian term that has been received by agreement is "Two-Spirit".[6] Typically this individual is perceived right off the bat throughout everyday life, and brought up in the fitting way, gaining from the Elders the traditions, otherworldly, and social obligations satisfied by these exceptional individuals in the community.[6] 2.4 Antiquated China Homosexuality has been recognized in China since antiquated occasions. Researcher Pan Guangdan arrived at the resolution that about each head in the Han Dynasty had at least one male sex partners.[7] Homosexuality in China, known as the interests of the cut peach and different code words has been recorded since roughly 600 BCE. Homosexuality was referenced in numerous celebrated works of Chinese literature. The cases of same-sex fondness and sexual collaborations depicted in the old-style novel Dream of the Red Chamber appear as natural to onlookers in the present as do comparable accounts of sentiments between hetero individuals during a similar period. Confucianism, being fundamentally a social and political way of thinking, concentrated little on sexuality, regardless of whether homosexual or hetero. There are likewise depictions of lesbians in some history books. It is accepted homosexuality was well known in the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties.[7] 2.5 Old India All through Hindu and Vedic writings there are numerous depictions of holy people, mythical beings, and even the Supreme Lord rising above sexual orientation standards and showing various mixes of sex and sex. There are a few occurrences in old Indian epic verse of same sex portrayals and associations by divine beings and goddesses. There are a few accounts of portraying love between same genders particularly among rulers and sovereigns. Kamasutra, the antiquated Indian treatise on adoration discusses affections for same genders. There are a few portrayals of same-sex sexual acts in sanctuaries like Khajuraho. A few Mughal aristocrats and rulers and other Muslim leaders of South Asia are known to have had homosexual tendencies. In South Asia the Hijra are a position of third-sex, or transgender gathering who live a ladylike job. Hijra might be brought into the world male or , and some may have been conceived female.[8] 2.6 Old Israel The old Law of Moses (the Torah) restricts men from lying with men (i.e., from engaging in sexual relations) in Leviticus 18 and gives an account of endeavored homosexual assault in Genesis 19, in the tale of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the urban communities were before long wrecked with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"[29][30] and capital punishment was recommended to its occupants and to Lot's significant other who was fixed on a mainstay of salt since she turned around to watch the urban areas' destruction.[9] In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is denounced as "abominable".[9] 2.7 Old Japan In Japan, a few Heian journals which contain references to homosexual acts exist too. A portion of these likewise contain references to rulers engaged with homosexual connections and to "attractive young men held for sexual purposes" by emperors.[9] In

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other scholarly works can be discovered references to what Leupp has called "issues of sex identity",[36], for example, the tale of an adolescent's becoming hopelessly enamored with a young lady who is really a cross-dressing male. Japanese shunga are suggestive pictures which incorporate same-sex and other gender love. 2.8 The Twentieth Century The English-talking world starts revoking its homosexuality laws altogether and the cutting-edge gay rights development is conceived in the United States. Islamic nations start to modernize yet fall once again into hostile to gay strict fundamentalism. Asian nations keep up a generally quiet resistance of homosexuality while Western Europe starts offering impartial rights for gay couples. [10]  1901 A.D. Presumed German specialist Richard von Krafft-Ebing yields that homosexuality is characteristic and not neurotic, as he had prior guaranteed.  1903. Observed British officer, Sir Hector Archibald Macdonald, ends it all when his homosexuality is revealed while positioned in British Ceylon.  1908. The Inquisitions are authoritatively finished by the Roman Catholic Church.  1912. The last remnant of China's eunuch framework closes with the breakdown of the Qing Dynasty.  1917. Russia revokes its homosexuality laws after the Bolshevik Revolution, refering to their beginning in Biblical lessons.  1918. The world's first exhibition for homosexual rights happens one day before Germany gives up in the Great War. Hirschfeld talks before a Berlin horde of 5,000, requiring the annulment of Paragraph 175.  1921. California brings down its homosexuality punishments from a most extreme life sentence to a limit of fifteen years in jail.  1926. Portugal reestablishes its homosexuality laws under the Salazar autocracy.  1930. The world's first present day sex change activity is performed on Danish painter Andreas Wegener, who goes to Germany for the method.  1932. Poland rescinds its homosexuality laws however homosexuals are before long abused under Nazi and later Soviet principle.  1933. Denmark nullifies its homosexuality laws. Joseph Stalin reestablishes homosexuality laws inside the Soviet Union. In Germany and all through quite a bit of Europe, homosexuals are violently oppressed, detained and murdered by the Nazis up until the finish of World War II.  1935. J. Edgar Hoover, originator of present day police examination and generally accepted to be homosexual, is named as the FBI's first chief.  1944. Sweden nullifies its homosexuality laws. [10]  1945. Nazi death camps are freed at the end of World War II. Around 15,000 homosexuals, set apart with upset pink triangles, are accepted to have passed on in the camps.  1948. Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (The Kinsey Report) is distributed, bringing the untouchable subject of homosexuality easily proven wrong in the United States.  1949. Exacting homosexuality laws are ordered in China after the socialist takeover.

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 1950. New York turns into the first U.S. state to lessen homosexuality from a lawful offense to a wrongdoing. America's first homosexual association, The Mattachine Society, is established in New York City. Homosexual relationships among the Zulu of South Africa top during the 1950s, with weddings held month to month.

 1951. Greece revokes its homosexuality laws. California's Supreme Court rules against the act of suspending alcohol licenses at bars serving homosexual customer base.  1952. Christine Jorgensen turns into America's first present day transsexual subsequent to getting back from a sex-change activity in Denmark.  1955. America's first lesbian association, Daughters of Bilitis, is established in San Francisco.  1956. Allen Ginsberg crosses restriction lines by distributing Howl, a book commending his homosexuality, and develops triumphant when tested in court one year later. Thailand annuls its British-acquired homosexuality laws during a push to cleanse Thai legitimate codes of out of date orders.  1962. Illinois turns into the first U.S. state to nullify its homosexuality laws.  1963. Israel annuls its homosexuality laws.  1964. Life magazine names San Francisco the "Gay Capital of the U.S."  1966. The beginning of China's famous Cultural Revolution incorporates an awful and composed assault against homosexual individuals and craftsmanship (1966- 1976).  1967. Britain and Wales repeal their homosexuality laws.  1969. In June, homosexual uproars break out on Christopher Street at the Stonewall Inn in New York City as a reaction to routine police provocation, denoting the start of the cutting edge gay rights development. Canada and West Germany repeal their homosexuality laws.  1970. The world's first Gay Pride marches happen in Chicago, New York and San Francisco to check the main commemoration of the Stonewall Riots.  1971. English anthropologist Edward Evans-Pritchard reports the boundless convention of homosexual marriage among the Zande clans of Sudan. Austria annuls its homosexuality laws. Minnesota discredits the primary known same-sex marriage in the U.S. between Jack Baker and Michael McConnell. The U.S. Incomparable Court maintains the decision a year later.  1972. Sweden authorizes the world's first law legitimizing transsexual activities. A thorough investigation of female-female seagull matching on Santa Barbara Island (California) drums up some excitement as the main advertised perception of homosexuality in the collective of animals. Norway nullifies its homosexuality laws. [10]  1973. The American Psychiatric Association expels homosexuality from its rundown of mental and passionate issue, followed two years after the fact by the American Psychological Association.  1974. Chris Vogel and Rich North, a gay couple from Winnipeg, Canada, stun the world by turning into the main homosexual couple to freely wed in a congregation and record a lawful test to the nation's prohibition on same-sex marriage. A Manitoba judge announces their association invalid soon thereafter.

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 1975. South Australia turns into the primary Australian state to annul its homosexuality laws. California cancels its homosexuality laws by a solitary vote.  1977. Harvey Milk turns into the United States' first transparently gay chosen official. Florida bans homosexuals from receiving kids.  1979. Cuba cancels its homosexuality laws. Pakistan adds Shari'a law to existing correctional codes and thusly capital punishment for homosexuality. Iran also returns to Shari'a law and capital punishment for homosexuality after its 1979 upset. Spain expels against homosexual laws forced under the autocracy of General Franco. Homosexuals revolt in San Francisco after Dan White gets the lightest conceivable sentence for his homicide of Harvey Milk and civic chairman George Moscone.  1980. New York homosexuality laws are controlled illegal by the state Supreme Court however not officially revoked until 2000. Colombia and Scotland repeal their homosexuality laws.  1981. HIV/AIDS is analyzed just because among American homosexual guys.  1982. Wisconsin turns into the first U.S. state to ban oppression homosexuals. Portugal cancels the homosexuality laws forced under the Salazar tyranny.  1984. The Unitarian Universalist Association turns into the primary significant Protestant church to endorse strict favors for gay associations. The U.S. Virgin Islands nullifies its homosexuality laws.  1985. France turns into the primary nation on the planet to sanction an enemy of separation law ensuring homosexuals.  1986. Equivalent rights and opportunity from segregation are ensured to homosexuals and transgenders under Canada's new Charter of Rights and Freedoms. New Zealand cancels its homosexuality laws.  1987. Rep. Barney Frank (D) turns into the main individual from the U.S. Congress to come out openly as homosexual.  1989. Denmark turns into the primary nation on the planet to build up common associations for gay couples.  1990. The World Health Organization expels homosexuality from its rundown of mental issue.  1991. Hong Kong annuls its homosexuality laws.  1993. Minnesota turns into the first U.S. state to boycott oppression transgenders. The Intersex Society of North America turns into the world's first association on the side of rights for intersex individuals. Hawaii's Supreme Court decides for same-sex marriage and lights America's gay marriage banter. Russia and Ireland repeal their homosexuality laws. Norway sets up common associations for gay couples.  1994. Alain Danielou distributes The Complete Kama Sutra. Bermuda nullifies its homosexuality laws.  1995. Sweden sets up common associations for gay couples.  1996. The South African Constitution explicitly ensures equivalent rights and assurances based on sexual direction. Iceland builds up common associations for gay couples. The U.S. Congress sanctions a law prohibiting the government acknowledgment of same-sex marriage or any comparative association (The Defense of Marriage Act).

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 1997. China cancels its homosexuality laws. Tasmania turns into the last Australian state to nullify its homosexuality laws.  1998. South Africa nullifies its homosexuality laws. Chile turns into the last significant Latin American nation to cancel its homosexuality laws. Gold country and Hawaii become the first U.S. states to viably boycott same-sex marriage by protected submission. The Netherlands builds up common associations for gay couples.  1999. France sets up common associations for gay couples. California turns into the first U.S. state to stretch out constrained residential organization advantages to gay couples. India's absolute first Gay Pride walk is held in Kolkata. Brazil turns into the primary nation to boycott "change treatment" for gay minors. 2.9 The Twenty-first Century LGBTI individuals proceed with their battle for full correspondence under the law, finishing in the mission for equivalent marriage rights. Current gay developments start to impact change in Latin America and parts of Asia while generally African, Middle Eastern and East European nations are kept down by against gay strict fundamentalism. [11]  2002. Quebec turns into the primary Canadian area to build up common associations for gay couples.  2003. The United States cancels all outstanding state homosexuality laws by uprightness of the Supreme Court. Belgium turns into the second nation on the planet to authorize same-sex marriage. Puerto Rico annuls its homosexuality laws. Tasmania turns into the principal Australian state to stretch out constrained residential organization advantages to gay couples.  2004. Massachusetts turns into the first U.S. state to legitimize same-sex marriage. New Zealand sets up common associations for gay couples. San Francisco starts giving marriage licenses to same-sex couples in California however is halted one month later by court request.  2005. Spain turns into the third nation on the planet to authorize same-sex marriage. Canada turns into the fourth nation on the planet and the first in North America (and the New World) to authorize same-sex marriage. The United Kingdom sets up common associations for gay couples. California stretches out full marriage advantages to enlisted household accomplices. Fiji's homosexuality laws are refuted by its High Court.  2006. South Africa turns into the fifth nation on the planet and the first in Africa to legitimize same-sex marriage.  2007. Nepal nullifies its homosexuality laws.  2008. Uruguay turns into the main Latin American nation to build up common associations for gay couples. In California, same-sex relationships continue in June by court request yet are halted after a sacred choice is spent five months after the fact. A Florida court strikes down that state's prohibition on gay selections. India holds its first official Gay Pride walks in six significant urban communities.  2009. The High Court of Delhi strikes down a lot of Section 377, successfully decriminalizing homosexuality in India. Norway and Sweden become the 6th and seventh nations on the planet to legitimize same-sex marriage. Johanna Siguroardottir turns into the main straightforwardly gay head of government (Iceland). Hungary builds up enrolled organizations for gay couples.

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 2010. Argentina turns into the main Latin American nation to authorize same-sex marriage. Portugal, Iceland, Washington D.C. what's more, New Hampshire legitimize same-sex marriage. Austria sets up enlisted organization laws for gay couples.  2011. New York turns into the 6th U.S. state to sanction same-sex marriage. The United States lifts its restriction on homosexuals serving in the military. Colombia bans separation based on sexual direction.  2012. Denmark and the U.S. conditions of Washington and Maine legitimize same- sex marriage. Hawaii sets up common associations for same-sex couples. The American Psychiatric Association expels transgender character from its rundown of mental and enthusiastic issue. California turns into the first U.S. state to boycott "transformation treatment" for gay minors.  2013. Brazil, Uruguay, New Zealand, France and the U.S. conditions of Maryland and Hawaii sanction same-sex marriage. The U.S. Incomparable Court strikes down the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and legitimizes same-sex marriage in California. Russia establishes "gay purposeful publicity" laws condemning open help for gay rights or personality. India's Supreme Court maintains its pilgrim period homosexuality laws.  2014. The United Kingdom, Scotland and Finland authorize same-sex marriage. In excess of 25 extra U.S. states authorize same-sex marriage after DOMA is revoked. Mozambique, Northern Cyprus, Palau and Sao Tome and Principe decriminalize homosexuality. Eleven African countries fix their homosexuality laws.  2015. Same-sex marriage is sanctioned in the United States after its Supreme Court strikes down all equivalent sex marriage bans. Preservationist U.S. states start sanctioning "strict freedom" laws, permitting LGBTI separation dependent on strict perspectives. Ireland authorizes same-sex marriage by choice. Mexico's Supreme Court of Justice permits state courts or assemblies to authorize same-sex marriage state-by-state.  2016. Nauru, Seychelles and Belize repeal their homosexuality laws. Colombia and Greenland legitimize same-sex marriage. The United States permits transgenders to serve in the military. Traditionalist U.S. states start authorizing "washroom bills" to keep transgenders from utilizing open bathrooms coordinating their sexual orientation personality. Chad condemns homosexuality.  2017. Germany, Bermuda, Malta and Australia sanction same-sex marriage.  2018. India's Supreme Court peruses down Section 37, viably sanctioning homosexuality. San Marino sets up common associations for same-sex couples. Trinidad and Tobago's High Court topples its frontier time homosexuality laws.  2019. Angola sanctions homosexuality and bans separation based on sexual direction in its new corrective code. Taiwan turns into the main Asian nation to legitimize same-sex marriage. The World Health Organization expels transgender character from its rundown of mental issue. Botswana's High Court topples its provincial time homosexuality laws. Gabon condemns homosexuality. Northern Ireland authorizes same-sex marriage. [5] 4. Conclusion The omnipresence of web availability has empowered an expansion in the volume and pace of cybercrime exercises in light of the fact that the criminal no longer should be truly present while carrying out a crime. The web's speed, comfort, namelessness and absence

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of outskirts make PC based varieties of budgetary crimes -, for example, ransomware, misrepresentation and tax evasion, just as crimes, for example, following and tormenting - simpler to convey out. The genuine expense of cybercrime is hard to survey precisely. In 2018, McAfee discharged a report on the monetary effect of cybercrime that assessed the reasonable yearly expense to the worldwide economy was about $600 billion, up from $45 billion in 2014.While it may not be conceivable to totally kill cybercrime and guarantee total web security, organizations can lessen their presentation to it by keeping up a compelling cybersecurity procedure utilizing a resistance inside and out way to deal with making sure about frameworks, systems and information.

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[3] Brief of Amici Curiae for American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, National Association of Social Workers, and Texas Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers in Support of petitioners 2003. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558.

[4] Cameron Paul, Cameron Kirk. 2012. Re-examining Evelyn Hooker: Setting the record straight with comments on Schumm's (2012) reanalysis. Marriage and Family Review 48: 491–523.

[5] Alden, H. L. and Parker, K. F. 2005. Gender role ideology, homophobia and hate crime: Linking attitudes to macro-level anti-gay and lesbian hate crimes. Deviant Behavior, 26: 321–343.

[6] Antecol, H., Jong, A. and Steinberger, M. 2008. The sexual orientation wage gap: The role of occupational sorting and human capital. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 61: 518–543.

[7] Cops, D. and Pleysier, S. 2011. “Doing gender” in fear of crime: The impact of on reported levels of fear of fear of crime in adolescents and young adults. British Journal of Criminology, 51(1): 58–74.

[8] D'Augelli, A. R. and Grossman, A. H. 2001. Disclosure of sexual orientation, victimization, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16: 1008–1027.

[9] Herek, G. M. 2009. Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimated from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24: 54–74.

[10] Jackson, N. C., Johnson, M. J. and Roberts, R. 2008. The potential impact of discrimination fears of older gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender individuals living in small- to moderate sized cities on long-term health care. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(3): 325–339.

[11] Laing, T. and Davies, M. 2011. Fear of crime in a UK sample of gay and heterosexual men. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 3: 25–31.

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