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Zinnia Peruviana (L.) L TAXON: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Family: Asteraceae Common Name(s): field zinnia Synonym(s): Chrysogonum peruvianum L. (basionym) Peruvian zinnia Zinnia pauciflora L. wild zinnia Zinnia tenuiflora Jacq. Zinnia verticillata Andrews Assessor: Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 20 Apr 2021 WRA Score: 7.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Herb, Disturbance Weed, Wildflower, Self-Compatible, Wind-dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 20 Apr 2021 (Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 20 Apr 2021 (Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Torres, A. M. (1963). Taxonomy of zinnia. Brittonia, 15(1): No evidence 1-25 Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. No evidence University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. "Native from southeastern Arizona and Mexico south to Peru and University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Argentina and the West Indies" Honolulu, HI. 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Creation Date: 20 Apr 2021 (Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Damp, open or brushy, often rocky slopes, sometimes in oak forest, Nash, D.L.& Williams, L.O. 1976. Flora of Guatemala. 800-2,000 m.; Chiquimula; Guatemala; Huehuetenango; Jalapa; Fieldiana: Botany. Vol. 24 - Part XII. Field Museum of Jutiapa; El Quiche. Southern Arizona; Mexico; Honduras; Nicaragua; Natural History West Indies; South America. " [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m] "Southeastern Arizona, Mexico, Central America, West Indies; Colombia and Ecuador to Peru and Argentina, at elevations up to Torres, A. M. (1963). Taxonomy of zinnia. Brittonia, 15(1): 3000 meters, flowering from April to October in North America and 1-25 about December to May in South America." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m. Environmentally versatile] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. "In the Hawaiian Islands, naturalized on Moloka`i, Lana`i, Maui, University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Kaho`olawe, Hawai`i. " Honolulu, HI. Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Widely naturalised in eastern Australia (i.e. in large parts of Queensland Government. (2021). Weeds of Australia. Queensland and northern New South Wales, and occasionally also in Zinnia peruviana. parts of central and southern New South Wales). Also naturalized in https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds. [Accessed 20 China, southern Africa, beyond its native range in south-eastern USA Apr 2021] (i.e. Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina) and on some Pacific islands (e.g. the Gal pagos Islands and Hawaii)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. "In the Hawaiian Islands, naturalized on Moloka`i, Lana`i, Maui, University of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Kaho`olawe, Hawai`i." Honolulu, HI. "One species, Z. peruviana, is native to South America and has Torres, A. M. (1963). Taxonomy of zinnia. Brittonia, 15(1): become naturalized in several other regions including Australia and 1-25 Hawaii." Foxcroft, L. C., Richardson, D. M., & Wilson, J. R. (2008). "Table 2 Ornamental alien plant species recorded per camp in the Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems and Kruger National Park, indicating the number of camps in which each solutions in Kruger National Park, South Africa. species has been recorded, as well as mode of introduction" ... Environmental Management, 4 (1): 32-51 "Zinnia peruviana - Evidence of naturalization? = Yes" Creation Date: 20 Apr 2021 (Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Widely naturalised in eastern Australia (i.e. in large parts of Queensland Government. (2021). Weeds of Australia. Queensland and northern New South Wales, and occasionally also in Zinnia peruviana. parts of central and southern New South Wales). Also naturalised in https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds. [Accessed 20 China, southern Africa, beyond its native range in south-eastern USA Apr 2021] (i.e. Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina) and on some Pacific islands (e.g. the Gal pagos Islands and Hawaii)." [Molokai and Hawaii islands] "Previously documented from the islands of Läna͚i, Maui, and Kaho͚olawe (Wagner et al. 1999: 379), the following collections extend the range of Zinnia peruviana to the islands of Moloka͚i and Hawai͚i. Although the specimen from Moloka͚i was collected in 1948 and was annotated by the authors of Staples,G.W., Imada, C.T., & Herbst, D.R. (2002). New the Manual in 1984, it seems to have been overlooked when the Hawaiian plant records for 2000. Bishop Museum account of Zinnia was written (Wagner et al. 1990). Fosberg noted Occasional Papers 68: 3-18 that the species was ͞said to be very abundant at other seasons.͟ Material examined. MOLOKA͚I: Nä͚iwa, road above ͚Umipa͚a, weedy along stony roadside, 22 Feb 1948, F.R. Fosberg 29558. HAWAI͚I: South Kohala Distr., collected east of Queen Ka͚ahumanu Highway between Mauna Lani Drive and Puakö turnoff, elev.
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