Hyperloop One: from White Paper to a Three-Dimensional Transit Network
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This material is exclusively prepared for Ringle Customers Material for your English session Hyperloop One: From white paper to a three-dimensional transit network [source: https://www.voakorea.com/a/3818553.html] 0 본 자료는 저작권 법에 의해 보호되는 저작물로, Ringle 사에 저작권이 존재합니다. 해당 자료에 대한 무단 복제/배포를 금하며, 해당 자료로 수익을 얻거나 이에 상응하는 혜택을 누릴 시 Ringle 과 사전 협의가 없는 경우 고소/고발 조치 될 수 있습니다. This material is exclusively prepared for Ringle Customers [Summary in English] I. Hyperloop System Virgin Hyperloop One is attempting to commercialize its superfast technology and build a platform that can transport passengers and cargo as fast as airplanes at a much lower cost. ● Hyperloop One was founded by Silicon Valley investor Shervin Pishevar and SpaceX engineer Brogan Bambrogan to actualize the Hyperloop transport concept introduced by Elon Musk in August 2013. Musk’s concept materialized from a conversation with Pishevar on a flight to Cuba in January 2012. Musk already [1] had his hands full with SpaceX and Tesla, so he unveiled the Hyperloop concept to the public, allowing anyone with the interest and passion to participate in developing the technology. ● In August 2013, the Hyperloop Alpha white paper was released to the public, attracting worldwide attention. Pishevar secured the necessary workforce and founded Hyperloop Technologies in 2014. After opening an office in co-founder Bambrogan’s garage, he secured about $10 million in initial investment through Sherpa Capital and Formation 8. By getting on the cover of Forbes in February 2015, Hyperloop received big help in hiring engineers and securing investments. ● He changed his mission to Hyperloop One and demonstrated his new concept with a propulsion open-air test, or POAT, reaching 134 miles (216 km) in 2.3 seconds in the Nevada desert in 2016. In 2017, Hyperloop One successfully ran a full-scale test with all related technologies including the vacuum, propellant, tube, and control systems, and drove the passenger pod at 192 miles (309 km) per hour. That same year, Hyperloop One announced a strategic alliance with the Virgin Group, changing its name to Virgin Hyperloop One and appointing Richard Branson to its board of directors. ● The market related to Hyperloop technology is expected to grow to around $1.3 billion by 2022 and $6.3 billion by 2026, and grow at an average rate of 47% per year between 2022 and 2026. Alongside the growing demand for faster and cheaper transportation, technological advances, and consequent drop in costs, there’s a positive outlook for the Hyperloop market given the nature of this technology that requires much less land acquisition than other modes of transportation. Elon Musk promoted innovation in mobility by releasing a white paper called Hyperloop Alpha, including solutions to the technical problems in the Hyperloop concept, to the general public. 1 본 자료는 저작권 법에 의해 보호되는 저작물로, Ringle 사에 저작권이 존재합니다. 해당 자료에 대한 무단 복제/배포를 금하며, 해당 자료로 수익을 얻거나 이에 상응하는 혜택을 누릴 시 Ringle 과 사전 협의가 없는 경우 고소/고발 조치 될 수 있습니다. This material is exclusively prepared for Ringle Customers ● Elon Musk, a modern Renaissance man, is revolutionizing many industries out of his interest in environmental protection and space. He conceived of the Hyperloop concept after experiencing the problems and limitations of the California transport ecosystem. Residents of L.A. and the San Francisco Bay Area spend about 100 hours a year on the road due to traffic congestion. The demand for transportation is high, with more than 10 million annual passengers using the eight airports in the area to get to and from those cities, as well as more than 5 million passengers using Amtrak. ● Though the State of California is pursuing a high-speed train project to address its traffic problem, Elon Musk is determined to tackle the problem himself, seeing that the $70 billion high-speed train project won’t cut down on intercity travel time or costs. Musk suggests connecting high-traffic cities over 900 miles (1,500 km) apart with supersonic aircraft, and those under 900 miles with the Hyperloop. ● The Hyperloop concept seeks to move a pod loaded with people or cargo through a tube at near sound-speed. A number of inventors over the past century have attempted using compressed air or vacuum pumps as a mode of transport. In the 1970s, the Rand Corporation gained much public attention by proposing a vacuum tube train capable of running 5,000 miles per hour, but the idea was never realized due to the astronomical construction costs and lack of several important technologies. ● To reduce construction costs, it is essential to reduce the size of the tube; even if the pod ends up floating between the tubes, a smaller tube will narrow the space between the pod and the tunnel wall and create greater friction. Not only will this slow down the speed, but also create excessive pressure and make passengers feel very uncomfortable. The problem of pressure inside tubes, known as the Kantrowitz Limit, is an [2] age-old hurdle for the Hyperloop concept. The smaller the difference between tube size and pod size, the greater the pressure concentrated at the front of the pod is, preventing airflow and eventually reducing the speed. (You can think of it as a syringe with a blocked tip). ● To address the friction issue, Elon Musk proposes a way to make the air pressure in the tube close to zero and create compressed air cushions between the pod and the tube using air bearing. Additionally, to address the Kantrowitz Limit, or the problem of slowing down due to increased pressure as it approaches sound-speed, he suggests installing an air compressor at the front of the pod to naturally release high-pressure air to the back. ● By proposing to build pillars in the middle of existing roads and install tubes on top of said pillars, Elon Musk wants his Hyperloop system to be free from the problems of land acquisition and various regulations, as well as weather and human error. By reinforcing the pillars, he wants to build a system that is earthquake-resistant and can be used for over 100 years without any derailments or accidents. As the information revolution took place with 2 본 자료는 저작권 법에 의해 보호되는 저작물로, Ringle 사에 저작권이 존재합니다. 해당 자료에 대한 무단 복제/배포를 금하며, 해당 자료로 수익을 얻거나 이에 상응하는 혜택을 누릴 시 Ringle 과 사전 협의가 없는 경우 고소/고발 조치 될 수 있습니다. This material is exclusively prepared for Ringle Customers the advent of the Internet, there are growing expectations that Hyperloop technology could revolutionize the field of mobility. II. Pishevar’s Vision Using the Hyperloop system based on his experiences and connections, Pishevar is trying to innovate in the field of distribution and redesign life. ● Pishevar intended to improve ports that cause traffic congestion and environmental pollution, as well as the distribution industry itself through Hyperloop technology. He believes that using Hyperloop technology to move port facilities to places unoccupied by humans (e.g., deserts), distribution costs can be reduced and large-scale land around ports that are used as shipyards or storage yards can be converted into residential areas instead. Pishevar al so believes that he can improve his industrial competitiveness by reducing carbon emissions and innovating the distribution supply chain itself. ● He believes that using Hyperloop technology to integrate large areas into a single living zone can make a big difference in people’s lives. By making each city a station in the Hyperloop system, he plans to make it possible for a New Yorker to go to work in Philadelphia and send his child to school in Boston. Additionally, he thinks that the Hyperloop system could alleviate overcrowding in urban areas and the problem of high real estate prices by allowing people to live in suburban areas and commute to work in cities. ● Pishevar—who founded and ran tech companies such as Webs.com and HyperOffice, worked at Menlo Ventures, and invested in Uber’s Series B—founded Sherpa Capital in 2014. He raised $600 million through three funds and invested in Uber, Airbnb, SpaceX, and Hyperloop One. When Elon Musk’s white paper was released, Pishevar used his [3] connections to recruit investors and board members, bringing in SpaceX’s top engineer Brogan BamBrogan as his co-founder and Virgin Galactic’s Josh Giegel as a founding member. As a small team that continued to experiment with Musk’s concept, Hyperloop One became widely publicized by the Forbes coverage and secured investment through various funds including the Sherpa Fund. ● Hyperloop One continues to develop better technologies through persistent attempts and modifications. The company has repeatedly attempted to realize the Hyperloop system by replacing the air bearing proposed in the first white paper with passive magnetic levitation and utilizing traditional energy sources rather than solar energy as the main source of power. Pishevar is focusing more on overseas markets such as China, Russia, and Dubai, where the technology adoption is needed and where Elon Musk first proposed installing the 3 본 자료는 저작권 법에 의해 보호되는 저작물로, Ringle 사에 저작권이 존재합니다. 해당 자료에 대한 무단 복제/배포를 금하며, 해당 자료로 수익을 얻거나 이에 상응하는 혜택을 누릴 시 Ringle 과 사전 협의가 없는 경우 고소/고발 조치 될 수 있습니다. This material is exclusively prepared for Ringle Customers Hyperloop system (instead of the Western United States, where various regulations and a survey of local opinions are required). Meanwhile, there are ongoing concerns about Pishevar’s vision and the Hyperloop system. ● Pishevar thinks that Hyperloop technology will revolutionize transportation as optical fiber has revolutionized communication, but unlike optical fiber, Hyperloop requires a significant investment in installation.