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Secondary Network Distribution Systems Background and Issues Related to the Interconnection of Distributed Resources

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Secondary Network Distribution Systems Background and Issues Related to the Interconnection of Distributed Resources A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Secondary Network Distribution Technical Report NREL/TP-560-38079 Systems Background and Issues July 2005 Related to the Interconnection of Distributed Resources M. Behnke, W. Erdman, and S. Horgan Distributed Utility Associates D. Dawson, W. Feero, and F. Soudi Consultants to Distributed Utility Associates D. Smith Siemens Power Technologies, Inc. C. Whitaker Behnke, Erdman, and Whitaker Engineering, Inc. B. Kroposki National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Secondary Network Distribution Technical Report NREL/TP-560-38079 Systems Background and Issues July 2005 Related to the Interconnection of Distributed Resources M. Behnke, W. Erdman, and S. Horgan Distributed Utility Associates D. Dawson, W. Feero, and F. Soudi Consultants to Distributed Utility Associates D. Smith Siemens Power Technologies, Inc. C. Whitaker Behnke, Erdman, and Whitaker Engineering, Inc. B. Kroposki National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Subcontract No. ZAT-3-32616-03 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Contributors The following individuals have authored or provided comments to this document: • Farajollah Soudi,* consultant • Michael Behnke,* Distributed Utility Associates • William Feero,* consultant • Douglas Dawson,* consultant • William Erdman, Distributed Utility Associates • Susan Horgan, Distributed Utility Associates • Benjamin Kroposki, National Renewable Energy Laboratory • David Smith, Siemens Power Technologies Inc. • Charles Whitaker, Behnke, Erdman, and Whitaker Engineering Inc. * Primary Authors iii iv Table of Contents 1 Distribution Grid and Spot Network Systems ...........................................................................1 1.1 Scope and Purpose .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Definitions.................................................................................................................5 1.4 General Secondary Network Characteristics ............................................................ 7 1.5 Spot Networks........................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Grid Network............................................................................................................ 9 2 Distribution Network Protection Practices..............................................................................12 2.1 Protection of Distribution Feeders .......................................................................... 12 2.2 Protection of Network Transformers ...................................................................... 16 2.3 Secondary Network Protectors................................................................................ 17 2.4 Secondary Grid Network Cable Protection............................................................. 17 2.5 Customer Protection................................................................................................ 17 3 Interconnection Requirements .................................................................................................18 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 General Requirements............................................................................................. 18 3.3 Network-Specific Interconnection Issues............................................................... 19 4 References..................................................................................................................................23 Appendix: Network Protector Ratings..............................................................................................24 v List of Figures Figure 1. Radial system .................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Primary auto loop system.................................................................................. 2 Figure 3. Primary selective system................................................................................... 3 Figure 4. Secondary selective system............................................................................... 3 Figure 5. Spot network system ......................................................................................... 3 Figure 6. Secondary grid network system ........................................................................ 4 Figure 7. Typical spot network systems ........................................................................... 9 Figure 8. Typical grid network system........................................................................... 11 Figure 9. Master relay watt and watt-VAR trip characteristics...................................... 15 vi List of Tables Table 1. Interconnection Issues.................................................................................. 20 Table A-1. IEEE Network Protector Ratings at 216/125 V ........................................... 24 Table A-2. IEEE Network Protector Ratings at 480/277 V ........................................... 25 vii viii 1 Distribution Grid and Spot Network Systems 1.1 Scope and Purpose This document addresses the technical considerations associated with the interconnection of distributed resources (DR) with secondary network distribution systems (or simply networks). It provides an overview of the characteristics of various distribution systems and interconnection requirements and identifies unique issues specific to network interconnections. The purpose of this document is to identify the network-specific interconnection issues for which test protocols should be developed and to assist in test facility design and test plan development. Recommended criteria and requirements for the interconnection of DR with network distribution systems are presented. 1.2 Introduction To clarify the unique characteristics of grid and spot network service, a brief review of common modes for distributing electric power is presented. Utilities use distribution systems to serve their customers with reliable quality power. The most common distribution system is a simple radial circuit that can be 100% overhead, 100% underground, or a combination of both. The most common distribution feeder characteristics and classifications are listed below. 1. The distribution voltage classes for most utilities are 5 kV, 15 kV, 25 kV, and 35 kV. 2. Radial distribution lines can be less than a mile to more than 20 miles long. This distance is from the substation to the furthest service point; it is not the total mileage of all branches. 3. A distribution line load can be as high as 1,200 A, but the range of 300–400 A is common. 4. The short-circuit duty at each distribution substation varies depending on transformer size and voltage class, ranging from 10 kA to 50 kA. 5. Distribution feeders include control devices. The most common are shunt capacitors to meet local volt-ampere reactive (VAR) requirements or support voltage regulation. Voltage boosters or voltage regulators are used to maintain adequate line voltage. Series reactors can be employed to limit the fault current. Two winding or autotransformers may be used on the feeder to change the distribution voltage class. 6. Multi-grounded, uni-grounded, ungrounded, and
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