Sulcaria Isidiifera

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2019: T70386122A70386125 Scope: Global Language: English

Sulcaria isidiifera

Assessment by: McMullin, T., Allen, J. & Lendemer, J.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: McMullin, T., Allen, J. & Lendemer, J. 2019. Sulcaria isidiifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T70386122A70386125. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019- 3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Fungi Ascomycota Lecanoromycetes Lecanorales Parmeliaceae

Taxon Name: Sulcaria isidiifera Brodo

Identification Information: From Brodo (1986):Thallus dull yellowishwhite grading into light brown and reddish-brown at the more exposed tips; rarely shades of olive-gray in places ... 3-5 cm long; main branching isotomic to anisotomic-dichotomous, with more-or-less perpendicular spinulose branches developing from splits in the thallus; branches splitting lengthwise and opening into rather wide linear soralia filled with spinulose isidia and spinules, often with brown tips; main branches 0.3 - 0.5mm wide ... very brittle ... .Apothecia and pycnidia not seen. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) ver 3.1

Year Published: 2019

Date Assessed: August 30, 2017

Justification: This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) on the basis of it having a very narrow distribution (10 km diameter area), correlating to an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², and an area of occupancy of just 8 km². A continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, and the number of mature individuals is reported, and it is considered that this species severely fragmented and found in 1-4 locations based on the threats of development and changes to the fire regimes. Geographic Range

Range Description: This species is narrowly restricted to a small area of old-growth coastal chaparral scrub on stable sand dunes in San Luis Obispo County, California, U.S.A.

Country Occurrence: Native: United States (California)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sulcaria isidiifera – published in 2019. 2 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en Population Sulcaria isidiifera was first discovered in 1984 and was formally described in 1986 (Brodo 1986). It is only known to inhabit an area that is 7 miles across at its widest point (Carlberg and Knudsen 2007). Repeated visits in recent years, including a 2012 visit from C. Bratt (one of the original two people that discovered it), documented significant observed decline in the population and habitat fragmentation (C. Bratt pers. comm., Carlberg and Knudsen 2007). Most known occurrences are within three state parks: Montana de Oro State Park, Morro Bay State Park, and Los Osos Oaks State Reserve, with the highest abundance at Montana de Oro (Reifner 1995). The rest of the population is on private or unregulated land (Carlberg and Knudsen 2007). Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This is a corticolous species that is restricted to old-growth coastal chaparral scrub (Carlberg and Knudsen 2007). It occurs on the branches of trees and shrubs such as: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Quercus dumosa, Q. agrifolia, and Ceanothus ramulosus (Brodo 1986, Carlberg and Knudsen 2007).

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) This species is threatened by residential development and changes in fire regimes. Development is the biggest threat to this species. Two communities, Los Osos and Baywood, have grown substantially in the last thirty years since Sulcaria isidiifera was discovered. They are within the range of this species and new development is reducing the already small area of suitable habitat.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) This species needs to be listed as an endangered species in the United States. Additionally, efforts need to be made to protect populations from residential development. Because of the small population size of this species and significant loss of habitat, reintroduction to areas where it has been lost should be attempted.

Monitoring the abundance and health of this species needs to begin immediately. Also, the viability of reintroduction should be explored. Credits

Assessor(s): McMullin, T., Allen, J. & Lendemer, J.

Reviewer(s): Scheidegger, C.

Contributor(s): Aptroot, A., Dahlberg, A., Weerakoon, G., Perez-Ortega, S & Spribille, T.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sulcaria isidiifera – published in 2019. 3 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en Bibliography Brodo, IM. 1986. A new species of the lichen genus Sulcaria (Ascomycotina, Alectoriaceae) from California. Mycotaxon 27: 113-117.

IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 10 December 2019).

T. Carlberg and K. Knudsen. 2007. Sulcaria isidiifera, sponsorship for the CALS Conservation Committee. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 14(2): 45-47.

Citation McMullin, T., Allen, J. & Lendemer, J. 2019. Sulcaria isidiifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T70386122A70386125. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019- 3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en

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External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 3. Shrubland -> 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation Resident Suitable Yes

Plant Growth Forms (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Plant Growth Forms Lichen

Epiphyte

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing Majority (50- Rapid declines Medium Housing & urban areas 90%) impact: 7 Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.2. Ongoing Minority (50%) Causing/could Low impact: 5 Droughts cause fluctuations Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant Low impact: 5 suppression -> 7.1.1. Increase in fire declines frequency/intensity Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sulcaria isidiifera – published in 2019. 5 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en Conservation Actions in Place Conservation sites identified: No

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 71-80

Area based regional management plan: No

Invasive species control or prevention: Not Applicable

In-Place Species Management

Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: No

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery

3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction

4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education

4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sulcaria isidiifera – published in 2019. 6 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en Research Needed 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 8

Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 100

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Number of Locations: 1-4

Continuing decline in number of locations: Yes

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Lower elevation limit (m): 200

Upper elevation limit (m): 800

Population Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: Yes

No. of subpopulations: 1

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Yes

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (year-round)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sulcaria isidiifera – published in 2019. 7 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T70386122A70386125.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2019: T70386122A70386125 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™