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Human Activity and the Environment: Forests in Canada

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Human Activity and the Environment: Forests in Canada Catalogue no. 16-201-X ISSN 1923-6751 Human Activity and the Environment 2017 Human Activity and the Environment: Forests in Canada Release date: March 14, 2018 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following toll-free numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-514-283-9350 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Note of appreciation Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the developed standards of service that its employees observe. To citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are be produced without their continued co-operation and goodwill. also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > “Standards of service to the public.” Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2018 All rights reserved. Use of this publication is governed by the Statistics Canada Open Licence Agreement. An HTML version is also available. Cette publication est aussi disponible en français. Contents Highlights ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Textbox 1.1 What you need to know about this study ....................................................................................................................9 Definitions: forest, other wooded land, tree cover, land cover and land use ................................................................................9 Section 2 – Forests and the forest sector in Canada ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Forest resources ......................................................................................................................................................................11 Forest area and structure ..............................................................................................................................................................14 Forest type and species ...............................................................................................................................................................15 Age class ......................................................................................................................................................................................19 Timber volume ............................................................................................................................................................................20 Forest change ................................................................................................................................................................................22 Natural disturbance .....................................................................................................................................................................22 Deforestation ..............................................................................................................................................................................26 Textbox 2.1 Climate change and Canada’s forests .........................................................................................................................29 2.2 Forest products and ecosystem services .................................................................................................................................32 Timber ...........................................................................................................................................................................................32 Non-timber forest products ..........................................................................................................................................................37 Biodiversity and ecosystem services ..............................................................................................................................................38 Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................................................................................39 Ecosystem services ......................................................................................................................................................................41 Textbox 2.2 Urban forest cover in Canadian metropolitan areas ..................................................................................................43 2.3 Forest sector ..........................................................................................................................................................................44 Contribution of forest sector to the economy ..............................................................................................................................45 Contribution to employment, wages and communities .................................................................................................................47 Forest sector-based communities ...............................................................................................................................................48 2.4 Forest management .................................................................................................................................................................53 Harvesting and regeneration .........................................................................................................................................................53 Harvesting methods ....................................................................................................................................................................57 Regeneration methods ................................................................................................................................................................58 Textbox 2.3 Environmental impacts associated with the forest sector ..........................................................................................59 Impacts associated with forest management and logging ............................................................................................................60 Other environmental impacts from the forest sector .................................................................................................................61 Forest management certification ...................................................................................................................................................61 Protected areas .............................................................................................................................................................................62 2.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................................................65 Section 3 Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Human Activity and the Environment 2017: Forests in Canada Highlights Human Activity and the Environment 2017: Forests in Canada tells the story of Canada’s forests, providing up-to-date statistics on forest area; forest products and ecosystem services; economic and social contributions of the forest sector; and forest management activities and environmental impacts.1 The following bullets present selected highlights from the report: • Canada is rich in forest resources. In 2015, the country’s 3.47 million km2 of forest—located in the boreal and temperate zones—accounted for 9% of forests worldwide and 35% of the country’s total area. • The boreal zone covers over 5.5 million km2 of Canada—from Newfoundland and Labrador to the Yukon—including all or substantial parts of ten ecozones. More than three-quarters of Canada’s forest is located in the boreal zone. Canada has some of the largest areas in the world of remote and inaccessible forest landscapes. • Coniferous forests
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