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Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Frit Fly Oscinella Frit (L.) (Diptera: Chloropidae) on Spring Wheat

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Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Frit Fly Oscinella Frit (L.) (Diptera: Chloropidae) on Spring Wheat JOURNAL FÜR KULTURPFLANZEN, 65 (1). S. 9–18, 2013, ISSN 1867-0911 VERLAG EUGEN ULMER KG, STUTTGART Originalarbeit Nabil El-Wakeil1,2, Christa Volkmar2 Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the frit fly Oscinella frit (L.) (Diptera: Chloropidae) on spring wheat Zur biologischen Regulation der Fritfliege Oscinella frit (L.) durch entomopathogene Nematoden an Sommerweizen 9 Abstract vided the greatest yields. These results confirmed that EPNs can be used as biocontrol agents in Integrated Pest The efficiency of three species of entomopathogenic nema- Management (IPM) programs of O. frit. todes (EPNs) (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and Het- erorhabditis bacteriophora) and one pyrethroid (lambda- Key words: Oscinella frit, spring wheat, biological con- cyhalothrin) were evaluated to control frit fly, Oscinella trol, λ-cyhalothrin, yield frit (L.) in the laboratory and field on two wheat varieties (Triso and Sakha 93) during 2009 and 2010. This is the first research studying the efficiency of EPNs against Zusammenfassung O. frit. Within seven days in laboratory tests, up to 100% mortality was observed in O. frit larvae with all nematodes Die Larven der Fritfliege können während der Blattent- and the pyrethroid; however, the pyrethroid was only wicklung und Bestockungsphase beträchtliche Schäden 100% effective when high concentrations and young pest an Sommerweizen hervorrufen. Aufgrund der Diskussion larvae were used. In laboratory tests, H. bacteriophora um die Beizproblematik wurde nach alternativen Be- was more efficacious than S. carpocapsae against O. frit, kämpfungsmaßnahmen in der Frühphase der Pflanzen- while the latter was more efficient in field experiments. entwicklung gesucht. Deshalb wurde in den Jahren 2009 In 2009 field experiments, Steinernema carpocapsae was und 2010 eine Untersuchung zum Befall des deutschen more efficacious than S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora; how- Wechselweizens Triso und des ägyptischen Sommerwei- ever, in 2010 S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were more effi- zens Sakha 93 mit Oscinella frit (L.) und deren Regulie- cient than H. bacteriophora. Weather parameters affect rung durchgeführt. Es wurden die entomopathogenen the infestation percentages of O. frit and the efficiency of Nematoden Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae EPNs as well. Weather conditions in 2009 were warmer und Heterorhabditis bacteriophora sowie das Pyrethroid and with less rain (14.0°C and 0.9 mm) compared to 2010 Karate Zeon auf ihr Potential zur Regulation der Larven- (12.0°C and 3.1 mm) for mean temperature and rainfall, population im Labor sowie unter Freilandbedingungen respectively. Thus, infestation percentages were greater getestet. in 2009 because weather conditions negatively affected Im Labor erfolgte die Untersuchung befallener Pflanzen- oviposition and newly hatched larvae in 2010. In 2009 proben aus den behandelten Freilandparzellen auf Vor- and 2010 the yield index was greater in Triso than Sakha handensein und Vitalität der Fritfliegenlarven zur Bestim- 93 variety in weight of grains/ha. It can be concluded mung der Mortalitätsrate. Des Weiteren wurden befallene that λ-cyhalothrin, S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae were the Pflanzen aus unbehandelten Randparzellen entnommen most efficacious in O. frit control and consequently pro- und aus ihnen Larven präpariert, welche dann in Petri- Institute Pests and Plant Protection Dept. National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt1 Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany2 Correspondence Dr. Nabil El-Wakeil, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther-Univeristy Halle-Wittenberg, Betty Heimann Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany, E-Mail: [email protected] Accepted 30 November 2012 NABIL EL-WAKEIL, CHRISTA VOLKMAR, Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the frit fly … schalen mit den Nematodenarten sowie Karate Zeon unter attack in wheat according to growth stages (MEIER, 2001). Originalarbeit Verwendung der vollen, der halben und einem Viertel der At later growth stages, seedlings are less susceptible Aufwandmenge über 3 Termine auf ihre Vitalität unter- because they are more difficult for the larvae to pene- sucht wurden. Es herrschten konstante Temperaturbedin- trate (JONASSON, 1977). gungen von 25 ± 2°C. In diesem Versuch zeigte H. bacte- Oscinella frit is an economic pest to wheat, barley, oats, riophora eine größere Effizienz als S. carpocapsae, im Frei- rye and other cereal grains in many places over the world: land war S. carpocapsae erfolgreicher. Die Ergebnisse Italy, Sweden and Germany (HENDERSON and CLEMENTS, bestätigen Literaturangaben, die auf höhere Temperatur- 1979; LARSSON, 1984; EL-WAKEIL et al., 2009). Frit fly over- ansprüche von H. bacteriophora hinweisen. Das Regula- winters as a larva within the stems of cereals (LINDBLAD, tionspotential von S. feltiae lag unter denen der anderen 1999) and pupates in spring. Adults emerge in early Nematodenarten. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration summer and migrate by flight from overwintering sites to und dem Larvenstadium konnten im Labor bei den Nema- spring cereals where the females oviposit (TOLLEY and toden wie auch bei Karate Zeon bis zu 100% Larvenmor- NIEMZCYK, 1988). Large population fluctuations occur talität erreicht werden. Die Spezies H. bacteriophora als among years; the numbers of spring migrants vary up to effektivste Nematodenart im Labor erreichte bei Konzen- 20-fold (LINDBLAD and SIGVALD, 1999). On wheat seed- trationen von 250 (¼), 500 (½) und 1000 (volle Auf- lings, the females preferably lay eggs behind coleoptiles wandmenge) infektiösen Nematoden pro ml eine Larven- (JONASSON, 1977). After hatching, the larvae penetrate mortalität bei L2-Larven von 74, 86 und 88% nach einem the plant and destroy the main shoot. Damaged plants 10 Tag sowie 90, 98 und 100% nach 7 Tagen. Bei den L3-Lar- produce small panicles which mature late causing high ven war das Ergebnis nach einem Tag um ca. 20% gerin- yield losses (LINDBLAD and SIGVALD, 1999). Synthetic pyre- ger, nach 7 Tagen wurde aber die gleiche Mortalität erzielt. throids applied at early growth stages have been shown Karate Zeon brachte im Vergleich zu H. bacteriophora to control O. frit (LARSSON, 1984), and significantly increase denselben Erfolg. yields when measured across multiple locations (CLEMENTS Weiterhin wurde zweimal wöchentlich der sichtbare et al., 1990; EL-WAKEIL et al., 2009). Because insecticides Schaden durch die Fritfliegenlarven am Sommerweizen are known to cause many problems to humanity and the bonitiert und befallene Pflanzen wie bereits dargestellt environment, many studies are looking for controlling Dip- im Labor untersucht. Die Schädigung der Pflanzen (%) terans with alternative environmentally friendly methods war 2009 höher als 2010, offensichtlich beeinflussten die (i.e. biological control); specifically entomopathogenic ungünstigen abiotischen Bedingungen 2010 das Befalls- nematodes (EPNs), which serve as alternatives for chem- geschehen negativ. Der Durchschnitt der bereits sichtbaren ical insecticides (TOLEDO et al., 2005; HUSSEIN et al., 2006; Schadsymptome im Freiland betrug vor der Behandlung OESTERGAARD et al., 2006). 1,5% bei der deutschen und 2,3% bei der ägyptischen Genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are pathoge- Varietät und erhöhte sich bis zum 14. Tag nach der ersten nic to many insects attacking many economic crops in the Applikation auf 24,7 bzw. 40,0%. Dieser signifikante world (POINAR, 1990). They are symbiotically associated Unterschied zwischen den Sommerweizenvarietäten ist with bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhab- auf die schnellere Entwicklung der deutschen Sorte zurück- dus, respectively that are harbored in the intestine of the zuführen. Nach der zweiten Applikation reduzierten sich third-stage infective juvenile (IJ) (CICHE et al., 2006). die sichtbaren Symptome. Weiterhin konnten signifikante Entomopathogenic nematodes have potential use for not Unterschiede der Behandlungen zur Kontrolle bezüglich only against insects in soil and cryptic habitats, but also Larvenmortalität, Befallsreduktion und Ertrag erkannt against leaf-feeding insects (HUSSEIN et al., 2006; SALEH et werden. Die Ergebnisse belegen in beiden Jahren, dass al., 2009). PŮŽA and MRÁČEK (2005) stated that broad die Möglichkeit der effizienten Regulation mit entomo- host range of EPNs in many habitats was predominantly pathogenen Nematoden im Sinne des Biologischen Pflan- represented by dipteran larvae. Studies were conducted zenschutzes besteht. on Tipula species (PETERS and EHLERS, 1994; GERRITSEN et al., 1998). Steinernema feltiae is known for its high viru- Stichwörter: Fritfliege, Sommerweizen, biologische lence to a number of small-sized hosts such as families Bekämpfung, λ-Cyhalothrin, Ertrag Sciaridae and Phoridae (JESS et al., 2006); especially the young host larvae which are the most appropriate stage for EPNs to penetrate and develop. SUSURLUK (2008) reported 1Introduction that some Steinernema species were more efficient than Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in low temperatures. Al- Frit fly Oscinella frit (L.) (Diptera: Chloropidae) is a stem- though heterorhabditids are endemic to warmer climates, borer that can cause considerable damage in newly sown the upper thermal limits and temperature optima for spring cereals. Spring wheat is susceptible to O. frit infes- reproduction of H. bacteriophora and H. megidis were tation at early growth stages. Early studies have
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