Claudia Livia Giulia Livilla

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Claudia Livia Giulia Livilla CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN SCIENZE DELL’ANTICHITA’: LETTERATURE, STORIA E ARCHEOLOGIA TESI DI LAUREA CLAUDIA LIVIA GIULIA LIVILLA moglie e madre di eredi al principato Relatore Chiar.ma prof. Francesca Rohr Vio Laureando Giovanni Della Mora Matricola 842200 Anno Accademico 2017 - 2018 1 INTRODUZIONE Negli ultimi anni l’attenzione degli antichisti si è focalizzata sulla condizione della donna romana nell’età tardorepubblicana e protoimperiale. Se volessimo fissare una data d’inizio, potremmo scegliere il 1994, l’anno in cui Fraschetti pubblicava un libro ormai divenuto un classico,1 in cui affidava a specialisti diversi saggi di approfondimento su figure femminili significative, tra l’età arcaica ed il tardo Impero. Da allora, l’elenco degli studi si è molto ampliato; possiamo misurare la portata dei progressi compiuti proprio rileggendo Roma al femminile, ed osservando quanto quei profili di matrone oggi appaiano incompleti e, sotto più aspetti, insufficienti. Allo sviluppo delle conoscenze sulle donne dell’antica Roma l’Università Cà Foscari ha offerto un contributo decisivo, in quantità e qualità. Permangono però, a condizionare e limitare questo progresso, intrinseche difficoltà. Anzitutto, le fonti storiografiche che ci parlano di donne sono relativamente poche, e l’interesse è limitato alle matrone; le donne di diversa condizione sociale appaiono soltanto di sfuggita, o, più spesso, non appaiono affatto. Ancora, poche donne dell’antichità scrivevano, e nessuno comunque ritenne i loro scritti degni di passare ai posteri, neppure quando si trattava di Cornelia, madre dei Gracchi, di cui circolava in antico una raccolta di lettere2, o quando era una principessa imperiale a redigere le sue memorie, come pare abbia fatto Agrippina Minore3. Cicerone scambiò molte lettere con Terenzia, ma nessuna risposta della moglie è stata inserita nel suo pur voluminoso epistolario. Habent sua fata libelli, ma quelli scritti dalle donne ebbero tutti lo stesso fatum.4 1 V. A. Fraschetti (a cura di), Roma al femminile, Roma-Bari, 1994. 2 A queste epistole fa riferimento Plutarco, Vita di C. Gracco, 13, 2. Due frammenti sono citati nel Corpus di C. Nepote. 3 “Id ego, a scriptoribus annalium non traditum, repperi in commentariis Agrippinae filiae, quae Neronis principis mater vitam suam et casus suorum posteris memoravit”. V. Tacito, Annales, IV, 53, 2. Di questi commentari parla anche Plinio (Naturalis Historia, VII, 46). 4 Esistono tuttavia esempi di scrittura femminile in epigrafia. È nota la lettera, riferibile al sito archeologico di Vindolandia in Britannia (siamo in epoca traianea), di una Claudia Severa ad una Sulpicia Lepidina, moglie del comandante di una coorte del forte, per invitarla ad una festa di compleanno. V. A.K. Bowman, J.D. Thomas, New Texts from Vindolandia, Britannia, 18, 1987, pp. 125 – 142. Ancora, Eve D’Ambra scrive: “Letters written on papyrus in Roman Egypt have survived in extraordinary numbers because of the dry desert climate, and the corpus of texts on papyrus 2 L’eccezione di Sulpicia, “l’unica voce femminile della letteratura classica. Meglio, l’unica donna di età classica di cui ci sono pervenute le opere. La sola che ci parla di sé senza intermediazioni maschili”5, eccezione in certo qual senso non è, non solo perché ancora si discute se fu Sulpicia o fu Tibullo a comporre quei versi, e perché si tratterebbe comunque di poca cosa6, ma soprattutto perché quelle poesie ci sono giunte in quanto inserite nel Corpus tibulliano: chi le copiò, pensava di copiare gli scritti di un uomo. Nikos Kokkinos osserva: “Roman history too is almost exclusively male history – women play no visible part in its major events. Even in its less important episodes they are scarcely involved. It is true that history, biography, poetry and satire were all written by men, but this only shows that women were not readily encouraged to write. If a few did, their works have unfortunately not survived”.7 Può dunque concludere Claudio Petrocelli: “non disponiamo di alcuna testimonianza diretta della voce, del pensiero femminile”.8 Uguale considerazione esprime Danielle scrolls includes letters written (or dictated to scribes) by women. The women, many of whom were staying on farms in the countryside of the Fayum while their husbands were working in Alexandria in the first and second centuries C.E., sent off messages to husbands, mothers, and children. Many of these refer to the banal necessities of life, the making of clothing, the preparation of foodstuffs, estate management, and travel (which women seem to have done frequently on their own, to visit family, go to weddings, see new babies, bring home the dead, etc.). A number of women’s letters were found in the archive of Apollonios, the strategos of chief civil administrator in a district of Upper Egypt during the Jewish revolt of 115 – 177 C.E. Apollonio’s wife Aline wrote to her husband while he was on military service during the revolt.” V. E. D’Ambra, Roman Women, New York, 2007, pp. 79 – 80. 5 V. E. Cantarella, Passato Prossimo – Donne romane da Tacito a Sulpicia, Milano, 2006, p. 8. Cantarella nota nell’età augustea “mutamenti della condizione femminile a partire dalla considerazione della nuova libertà di parola, della quale le donne si trovarono a godere; sino al punto, in alcuni casi, di giungere a comporre orazioni e pronunziarle nei tribunali e, in via ancor più eccezionale, a scrivere poesie … donne vissute nel periodo della cosiddetta «emancipazione», di cui – secondo gli uomini del loro tempo – le donne non esitarono ad abusare in ogni modo.” 6 Quaranta versi distribuiti in sei brevi composizioni. Va rilevato, però, che la più recente manualistica ne sottolinea l’ importanza, soprattutto nel quadro della crescita del ruolo femminile e della cultura delle donne in questo torno di tempo; v., ad esempio, I. Mazzini, Storia della lingua latina e del suo contesto, Roma, 2007, p. 147 e p. 177. 7 V. N. Kokkinos, Antonia Augusta – Portrait of a great Roman lady, London – New York, 1992, p. 2. 8 V. C. Petrocelli, Cornelia, la matrona, in A. Fraschetti, Roma al femminile, cit., p. 22. Petrocelli aggiunge: “escluse dai virilia officia per ragioni di riconosciuta incapacità naturale (infirmitas, imbecillitas sexus, levitas animi, impotentia muliebris), emarginate rispetto ai momenti e alle vicende che scandiscono la vita pubblica e i rituali della collettività, anche le donne della romanità (specie in età repubblicana) vengono «pensate» in relazione ai loro rapporti con gli elementi maschili e al loro essere madri o mogli o sorelle o figlie. E soprattutto vengono «rappresentate» nella visione altrui, giacché maschili sono essenzialmente le fonti pervenuteci … Gli esempi da tramandare nella memoria appaiono sistematicamente ricondotti al modello consolidato – per ruolo e funzioni – delle virtù canoniche, ovvero, di fronte ad una condotta «extravagante», alla connotazione negativa della trasgressione. Certo, Plutarco all’inizio dell’opuscolo Esempi di valore femminile, nel tentativo di affermare la sostanziale identità della 3 Gourevitch: “partout ailleurs, les informations dont nous disposons sont d’origine masculine”.9 Di uguale opinione è Gillian Clark: “almost all the literature of the ancient world was written by men; all the surviving artefacts, so far as we know, were made by men; women’s lives are presented, if at all, from a man’s point of view; the tiny proportion of work which is, or may be, by women, does not tell us nearly enough about women’s lives. Very few individual women are known to us … As if that were not enough, the information we have is, like all information from the ancient world, mostly about élite”.10 Delle donne romane sappiamo solo quello che ne pensarono e ne scrissero gli uomini: “the study of women in ancient literature is the study of men’s views of women and cannot become anything else”.11 Ancora, in molti dei lavori che sono dedicati a queste tematiche, si osserva la ricerca, talora esasperata, di segni di emancipazione, categoria che forse le romane di allora tenevano in poca considerazione: non interessa invece la donna che tace, obbedisce, fila la lana nel chiuso delle pareti domestiche, secondo un cliché che ha attraversato i secoli: “che la piasa, che la tasa, che la staga in casa”.12 Comprensibile atteggiamento, anche virtù (αρετή) nell’uomo e nella donna, cita il costume romano che prevedeva laudationes funebres anche in onore di personaggi femminili, in contrapposizione al λόγος επιτάϕιος ateniese e all’opportunità (che Tucidide fa esprimere a Pericle) che delle donne, in bene o in male, si parli comunque il meno possibile. E tuttavia anche una tale usanza … vede ancora una volta il personaggio femminile oggetto della valutazione altrui. Per quanto possiamo sforzarci di indagare fra il materiale tràdito non troveremo infatti un solo esempio di laudatio funebre pronunciata da una donna.” 9 V. D. Gourevitch – M.T. Raepsaet-Charlier, La femme dans la Rome antique, Paris, 2001, p. 27. Aggiunge Gourevitch: “même les opinions qu’on pourrait croire féminines ou qui nous sont présentées comme telles, ne sont qu’attribuées aux femmes par les hommes. Les lettres, les contrats, les reçus, sur papyrus ou sur tablettes de cire, peuvent, eux, être directement issus de mains féminines, ou mettre en jeu et en scène des femmes réelles, de toutes les couches de la société. Les dédicaces religieuses, les hommages publics, les épitaphes, les marques de brique ou de plomb, les graffits nous font toucher du doigt la réalité de faits ou de sentiments vécus. Les difficultés résident alors dans le caractère ponctuel et émittié des données que ces documents contiennent et qui imposent la mise en série et la disponibilité de nombres importants d’éléments juxtaposés et complémentaires …”. 10 V. G. Clark, Women in the ancient world, Oxford, 1989, p. 1. 11 P. Culham, Ten years after Pomeroy: studies of the image and reality of women in antiquity, cit.
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