Ma1~ch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6771 people are union members and consumers. Housewright said that because o! the hard He predicted the electronic revolution will We have a very serious obligation to repre­ sell of the computer hardware industry and come to the entire retail industry, not just sent them on both counts." the apprehension that many supermarket op­ supermarkets. He also predicted, ..It will have He cited the experience of retail clerks in erators might have about falling behind, supermarkets: "Our members are particularly vast social and economic implications-many "'Some retailers may move too fast and over­ of them for the common good. But If we wait aware of such things as the reliability of shell extend themselves. The disastrous economic prices, the attitudes of customers, the in­ and see what the future holds in this area, conditions that our nation has experienced tense pressure on individual store managers we will lose the battle for a basic consumer to produce profits, and the clever manipula­ has already forced many retailers into bank­ tion and motivation of customers by refined ruptcies. We have a great stake in avoiding right-the right to know and be able to advertising and merchandising techniques:• still more bankruptcies." verify the price of our purchases:•

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Wednesday, March 17,1976 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. posited with the Treasury of the United studies in Rome, Italy; was ordained a Msgr. Martin J. Flynn, St. Patrick's States by the Library of Congress TrUst Fund priest July 20, 1930; and completed post­ Board; and graduate work at several institutions of Roman Catholic Church, Huntington, S. 2620. An act to provide for adjusting the N.Y., offered the following prayer: amount of interest paid on funds deposited higher learning both here and abroad, with the Treasury of the United States pur­ including the University of Bonn, the Father-Creator, in your goodness, You University of San Fmncisco, and Univer­ made man a. free being; It was a unique suant to the act of August 20. 1912 (37 Stat. 319). sity of Louvain. He earned doctoral de­ gift, but also a heavy responsibility. The grees in both theology and philosophy Founding Fathers of this Nation recog­ The message also announced that the and for almost 20 years was a professor nized that gift and responsibility in the Senate agrees to the amendment of the of philosophy at the Immaculate Concep­ political sphere, when they dedicated House to the amendment of the Senate tion Seminary in Huntington, N.Y. this Nation to defend and to promote with an amendment to a bill of the House Monsignor Flynn later served as rector freedom. That endeavor 1s now a Bicen­ of the following title: of that seminary before being named tennial journey: Our people and its H.R. 12122. An act to amend section 2 of pastor of St. Patrick's Church in Hun­ Government are still journeying toward the act of June 30, 1954, providing for the tington in 1963. continuance of civil government for the the goal of assuring freedom through Religious and intellectual fervor 1'UllS law. Trust Territory of the Pacl1lc Islands, and for other purposes. deep in the Irish character. My longtime Father, as our Representatives strive friend, Monsignor Flynn, represents a · to carry out that mandate, give them The message also announced that the mingling of these traditions. dedication and courage, keenness of Senate had passed a bill and concurrent During his 46 years as a priest, the vision, and the wise political prudence resolution of the following titles, in Monsignor has provided spiritual and in­ to strike the just compromise between which the concurrence of the House 1s tellectualleadership for countless thou­ the competing claims of different values. requested: sands of students and parishoners. Father, grant to the honorable Mem­ S. 3052. An act to amend section 602 of the His life's work is testimony to the Irish bers of this Congress, the boon of the old Agricultural Act of 1954; and tradition of combining spiritual and Gaelic blessing, which prays: s. Con. Res. 103. Concurrent resolution au­ scholastic learning that dates back to thorizing the Joint Committee on Arrange­ the ..May the roads rise with you, ments for the Commemoration of the Bicen­ Irish monastries and the Middle Ages­ And the wind be always at your back, tennial of the United States of America to religious communities that served as cen­ And may the Lord hold you in the hol­ provide !acUities and services for visitors to ters of learning for all of Europe. low of His hand" the Capitol buildings and grounds. By his presence here today-a day Amen. commonly marked by festivities and The message also announced that the merrymaking-Monsignor Flynn re­ Vice President, pursuant to the provi­ minds all of us of the genuine contribu­ THE JOURNAL sions of Senate Concurrent Resolution tions of the Irish people to our own his­ 90, 94th Congress, appointed the major­ The SPEAKER. The Chair has exam­ tory and culture. I am proud to call him ity leader or his designee, the minority ined the Journal of the last day's pro­ friend and spiritual adviser. ceedings and announces to the House leader or his designee, and the chairman his approval thereof. of the Committee on Rules and Admin­ Without objection, the Journal stands istration to be members, on the part of SPECIAL ORDER ON MONDAY, approved. the Senate, of a joint committee to make MARCH 22, 1976, IN MEMORY There was no objection. the necessary arrangements for the in­ OF THE HONORABLE WRIGHT auguration of the President-elect and PATMAN the Vice President-elect of the United MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT States on the 20th day of January 1977. , the House stood in recess sub­ The SPEAKER. Members of the Con­ has made us distant neighbors; but his­ ject to the call of the Chair. tory has made us close friends. g~"ess, it is my great privilege, and I deem This is a bond which goes back beyond it a high honor and personal pleasure, to the Declaration of Independence to the JOINT MEETING OF THE HOUSE AND present to you His Excellency, Liam thousands of Irish from north and south SENATE TO HEAR AN ADDRESS BY Cosgrave, the Prime Minister of Ireland. of the island who settled in America in THE PRIME MINISTER OF mE­ [Applause, the Members rising.] the early and middle 18th century. LAND Prime Minister LIAM COSGRAVE. It is a source of immense pride to us in Mr. Speaker, Mr. President pro tempore, Ireland that so many Irish men and The SPEAKER of the House presided. distinguished Members of the Congress women have helped to build and develop The Doorkeeper (Mr. MOTTL asked and was given per­ will, appropriate resolutions will then Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. Speaker, in the mission to address the House for 1 min­ be introduced in the House and Senate February 29, 1976, edition of the Los ute and to revise and extend his re­ seeking authority and funding to con­ Angeles Times there was a lengthy marks.) tinue this publication on a regular basis. article entitled "EPA Study-The Find­ Mr. MOTTL. Mr. Speaker, once in a The joint committee would appreciate ings Got Distorted". Reporter W. B. lifetime every Member of this House will hearing from any Member as to his re­ Rood, based on several weeks of inten­ have an opportunity to provide an addi­ actions or those of his constituents to sive, careful investigative reporting, re­ tional billion dollars a year for State, this pilot project. searched the way in which scientific i·e­ local, and Federal governments-without search was conducted and conclusions increasing taxes a single penny. reached that were included in the sul­ We can accomplish this by enacting a PRINTING OF PROCEEDINGS HAD fate threat and remedy sections of the bill being introduced in both Houses to­ DURING THE RECESS 1974 Community Health and Environ­ day by myself and by Sen a tor WILLIAM mental Surveillance System-CHESS­ PROXMIRE, Of Wisconsin. Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I ask Report. This bill would authorize banks to pay unanimous consent that the proceedings The article alleges that under the di­ interest on the demand deposits of Gov­ had during the recess be printed in the rect supervision and participation of Dr. ernment units. RECORD. John F. Finklea, the investigation The banks make money by lending and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there and report were "systematically dis­ committing these funds. To entice busi­ objection to the request of the gentleman torted ... in an effort to prove that ness deposits, they o:ffer many varieties from Missouri? pollution from sulfur-bearing fuels had of services and inducements. Obviously, There was no objection. an adverse effect on health." 6776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-r HOUSE Mal~ch 17, 19'76 The article is based primarily on first­ The SPEAKER; Is there objection to to the Government of Great Britain, but hand information. My investigations of the the request of the gentleman from to all the governments of the world, to the allegations have to date served to Missouri? participate in our Bicentennial celebra­ increase by feeling that there is a clear There was no objection. tion. Over 63 nations have American factual basis for the allegations made The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Revolutionary Bicentennial Commis­ in the Times article. Missouri

Mr. ~liCHEL. Mr. Speaker, it was just I am personally grateful to Flo for the During her eight terms in Congress, she a few weeks ago that I was in the State leadership she provided in increasing continued to work with spirit and great of New Jersey speaking in Union County, the participation of women in New Jer­ commitment on behalf of women and the area once represented by Flo DWYer, sey politics. She was the first Republican consumers. She sought the creation of a and special mention was made that eve­ woman ever to serve in the New Jersey new Office of Women's Rights and Re­ ning of her hospitalization and there was congressional delegation. All women in sponsibilities. She sponsored early legis­ thundering applause when appropriate New Jersey politics are indebted to her lation to create an independent con­ tribute was made to her past service here for her groundbreaking efforts. sumer p1·otection agency. It is sad that in the House. I could not help but under­ Flo Dwyer was a public servant of Flo Dwyer did not live to see what we score that tribute during the course of the first order. She was deeply aware of hope will be the early establishment of my remarks, for we both came to Con­ the needs of her constitutents and al­ the Consumer Protection Agency for gress in the same class of 1956. She was ways had their interests at heart. Flo's which her legislation provided the the only women in our class but she was 16 years of distinguished public service groundwork. We need not dwell longer surely a political animal and she never in the House of Representatives was of on her many legislative accomplishments resented our referring to her in those great benefit to all of New Jersey and which also include the Fair Credit Re­ terms. She loved politics. It was on her the Nation as a whole. I am pleased to porting Act and the Truth in Lending mind continually and I know of no one join in honoring her. Act. who wanted to speak of nothing but that Mr. ADDABBO. Mr. Speaker, I rise to What is equally important but weighs subject in our cloakroom patter. join the Members of the House in a heavier in our sadness is the honor, the I picked up a number of good pointers tribute to our late colleague, the Honor­ kindness, and the dignity which charac­ from our exchanges and regretted very able Florence DWYer. It was my privilege terized this fine woman. These are the much when she announced her decision to serve with Florence for most of her 16 attributes which have shaped my mem­ to retire. I shall always treasure the years in the Congress. ories of Flo Dwyer and am sure will con­ memories of serving with Flo Dwyer and As ranking minority member in the tinue to se1·ve as an example for all who I am glad to have the opportunity to say House Banking and Currency Conuntt­ worked with her. She was a good friend so publicly during this special order. tee, Mrs. Dwyer made her mark on sig­ to many and her loss is deeply felt. Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, for 16 nificant legislation in the :fields of hous­ Mr. O'ITINGER. Mr. Speaker, it is years the 12th Congressional District of ing, mass transportation, and banking as with a great deal of sadness that the New Jersey was represented by the dis­ well as an effective representative of the House of Representatives marks the tinguished and able gentlewoman, Flor­ Nation's consumers. passing of Congresswoman Flo Dwyer. ence Dwyer. Her passing was a loss to u.s all and I had the privilege and pleasure of She was extremely dedicated to her I join her many friends in New Jersey serving with Flo during the sixties-the constituents and had a deep personal and throughout the country in extending decade marked by turmoil, dissension, concern for their interests. She was also sympathies to her familY. and change. Flo had the foresight dur­ an outstanding member of the Commit­ Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, it was with ing this turbulent time to recognize the tee on Government Operations, serving deep regret that I learned of the recent grave problems facing the Nation and so actively and effectively always with the death of former Congresswoman Flor­ she stood out as a champion of the Amer­ best interests of the American people at ence P. Dwyer of New Jersey. ican consumer and a proponent of ending heart. I worked closely with Flo on the Bank­ the American involvemnt in Vietnam. Flo Dwyer was a warm and amiable ing and Currency Committee for 3 years I join with my colleagues in mourning person with whom it was a pleasure to before her retirement; and I was an ad­ Flo's passing. The citizens of New Jersey be associated and I am proud that she miring student of her legislative skill and were ably served by her years of repre­ was my friend. competence. Flo was always very careful sentation. I join my colleagues in honoring her to insure that new Membe1·s of Congress Mr. McKINNEY. Mr. Speaker, by na.. memory today and I know her son takes gained the experience and expertise tural inclination, a freshman Iegislatol much comfort in the full and rewarding necessary to become effective legislators. observes his or her seniors in an effort to life she enjoyed and her many accom­ I shall always be grateful to her for her determine who is out in front on the is­ plishments and successes. patience and consideration. sues so as to establish one's o\\rn legisla­ Mr. DEL CLAWSON. Mr. Speaker, for I offer my sympathy to her son, Lt. tive program. I had not been here long in those of us who were privileged to serve Col. Micha-el Dwyer, and to her family. 1970 when I realized that Florence DWYer with the late Florence DWYe1· during her We shall all miss her presence and her was a leader worth listening to. She com­ career in the House of Representatives, influence. bined two essential ingredients: Her own 1t is a sad privilege to honor her memory Mr. HOWARD. Mr. Speaker, the sad­ outstanding ability coupled with a by participating in this special order. ness that we in Congress feel at the pass­ boundless determination to stay abreast During the years we worked together ing of Flo Dwyer is a sadness deeply felt of her constituents' thoughts and needs. when I was a member of the House Bank­ on both sides of the aisle by her former It quite naturally followed that she be­ ing and currency Committee, I found colleagues from all States in the Nation, came one of the leading consumer ad­ Flo's fairness in dealing with her col­ not just her home State of New Jersey. vocates in Congress and one of the early leagues-no matter their political or As a freshman Congressman in 1964- voices telling us that an increase in our ideological alienment-her honesty and and for the next 8 years-! learned a mass transit programs was fast becoming her dependability, qualities which eased great deal from Flo DWYer. She set an a desperate national priority. Further, the uncertainties facing me when I be­ example for many of us in her ability as few will deny the foresight she showed gan work on that committee during my a legislator and as a representative who in denouncing the U.S. involvement in first term in the House. Flo DwYer's leg­ always voted her conscience. She was ad­ Vietnam. islative record through the eight terms mired and respected by Republicans and When she decided not to seek reelec­ of her service, in spite of the disadvan­ Democrats alike for her ability to ap­ tion, I felt we had all suffered a great loss tage which often accompanies the mem­ proach important issues in a bipartisan for few could match her talent. I was ber of ''the Minority" was a credit to mam1er. particularly saddened to learn of her her personally and to the people of the Flo DwYer was also a trail blazer of a passing but she will be long remembered district who elected her with such reg­ very special kind. Long before the wom­ here for there is little doubt that she left ularity. We mourn the loss of this en's liberation movement became pop­ her mark. exceptional woman and outstanding ular, she was leading the fight for wom- Mr. LENT. Mr. Speaker, I rise to join legislator. en's rights. She was the first woman of­ my colleagues in paying tribute to Flor­ Mrs. MEYNER. Mr. Chairman, I ficeholder in New Jersey to serve for 5 ence Dwyer, late a Congresswoman from would like to join my colleagues in pay­ years on the policymaking committee of New Jersey. ing tribute to the memory of Flo Dwyer. the State legislature and the second Those of us who were pl'ivileged to Flo was a personal fl'iend of my hus­ woman to be appointed assistant ma­ work with Florence know of her hard band and I. We will deeply miss her. jority leader in the New Jersey Assembly. work and dedication, not only to the Ma1'"ch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6801 people of New Jersey who she served so Committee, and was the ranking minor­ give Florence Dwyer would be the com­ well, but to the principles and progTess ity member at the time of her retirement pletion of her agenda-to insure equal of American democracy. from the Congress. rights for women. I hope my colleagues I myself was privileged to work with As a Member of Congress, Flo DwYer gathered here today will direct their en­ Flo for all too brief a time on the House demonstrated a genuine concern, not ergies to the attainment of those goals Committee on Banking and CUrrency at only for the people in her district, but of simple justice for women, to which a time when that committee helped to for those throughout the country, and she was committed. forge new policies in the areas of hous­ was particularly active in increasing the ing and finance, which allowed Ameri­ rights of the American consumer. She cans all over the country to fulfill their was highly respected and admired by her GENERAL LEAVE dreams of living in decent homes, in many friends, and was truly dedicated to neighborhood communities providing our Nation and to our system of Govern­ Mr. RINALDO. Mr. Speaker, I ask education, recreation, and the opportu­ ment. unanimous consent that all Members nity for children to grow up knowing the Flo DwYer was able, hard working, and may have five legislative days in which value of family ties. Our Nation owes a loyal, and I am proud to have known and to revise and extend their remarks and great deal to the hard work and dedica­ served with her. to include therein extraneous material tion of Florence DwYer, and I am proud On this occasion, I extend my deepest on the subject of this special order. to be able to stand before this body to­ sympathy to her family. The SPEAKER pro tempore binson-Patman Act, the very able and (The Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 631). not. those problems will surely engulf To this end. the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on both nations :in violence transcending distinguished Chairman of this Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Antitrust, the Robin­ Antitrust, the Robinson-Patman Act, and any to date. son-Patman Act and Related Matters, Related Mat ters of the Committ ee on Small As Mr. Cosgrave noted, violence only Business is :fit·mly committed. It has alreadv begets more violence, but sending more the Honorable HENRY B. GoNZALEZ sub­ held thirteen days of public bearings, which troops to the North, or uttering pious mitted an excellent statement in connec­ began on November 9, 1975, and have con­ hopes that guns will not be shipped to tion with this matter. tinued during January and February of thi: · the North by those interests in the world Because of the current interest of my year. Part I of the printed hearings has just colleagues and the country in this sub­ been issued .and, if I may suggest, a ccpy be community which place profit above all made an exhibit and ret ained by your Com­ else, is not a solution. ject, I ask unanimous consent to have Congressman GoNZALEz's statement re­ mittee for l'eference. The economic stability of the North, The witnesses who appeared before the coupled with vigorously enforced civil printed in the RECORD. Subcommittee included distinguished 1\Iem­ rights legislation protection of the mi­ His statement follows: bers of the Congress of the United States, nority, will as surely erode the impetus to STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE representatives of almost every conceivable HENRY B. GONZALEZ violence in Northern Ireland as it has association of small business firms, distin­ 1\Ir. Chairman and 1\iembers of the Com­ gu!shed la.wyera who ha.ve had a. wealth of eroded the racial violence of our own mittee on Commerce of the United States practical experience with the Robin...c:;on-Pat­ country. Obviously, the forces of violence Senate: man Act and other antitrt.1St laws. will not cease their efforts immediately To come to the other body of the Congress Additionally, the Subcommittee had the such a plan is announced, but it should is indeed a prlvllege and. a pleasure, and. I benefit of hearing testimony from noted be noted that a tenuous cease-fire did sincerely ~ppreciate the opportunity given me economists, as wen ns officials from the March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6809 United Stat es Department of Justice Anti­ chain of distribution, many types of dis­ order that the Members of the Senate and trust Division and the Federal Trade Com­ crimination by a supplier among its com­ the American people know the true views of mission. peting customers may, under certain cir­ the nominees to the Federal Trade Commis­ Among the representatives of various busi­ cumstances, have adverse consequences, the sion. This is especially true because the point nesses, the Subcommittee was informed of net effect of which may be a decline in the of view and the motivation of Commissioners the views of spokesmen for the following competitive health of a particular market. of the Federal Trade Commission and their industries: food, drugs, clothing, home fur­ It is of concern to me that reduced com­ actions have a tremendous impact on the nishings, gasoline and service stations, the petition today may translate into reduced economic well-being of the Nation's 9¥2 mil­ dairy industry, and small business groups. consumer welfare in the future." lion small businessmen, and those of the In the light of the purpose of this hearing The furtherance of public policy through public who are their customers and consum­ by the Senate Committee on Com.tnerce, the strict and full enforcement of the Robinson­ ers and who are entitled to the competition expression of members of the Federal Trade Patman Act and other antitrust statutes is which can be accorded them only through Commission regarding the importance of the the principal means of affording relief to the survival of small business. Robinson-Patman Act is of special signif­ the small entrepreneurs from the ravages of I suggest that perhaps inquiry may also icance in order to determine whether or not price discrimination as practiced by many be made by your Committee of the nominee nominees or appointees for the post of Com­ large corporations and conglomerates, which whether the activities of certain persons in missioner of the FTC agree with them. This have substantial power and wield consider­ the Department of Justice Antitust Division, is all the more true because enforcement of able influence. Enforcement of these laws is in their efforts to repeal or amend the that law is one of the duties and responsi­ also in the interest of consumers, bearing Robinson-Patman Act, may possibly affect bilities of that agency. in mind that everyone must perforce be a such nominees for the important office of On February 2, 1976, Acting Chairman of consumer, whether he be a businessman, FTC Commissioner in their enforcement poli­ the FTC, the Honorable Paul Rand Dixon, laborer, or engaged in any profession. The cies. It is the considered opinion of well­ in testifying before the Ad Hoc Subcommit­ Executive Director of the Consumer Federa­ known antitrust experts that if the Robin­ tee, stated: tion of America, Erma Angevine, at a 1970 son-Patman Act is strictly enforced, it would "I should say at the outset that I believe hearing, testified that the consumer needs prove of tremendous assistance in maintain­ strongly in the purpose of the Robinson­ small business and that the well-being of ing the small business sector of the economy Patman Act, which, broadly stated, I see as consumers is indeed dependent on the eco­ a-s a viable and effective force in our Ameri­ being to provide small businessmen with a nomic well-being of small business. can way of life. I recommend that the Com­ measure of equality of competitive oppor­ It is a fact that small business is intl"i­ mittee obtain a clear idea of the views any tunity. Unchecked, price discrimination can cately related to the quality of life in the nominee to the FTC holds, with regard to the be the economic weapon with which a large United States because it is considered as firm enforcement of the Robinson-Patman multi-market seller can destroy smaller com­ "the backbone of our economy." The in­ Act and the protection of small business in petitors, or deter their entry in particular struction of small business intrinsically dis­ general. market areas. On the secondary, or purchaser tributes power and control more broadly and In conclusion, I wish to thank this Senate level, the granting of favored treatment less helps increase distributional equity in so­ Committee for giving me this opportunity to favored, small business competitors. The ciety. The antitrust laws in general and the share with you some of my thoughts, which Robinson-Patman Act, in my view, was in­ Robinson-Patman Act in particular are have resulted from the investigations of the tended to forestall in their incipiency these vital to making small business a viable Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Antitrust, the sorts of anticompetitive practices which, if factor in American life. Congress created Robinson-Patman Act, and Related Matters left undeterred, would result in the irre­ antitrust weapons and put them in the of the Committee on Small Business of the versible erosion of competition and the de­ hands of the Federal Trade Commission and United States House of Representatives. struction of small business. the Department of Justice to enforce. "Properly enforced, I believe the Robin­ Congress makes the laws and declares the son-Patman Act can contribute to the public will. It is up to the FTC and the IS THE U.N. COMMITTING SUICIDE? worthy purposes for which it was intended." Department of Justice to carry out the Con­ FTC Commissioner Stephen Nye, at our gressional mandates and not to thwart the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a hearing, said in part: intent of Congress by lax efforts ~o enforce previous order of the House, the gentle­ "My principal conclusion as to the effec­ these basic laws. man from Arkansas a second Marshall Plan. Yet the the name has stuck. and Moynihan proved that this could be done E 6811 1n a recent special session when we per­ With nuclear weapons there is the added potential faster than their ability to defend suaded Third World· countries to support hazard of their intentional use for destruc­ against it, their only recourse will be fo1· practical economic plans for development. tive purposes, an ability to destroy life on Russia to strike first before our potential is 4. Continued U.S. support of the U.N.'s earth exponentially greater than any instru­ realized. This makes the "scorpions in the specialized agencies to depend on how sin· mentation previously known to man. Indeed, bottle" situation a fearsome reality. cerely these agencies devote themselves to with nuclear weapons the nuclear powers Somehow, we and the Russians must have their legitimate tasks. The adoption by any hold in their hands the ability to end mod­ or develop more common sense. We must of them of political resolutions violating ern civilization. One would think this dan­ quickly come to the conclusion that use of their charters to result in immediate U.S. ger was so paramount as to be first on the nuclear weapons, at the very least those of withdrawal from such agencies. agenda of every country, on the top <>f the the strategic variety, is suicidal-to say noth­ Where lt still proves impossible to reach list of concerns of every citizen of the world. ing of their production and technological constructive agreement in the United Na­ Oddly, it is not. It seems as if the destructive improvement being a sinful waste of re­ tions in matter involving the economic sur­ power of nuclear weapons is so overwhelm­ sources-and relegate them to the disuse vival of developing countries-and the hun­ ing, that the world has swept concern about; now provided for poison gas and biological ger of their people-the United States should them under a mental rug, 1\S just too awful warfare weaponry. join with other interested nations in estab­ to think and worry about. We must not let It should be our highest priority to con­ lishing independent programs free of emo­ this state continue. clude a treaty with all the nuclear states tional bloc-voting and polarization. The I therefore congratulate you, 1\.Ir. Chair­ to relegate existing strategic (and I think, peace of the world and the welfare of all man, and the members of the Subcommittee tactical) nuclear weapons and their delivery its people-particularly those 40 percent now on International Security and Scientific A!· systems to international control and destruc­ living in conditions that affront human dig­ fairs of the International Relations Commit­ tion, with whatever inspection systems may nity-are far more important than support tee, for holding these hearings so we can help be necessary to assure against their future of any U.N. instrumentalities that promote address the attention of our people-and the production or use anywhere in the world. I conflict rather than conciliation. people of the world-to the steps necessary see this as so overwhelmingly logical from to curb the nuclear terror, under which we the viewpoint of every being on earth, save au now live, from weapons directly as ad­ perhaps the weapons• manufacturers, that BACK FROM THE NUCLEAR BRINK dressed in these hearings, and from pro­ it should be attainable. Adequate effort sim· liferation of nuclear materials which was the ply is not being devoted to this end. (Mr. OTTINGER asked and was given subject of a series of hearings yo·ur subcom­ I propose we pass a sense of Congress Res• permission to extend his remarks at this mittee has just concluded. olution proposing this as the top prlorit}' point in the RECORD and to include ex­ It is an unfortunate truth, today, that objective of our Government. traneous matter.> each of us can look forward to a tomorrow, The objectives proposed with respect to Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I would only by grace of the sanity and restraint of strategic nuclear weapons can only bo like to call my colleagues attention to a those unknown people (how many and who achieved by multilateral agreement includ· series of hearings before the Subcommit­ they are we do not know) who have the pow· ing all nations capable of producing such tee er (regardless of the authority) to unleash weapons and their delivery systems in the on International Secutity and SCien­ the horrors of nuclear war. The number of foreseeable future. tific Affairs, chaired by Congressman people who hold this awesome power of life So far as the Resolution which I and 92 CLEMENT ZABLOCKI, which began yester­ and death grows dally, weekly, yearly, now of my colleagues introduced to declare it our day regarding our policies on the first encompassing citizens in the United States. policy to renounce the first use of nuclear use of nuclear weapons and the adequacy Russia, Chlna, France, England, and India weapons, this Resolution can have no ad· of our safeguards with respect to theft, of whom we know, and perhaps Israel and verse effects, and should not stir much con­ sabotage, seizure, delegation of author­ elsewhere as well. troversy, as applied to strategic weapons. All ity, unauthorized use and command and Let us first address our conscious policy the present states with deliverable strategic and that of the other countries that clearly nuclear weapons capacity, including cur­ control over those weapons. possess deliverable nuclear weapons today. selves, have already foresworn intent to de· 'Ihese hearings are a timely and im­ And let us discuss strategic use of large weap­ liver a pre-emptive first strike attack-and perative investigation into a set of pol­ onsfirst. it is much in our own interest to afti.rm. this icies which threatens the future of mod­ So long as we were the sole possessor of de· intent by Act of Congress (though Secretary ern investigation and I believe borders liverable nuclear weapons, there wa.s some Schlesinger unfortunately cast some doubts on insanity. logic, awful as it might be, to threaten first on the firmness of our "no iirst strike" policy Yesterday I had the opportunity to ex­ use the these weapons to deter any other in his July 1st press conference) . press my concerns before Congressman nation from going to war against us or those There are other aspects to strategic nuclear whom we perceived to be our allies. The de­ weapons policy into which this committee ZABLOCKI's subcommittee and would like terrent was then effective, regardless of its should delve deeply besides the questions of to bring my comments to the attention morality. Unfortunately, far too much of our conscious use and the "scorpion-in-the­ of the House. My testimony follows: nuclear weapons policy is still held over from bottle" dilemma described above. These BACK FROM THE NUCLEAR BRINX the days when we were the sole nuclear questions appear to make it even more urgent (Testimony of Hon. RICHARD L. O'rriNGER, power. to conclude the kind of treaty I ha\Te before the Subcommittee on International Today, our use of strategic weapons against suggested. ' Security and Scientific Affairs, March 16, another nuclear power which has the ability First, who has the authority to launch a 1976) to retalia.te in kind-so far as we know, Rus· strategic nuclear attack today? Is it just The atom has gotten out of hand. Nuclear sia is the only country with that capabllity­ the President in this country, as the Ameri· technology has simply raced ahead, faster invites our own destruction. We and the can people have been led to believe? Or bas than man's ability to harness its use safely Russians have managed a balance of strate­ the aut!lority been delegated, and, if so, to and for the benefit of mankind. Controlling gic nuclear terror in our mutu..,al a.bllity to how many commanders? Does the authority the atom is a matter of survival. Our number survive a first strike attack sufficiently to rest with just one man in each state? Are one priority must be to lead the world to permit us to destroy the other With. a sec­ the procedures for informing him accurate nuclear safety by example and persuasion. ond strike. It is under this joyful security and adequate to guard against error? Are Whether 1t is the question of use of nu­ blanket that we are able to sleep and dream the commUnications sYStems ·adequate under clear weaponry which presently has us on the sweet dreams each night. From the point of all conceivable circumstances to prevent his threshold of the ultimate in brinkmanship, view of a man from Mars, thts has to be sheer setting oft' Armageddon by accident? What or the proliferation of nuclear materi&.ls and insanity-:;-yet for us on earth today, it is happens 1f he becomes incapacitated or in· devices from which nuclear weapons can be the grim reality. competent? And if the authority is delegated made, or the use of the atom for pOWer gen• But this is not enough for eithe1· party! to others than the Chief of State, as I have eration with its unsolved problems of mining Each is striving with incredible resources to been told is the case in this country, though and plant safety, fuel enrichment and re· cut holes in the security blanket of the other, I cannot verify it absolutely, then what is cycling dangers, low level radiation and to produce more bombs of greater destruc· the adequacy of the protections against those waste disposal, lt is clear that our failure tiveness and greater accuracy which would to whom the power is delegated actilig by to be able to anticipate the many areas of permit a pre-emptive first strike, despite error or becoming disabled from acting re­ human ignorance and human failure attend· pious foreswearing of such an objective by sponsibly by reason of incapacitY or incom· ing tii.e u8e of highly dangerous and toxic each. Secretary Schlesinger's announcement petency? What protection is there against nuclear materials poses fearful hazards that in 1974 that we would start developing stra­ an insecure Chief of State threatening to must be curbed. While we address ourselves tegic weapons of such accuracy that we start or starting a nuclear war to protect here primarily to weapons, we cannot pro­ could hlt Soviet military targets only, a himself against being ousted, a.S reportedly ceed without an awareness that all the uses seemingly humane objective, created the po­ President Richard M. Nixon speCulated aloud. of atomic science are Inter-related ln their tential for us to destroy the Russian second during our Watergate crisis, hop.efully in problems of control, their exposure to theft strike capability. Our pursuit of strategic jest? · snd sabotage and the safe disposal and con­ "cruise missiles" accentuates this potentiaL Next, regardless of authorized :nse, ·bow trol of their radioactive residues. If the Russian;; think we are developing this many people ha"e tile power to use strategic c:x;xii--431-Part 6 6812 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 17, 1976 nuclear weapons without authority? Do Let's take the most compelling case, that terrent and, in the event of deterrent failure, Army, Navy or Air Force personnel charged of Europe. Let's assume an overwhelming at least would not be obliterating. with strategic weapons responsibility have Russian conventional attack that threatens The ideal scenario for ridding om·sel ves of the power alone or with others to use these the rapid capitulation of West Germany and the fallacies and dangers of tactical nuclear weapons without authority? And, how effec• France. It is impossible !or me to conceive weapons deployment would be to inform the tive are the safeguards? that our Generals would fire a tactical nu­ Russians that we have decided that tactical Next, how effective are the safeguards clear weapon, knowing as they do that the nuclear weapons' use would be mutually against theft or sabotage of these weapons Russians have the capability of responding suicidal and that we therefore intend to build here, in foreign countries where they have with either a tactical or strategic reply. Our up our conventional forces and those of our been placed, and at sea? What are the safe• Generals would almost certainly not advise allies to the point at which they can meet guards in the event of a quick-strike conven­ such a risk, but would rather urge upon our the present Russian threat unless the Rus­ tional war? What are the safeguards in the President to risk the advantages of a stra­ sians agree to reduce their conventional event of a revolution in the foreign countries tegic first strike for fear that the Russians forces concomitantly. Fm'ther, we must si­ where they are deployed? otherwise would do so first. I don't think multaneously embark upon negotiations with And lastly, what is the security situation we'd ever take the risk of using tactical the Russians and the other nuclear nations in the other strategic nuclear weapons coun­ weapons. to gradually withdraw and arrange for the tries in all these respects? In Korea or elsewhere, the same logic would destruction of all nuclear weapons, under From classified material I have seen, as apply, but the time frame might be a little adequate int~rnational control and inspec­ well as from unclassified briefings I have longer since there is no evidence that the tion, as conventional forces are equalized. received from former high-ranking Defense North Koreans, Russians or Chinese have Again, I think that my Resolution calling Department personnel, which I hope this tactical nuclear weapons positioned there. upon the United States to renounce a policy Committee will take the time and trouble Furthermore, in the Korea-type situation of first use of nuclear weapons is a construc­ to explore thoroughly, I have every reason especially, use of tactical nuclear weapons tive step towards achieving these goals, to believe that the protections are inadequate would destroy the "firebreak" between nu­ though I would not want to see it imple­ against catastrophe by way of theft, sabotage, clear and conventional weapons which has mented unilaterally until we had adequate unclear and over-extensive delegation of been a forebearance against nuclear weapons U.S. and allied conventional forces in place authority, incompetence, or incapacity of use by any country since our use of them in to deter, and deal with, if necessary, any authorized personnel, unauthorized use, Japan, some thirty years ago now! Once the Soviet conventional attack. weakness of communications and command use of nuclear weapons, no matter how There are intermediate steps that should and control. If this is so, the reasons for "tiny", becomes accepted, there will be no be considered with respect to use of tactical placing the highest priority on curbing the stopping their future use in limited wars, nuclear weapons. We should consider care­ use of strategic nuclear weapons becomes each time risking ultimate destruction by fully the advisability of requiring Congres­ all the more overwhelming. whatever party to a nuclear exchange is sional participation in any decision to make Let us now turn to tactical weapons. The getting the worst of it. We should actually first use of nuclear weapons until such time situation with respect to safeguards against remove all our tactical nuclear weapons im­ as an international agreement can be theft, sabotage, seizure, dangerous delega­ mediately from all countries not facing a nu­ reached. . We should consider bringing back tion of authority, unauthorized use, inca­ clear threat and adopt the Aspin Resolution all or most of our nuclear weapons to the pacity or incompetence of those authorized, renouncing first use of nuclear weapons United States during the transition period. and ineffective communications, command against any country not possessing nuclear In the event of any enemy conventional at­ and control is many times worse with tacti­ weapons, as an absolute minimum. tack of a scale such as to provoke considera· cal than with strategic weapons-and we My conclusion, therefore, is that tactical tion of nuclear weapons• use, there would should bear in mind that the differentia­ nuclear weapons are virtually as suicidal and certainly be plenty of advance warning. Any tion between tactical and strategic weapons unthinkable as strategic weapons, and must enemy would have to massively mobilize today is mostly a matter of mission-many also be relegated to the same status of inter­ troops and transportation to launch an at­ weapons classified as tactical have destruc­ national disuse as poison gas and biological tack of this scale. tive power many times that of the bombs we weaponry. In other words, if our leadership There is good reason, therefore, to deter­ dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki! On is sane and wants the world to survive, we mine that the frightful decision on first these questions it is vital that the Subcom­ won't risk using tactical nuclear weapons. using nuclear weapons, which could well mittee familiarize itself with the thorough, The credibility of these weapons as a deter­ lead to universal strategic nuclear destruc­ classified study prepared by the House Ap­ rent, therefore, must be called into serious tion, should not be in the hands of one propriations Committee. doubt, and their actual utility in the event man alone (or certainly not in the hands Let's pass these questions for the moment, the deterrent fails, is a self-destructive of those who may have been delegated such assuming for the sake of the present con­ nullity. power), but should be shared by a commit­ sideration, that there is no dispute about What this means is that by our present tee or all of Congress. Such a solution has the necessity to maintain all nuclear weap­ nuclear weapons policies we have deluded been proposed by Senator Alan Cranston of ons under complete security and control, ourselves and our allies into a false sense of California. subject only to the same decision of the security, permitting our conventional defense I would like to point out, however, the Chief of State-and that there exist reason­ forces to deteriorate to a point where resort reservations expressed on this solution by able safeguards, despite all foreseeable fail­ to self-destructive nuclear weapons becomes my good friend from Ohio, Mr. Sieberling, ures of equipment and incidence of human a virtual imperative in the event of a con• that such a measure would allow the Presi­ error-assumptions I find difficult to ac­ ventional Russian attack. dent to escape the terrible responsibility of cept-but, nevertheless, let's pass over them To address the psychological implications making the nuclear decision himself. Mr. to conscious policy on use of tactical nuclear of a change in our nuclear weapons policy. Sieberling feels that a group might well find weapons. particularly in Em·ope, it will be necessary. it easier to make the nuclear decision, and There are two rationales I have heard for first to educate our allies with respect to the prefers, instead, a requirement that the our deployment of tactical nuclear weapons: fallacy of our existing posture in a world in President consult first with designated Con­ first, that they serve as a deterrent to con­ which we no longer "enjoy" nuclear domi­ gressional leaders or Committees, keeping ventional attack, tactical nuclear attack, or nance. Second, we will have to build up our the responsibility for the decision on his attack with chemical or biological weapons; and their conventional forces to a point shoulders. second, that they give us a greater 1·ange of where use of nuclear weapons will become I like less the intermediate proposal of my options in the event of actual warfare to unnecessary. This represents a major policy good friend from New York, Mr. Bingham, react in a way short of admittedly suicidal departure for me, but I view the nuclear for whom I have enormous respect. He pro­ strategic warfare. There is also a psychologi­ weapons' threat as so great that I am pre­ poses a unilateral :renunciation of a strate­ cal factor cited, namely that our allies would pared to lead an effort to build up our con­ gic first strike only. While I understand his not believe we would use our nuclear power ventional forces to permit nuclear weapons overriding concern about preventing insofar to defend them if tactical nuclear weapons withdrawal. as possible a certainly suicidal strategic ex­ were not deployed on their soil-and there­ I gravely doubt that the average citizens change through any miscalculation by the fore, if we withdraw them, they would feel of Europe have really faced up to the con­ Russians of our intents, I am bothered by compelled to produce their own tactical sequences of a Russian conventional attack the reverse implementations of such a res­ weapons weakening both our control over compelling NATO to respond with tactical olution, implicitly threatening tactical first the nuclear situation and the cohesiveness nuclear weapons, for it would mean that use of nuclear weapons. of our alliances. Europe would be the theatre of a nuclear Finally, returning to my original thesis, These arguments seem to me to be insup­ exchange that would certainly destroy it uo international agreement on removlng nu­ portable, for I find it impossible to conceive completely. It is high time the citizens of clear terror from the world scene can be ef­ of a tactical nuclear exchange not accelerat­ Europe were made to consider these conse­ fective if it is confined to weapons alone. It ing into aU-out suicidal strategic nuclear quences, and if they were made aware of must include adequate international control warfare. Indeed, I find it hard to conceive of them, I am sure they would opt for a con­ and inspection of all the materials and de­ our actually using tactical nuclear weapons ventional alternative which, while terribly vices from which nuclear weapons can be at all. destructive, would offer a more credible de· made. If we are to continue with nuclear March 17, 1976 CO GRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE 6813 power production world-wide, it milltates ineffective tax subsidies, and taxing capi­ ness is still 7.B per cent. And this figure does for regional international possession and tal gains at death-while increasing the not include an additional. one million workers control of all nuclear enrichment and reproc­ who have given up looking for work, and tax exemption on small estates from therefore who are not counted, nor does it essing as a minimum-with the strongest $60,000 to $100,000. What we have done conceivable safe-zuards against theft, seizure, include an estlma.ted 3.7 million more work­ or sabotage at every step of the nuclear cycle. is to utilize eight existing or pending ers who want and need to work full-time I greatly appreciate your patience in hear­ programs which could create additional but who are forced to work part-time. The ing me out for such a long statement, and employment opportunities, rather than true level of unemployment at the present for your consideration of these crucial is­ suggesting programs which would have time would be in the neighborhood of 11.5 sues. Unfortunately, the Joint Atomic En­ to inch their way through the often per cent--or approximately one out of every ergy Committee and the executive agencies lengthy and laborious legislative proc­ nine workers. dealing with these matters have become too The euphoria generated by recent signs ess. of economic recovery should not make us much fascinated with the atom, and too It is our belief that the power of the much the advocates of its use, to deal effec­ complacent about what essentially remains tively with these questions. It is essential Federal budget must be fully exercised an unemployment crisis. Five recessions mark that this Committee, with its broad interna­ in order to deal with the employment the post-World War Two period, and each tional relations and security mandate, con­ deficit in a planned and systematic subsequent recession has left us with higher­ duct an independent investigation of these manner, utilizing the powers and plan­ level unemployment than the last and a re­ matters and provide this country and the ning systems establlshed under the Con­ vision downward of officially-designated "full world with an impartial assessment of our gressional Budget and Impoundment employment," which only serves to conceal nuclear policies-which I think presently Control Act ot 1974. further the human and social toll. border on the insane. For substantial numbers of Americans, job­ I submit herewith for inclusion in the lessness has become the normal condition of RECORD the text of the statement which life and employment, the exception. We Congressman CoNYER~ and I presented have created, in fact, a permanent under­ THE CONYERS-OTTINGER FULL EM­ to the House Budget Committee this class who live at the margin of society and, PLOYMENT BUDGET PROPOSAL morning: being unasslmllated into the traditions, cus­ toms, and laws we take for granted, are also w out of work but all who will be well as to the social health of the Nation. and long-term budget planning, based on an entering the labor market in the coming Last month the very able chairman accounting of the effects of social and eco­ years. In the past 15 years, because of the of the Budget Committee, BROCK .ADAMS, nomic change on the quality of life and on post-war baby boom. the number of teen­ offered for consideration a very compre­ a determination of the nation's future needs agers in the labor force has increased from hensive and well-developed budget pro­ and priorities. As Yale economics professol' 4.8 million to 8.8 milllon. And we haven't J'ames Tobin has observed, the new budget been able to find all of them jobs. During gram which targeted various areas of procedure "ls an Important step not only 5 the next five years. according to Chase Econ­ economic growth over the next years toward fiscal .responsiblll~ but also toward will ometrics. we can expect at least nine milllon which have to be met if the country implementing the commitment of the Em­ new members in the job market but at the is to realize the goals of full employ­ ployment Act [of 1946] that Federal Polley present rate of economic growth the creation ment and maximum production en­ should seek to achieve the Act's objectives, of only five and a half mlillon new ]obs. visioned by the Employment Act of 1946. •maximum employment, production, and Business Week estimates that 12 million jobs Representative CoNYERS and I built upon purchasing power.' " are needed in the next five years, that job the excellent foundation laid by Chair­ We are at a particularly critical juncture growth must almost double. And we have man .ADAMs in developing a more accel­ this year. The recommendations of this seen estimates that as many as half of the erated jobs-creation program which panel-and the process by which the Budget jobs that now exist won't exist in 20 years. Act functions-will be severely tested in the Where is the planning for new jobs, for would create 1 million jobs in each coming weeks. Public confidence in both the training workers in the new technologies of the next 2 nscal years and a total of economic and political systems is at its lowest and new skills, for meeti.ng the expanding over 3.5 million jobs after 4 years, in point since World War Two. Consider also and ch~ing needs for goods and services? such essential areas as housing construc­ that this year is the first in a great many in However bad things are, we always man­ tion, railroad improvement, mass transit which this nation has not been at war or age to assure ourselves that the business system construction and public service involved in extricating itself from milltary cycle-being a cycle-will eventually correct employment at a net cost of $11.3 billion. action overseas. During these many years itself and create all the jobs that are considerable changes have occurred in the needed. But there are disturbing trends in The proposal calls for putting first economy and society, and pressing problems production and employment in the private priority on job creation in the private have been allowed to accumulate and fester. sector that we must consider if we are to sector, generating as many jobs as pos­ The challenge in the coming years is whether provide all the jobs Americans want. Manu­ sible with such measures as the employ­ or not we as a people and government can facturing is playing a diminishing role in ment tax credit, with jobs provided by redirect our energies and commitments to the economy. Technology is displacing work­ the Government to the extent necessary solving problems at home, in particular pro­ ers. For example, employment in the steel to close the private employment deficit. viding useful employment at fair rates of industry dropped 15 per cent between 1960 This is the basic thesis underlying the compensation for each and every American and 1974, while output rose 47 per cent. who wants to work. The construction industry has been espe­ very commendable and highly desirable Over three decades ago Americans were cially hard hit. As of January 1976, 652,000 program developed by Congressman eucouraged by President Franklin D. Roose­ construction workers were unemployed, a and Senator HUBERT velt's declaration that every American who 16 per cent unemployment rate, and in cer­ HUMPHREY in their Full Employment was able and willing to work had the right tain sectors of the construction industry a and Balanced Growth Act of 1976-leg­ to a job. Tragically, the g0al envisioned in jobless rate that has soared to almost 80 islation of which both of us are cospon­ FDR's Economic Bill of Rights of 1944 not per cent. A recent HUD report gives one re-a­ sors and fully endorse. only has never been achieved, but ha.~ been son for this inability of the construction consistently avoided. At no time has the industry to generate more jobs-85 per cent The Conyers-Ottinger program would objective of full employment been the pri­ oi America's families earn incomes under be paid for fu·st through increased tax mary goal of any national administration $23,000, the income lev.el needed to be able receipts from those for whom employ­ of their political party. . to acquire an average home. ment is provided, and second through re­ Though unemployment eased during the In the light of these facts, it is essential form or elimination of inequitable and last; t·wo months. the official rate of jobless- tha"t the Congress take positive and bold 6814 CONGRESSIONAL ~ RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 steps to fill the unemployment gap and proximately $1.5 billion for FY 1977 to be Ill a similar fashion, the proposed counter­ create urgently needed employment oppor­ spent from FY 1976 supplemental appropria­ cyclical assistance program to financially tunities. We believe the Federal Budget is tions to CETA Title n. Such funds would pressed state and local governments is es­ the only vehicle that can come to grips with sustain a level of 330,000 jobs unt_n next sential to support, directly and indirect ly, the principal malady of our time--the in­ January, at which point the program would public service employment. A maximum of ability of the American economy up to now be phased down until its termination by Sep­ 100,000 jobs would be created in the first to generate all the jobs that the American tember 30, 1977. Our proposal assumes that year (FY 77) under an outlay of $1 billion. people want and require. with new House-passed Title VI authority, This program would be gradually reduced The distinguished and able chairman of the current job level would be raised to 600,- and would be eventually phased out by fiscal this Committee certainly recognizes this fact 000 in FY 1976 and maintained at that level year 1980. as evidenced by his comprehensive and through FY 1978, with a slow phasedown of Finally, we should take a long, hard l.ook thought-provoking budget plan which out­ public service jobs to an average level of at the housing and construction industry lines the key targets of economic growth 260,000 jobs in FY 1980. situation. At a level of $5 billion annually, over the next :five years that will have to S. 1730, the Senate-passed Emergency Rail some 100,000 direct jobs in the severely de­ be met 1! we are to realize the goals of full Transportation Improvement and Employ­ pressed construction industry would be employment and production. The Full Em­ ment Act of 1975 provides for public services realized, plus additional o1f-site and sup­ ployment and Balanced Growth Act of 1976, jobs to improve roadbeds and associated fa­ porting jobs. In order to simply maintain which was introduced last week by Con­ cilities. This measure calls for an annual an inventory and to accommodate growth, gressman Augustus Hawkins and Senator appropriation of $700 million, generating from to 2 to 2.2 million housing units are is another indispensable 30,000 jobs each year. required annually. Add to this the necessity conceptual framework for achieving these The Conyers-Ottinger proposal would ac­ to replace the several hundred thousand oc­ goals over the long-run. We all recognize celerate the work to be conducted under cupied substandard units and the average that the private sector will remain the em­ the Northeast Corridor Rail Program and en­ annual requirement rises to a range of 2.4 ployer of the overwhelming majority of the visions work on a 150 mph level of service, to 2.6 million housing units. The tragic fact American people. The primary objective rather than the 120 mph presently man­ is that total production of new housing in should be to assist the private sector in gen­ dated. Beginning with an investment of 1974 was in the range of 1.4 million units erating as many employment possibilities as $200 million in FY 77, the program would and, in 1975, this figure fell to a level of possible. Measures such as the employment generate 4,000 jobs, particularly in the heav­ approximately 1.2 million units. Thus, there tax credit must be enacted that mobilize the ily-depressed urban areas of the Northeast. is currently a deficit of an estimated 1.2 to full resources of business and industry to With an eventual annual funding level of 1.4 million housing units. create the jobs we need. But we also realize $150 million, 8,000 jobs would be sustained Not included wit hin the parameters rJf our that jobless Americans need employment in fiscal years 1979 and 1980. original calculations but, nonetheless wort hy now, and in the near future, and that it will Substantial employment would be gen­ of careful consideration, is action to revive remain the continuing responsibility of gov­ erated under an accelerated urban mass the manner in which our housing programs ernment at all levels to do what it can to transit program. Additional contract author­ are conducted. We believe that the Sectioll close the jobs deficit. ity would be provided immediately in order 8 program under the 1974 Housing Act has Building upon what Chairman Adams has that UMTA can make several project ap­ been a complete disaster and it has neither so ably presented in recent weeks, we now provals on new construction starts for rapid provided the housing which is in such short propose a program which could create over transit lines in various cities. The program supply nor the construction jobs which are one milllon additional jobs in both 1977 and would peak in FY 1979 with an expenditure now so scarce. Rather, we recommend that 1978, and reduce unemployment to a level of $2.4 billion and 96,000 jobs. steps be taken to continue and revitalize the of approximately 3.9 per cent by 1980. We Title X of the Public Works and Economic Section 235 and 236 housing programs of the by no means envison this proposal as a Development Act authorized the Economic Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. panacea but simply as a workable alterna­ Development Administration to fund either Over 900,000 jobs could be created under a tive to the meaningless recommendations of the Federal or the local shares of highly strengthened 235 program which would sup­ the administration and the thoughtful pres­ labor-intensive projects which can be initi­ port 500,000 housing units each year at a entation of the chairman and others in the ated quickly and substantially completed cost of $.5 billion, assuming a five per cent Congress. within one year. At the end of FY 75, EDA rate. An additional 87,000 construction jobs Developed with the assistance of the very had allocated $125 million, with another $375 would be generated under a 236 program capable sta1f of the House Budget Commit­ million being allocated the second quarter which would support 100,000 units annually. tee--particularly Mrs. Nancy Teeters--our of FY 76. The average project funded was 75 Thus, under a new and more dynamic 2351 recommendation suggests utilizing eight per cent labor cost and the average job cost 236 program, an estimated 600,000 housing existing or pending programs, rather than is estimated at $10,000. The maximum out­ units-200,000 units more than had been creating any new ones. The Congressional lay would occur in FY 78 at a level of $375 built at the height of the 235/236 program Budget Office has suggested that of all the million, resulting in 88,000 jobs. a couple of years ago--would be constructed types of jobs creation programs considering Reflecting a complete disdain for the and almost one million more Americans cost, start-up time, and potential impact plight of unemployed Americans, Gerald employed. The cost would be reasonable and on inflation, public service employment, such Ford vetoed the accelerated public works the gains tremendous and certainly worth as already exists under the CETA program, program. Action to revive this program must the investment. proves to be the least costly, the fastest to be taken as a minimum of 190,000 jobs­ The following chart more fully describes launch, and has the least inflationary impact with a $2.5 billion budget authority ill FY the breadth of the program we are proposing, on the economy. 77 and an outlay of $1 billion-could be the costs of each segment and the number The administration's budget calls for ap- realized in the first year. of jobs to be generated.

Millions of dollars Thousands of jobs 1 In 1977 In 1977 budget 1977 1978 1979 1980 budget 1977 1978 1979 1980

CETA II (500) ______------_ $15, 000 ______------______------______------______. ___ . ______. _. _. ___ _ CETA Vl(500l------+ $5, 000 +$5, 000 + $4, 000 + $3, 000 128 600 600 480 360 Railroad assistance [4001 ------0 +700 +700 +700 + 700 ------30 30 30 30 Northeast rail [4001------125 +200 + 300 +150 +150 ------4 6 3 3 Mass transit (4001 ------1, 700 +500 + 2, 300 + 2. 400 + 1, 400 ------·------20 92 96 56 Job opportumties (5001 ------0 +250 +375 +290 + 140 ------·--- 25 38 29 14 Accelerated public works [3001 ------0 + 1, 000 + 1, 800 + I, 800 +1, 200 ------190 154 115 40 Counter-cyclical revenue (8501------0 +1, 000 + 625 +125 0 ------100 63 13 0 Housing (tandem GNMA)______[3, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] ------60 100 100 100 Total, outlaysjjobs______3, 325 +8, 650 + 11, 200 + 9,200 + 6, 590 ----·------­ 1, 029 1, 083 866 603 Total credit______3, 000 + 5,000 +S, 000 +5, 000 +5, 000

1 4-yr total = 3,500,000 jobs The gross cost of this jobs creation pro­ We propose that the Committee take a hard ineffective tax. subsidies that have long been gram ts estimated by the staff of the House look at Federal subsidies, many of which a target for abolition among leading tax re­ Budget Committee to be about $36 b1llion are grossly inequitable and have failed to formers and students of the tax system. for creatillg roughly 3,581,000 jobs. But the achieve the policy aims for which they were The present system of not taxing assets net cost, taking into accoullt the additional established. It is estimated that tax expendi­ that are passed from one generation to an­ revenues generated by these additional jobs tures in FY 1977 Will be $106 billion and other is highly inequitable. People with stnall and income as well as the social costs that that they will grow to $148.2 billion by FY or moderate wealth are forced to sell capital are eliminated, comes to $11.3 billion. 1981, a growth of nearly 40 per cent. assets during their lifetimes, and they have A valid question to be raised is the man­ Our proposal is to reform or eliminate to pay taxes on realized assets. On the other ner in which this program is to be financed. some of the most glaringly inequitable and hand, people of means don't have to sell their March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6815 assets and therefore can pass them along to Force on National Security of the House (1) Delete all funds for the B-1 Bomber their heirs tax free. Existing legislation, the Budget Committee concerning the production. This would yield a savings of Tax Justice Act of 1975, proposes to tax the $1,049 million in FY77. strategic weapons portion of the Defense ( 2) Stop all funding of the MX Missile Pro­ owner of accumulated ga.in before the trans. Department budget. I have since had fer of assets. Taxing capital assets at death gram in R&D ($84 million), high-accuracy would yield $2.4 billion a year. numerous requests from Members of N8-20 Guidance systems ($38.3 million), and At the same time we believe that to make Congress and others for copies of my bigger MK12A Warheads ($36.9 million). All estate taxes more equitable we should raise prepared statement which was submitted of this will save $159.2 million in FY77. the present exemption from $60,000 to $100,· at that hearing. Accordingly, I am offer­ (3) Delete all funds for further Trident 0000, at a cost of about $1 billion in lost ing a copy of my statement for printing submarines. This would save $1114.5 million Federal revenue. in the RECORD following these remarks. in production funds and $75.3 million on Tri­ we believe that the deferral of taxes on dent submarine development funds. The The Department of Defense is asking total savings in FY77 would be $1189.80 mil· incomes earned abroad by corporations for a 29-percent increase in spending for should be eliminated. It tends to encourage lions in FY77. the export of investment and therefore the strategic weapons, from $7.3 billion in (4) Delete all funds for the Sea-Launched reduction of jobs creation at home. Ellmi· :f!scal year 1976 to $9.4 billion in fiscal Cruise Missile (SLCM), including funds for nation of this deferral would yield about year 1977. Ninety-five percent of this testing. This will save $369.2 million in FY77. $630 million per year to the Treasury. increase results from recommendations Altogether, with no loss of security, the The minimum tax on individuals can be for procurement of the B-1 bomber, Tri­ U.S. strategic force budget can be cut by strengthened and the measm·e passed by the dent submarine, and Trident missiles, $2,767.2 millions of dollars in FY77. There House last fall makes important strides in are good reasons for this as an examination The rest is accounted for by R. & D. in­ of some key questions concerning strategic this direction. The minimum tax rate was creases in "counterforce" technology and raised from 10 per cent to 14 per cent and forces will show. the exemption was reduced from $30,000 to cruise missile development. The foremost responsib1llty of the U.S. $20,000. Revenues from the minimum tax a1·e While I think w.e must maintain a armed forces and the Department of Defense expected to increase from over $700 million strong and secure strategic deterrent is the deterrence of nuclear war. Our stra­ annually in 1976 to over $1 billion by 1981. force until such time as a scheme of tegic forces must be kept strong enough that These are modest proposals for tax ex­ mutual and general disarmament has no rational adversary could launch a sur­ penditure reform. The additional revenue been negotiated and implemented, there prise attack upon the United States and hope to escape overwhelming devastation in generated as a result of these recommenda­ are serious questions as to whether these tions would more than pay for the net return from U.S. strategic forces. These forces cost of the jobs program we are proposing. expanded programs are necessary or must have the capability of absorbing a nu­ Whatever the jobs creation program settled justified. In fact, some of them appear clear first strike from either the Soviet Union upon, we believe that one essential element to be counterproductive as a deterrent to or some other antagonist and still retain the must be economic planning. The Congress nuclear attack. capability of infiicting unacceptable dam­ must consider those areas of the public As of mid-1976, the United States is age in retaliation upon the cities, factories, sector that most require resource develop­ expected to have some 8,900 separate transportation centers, and military bases ment, those areas of the country that are strategic nuclear weapons, compared and units of the aggressor country. most in need of economic growth, and those with approximately 3,500 possessed by For three decades, the United States has groups in the population that have been out had a secure strategic deterrent force. It still of work the longest and that most lack jobs the Soviet Union. Stated in other terms, does. As of mid-1976, the United States will skills. New types of employment must be de­ the United States maintains some 40 have some 8900 separate strategic nuclear veloped, as well as alternative job-creation strategic nuclear weapons per SOviet city weapons capable each of devastating targets structures, including public enterprises. of over 100,000 persons and the Soviet in any aggressor country. These 8900 strate­ Finally, we believe that in order to drive Union maintains some 17 per American gic nuclear weapons (bombs and misslle war­ home the devastating impact of unemploy­ city of over 100,000. In fact, the amount heads) are carried by a so-called TRIAD or ment and to mobilize opinion behind a full of nuclear overkill possessed by both the nuclear delivery vehicles. These include 1054 employment policy, the Congressional Budget United States and SOviet Union is so intercontinental ballistic missiles, 656 sea­ Act should be amended to provide for an launched ballistic missiles and 41 ballistic huge, and the economic savings from a missile submarines, and nearly 500 continen­ annual audit of the quality of life in Ameri­ reduction by both sides would so great, ca, of the social and psychological state of be tal strategic bombers. Beyond this awesome the American people. Such an annual report that the negotiation of such a 1·eduction force exists a fourth nuclear force which con­ would parallel the annual report on the should be a prime goal of our foreign tains many "tactical" fighter bombers capa­ state of the economy. Much has been written policy. In the meantime, strategic deter­ ble of attacking the Soviet Union, Eastern and spoken about the individual and social rent policy decisions, and related budget Europe, and the People's Republic of China, costs of unemployment and of the economic decisions, must revolve around the ques­ should an attack come from these sources. disorder in general. What is needed now is a tion of how to maintain effective deter­ In the debate over the kind of strategic more systematic accounting of the impact of rents at a reasonable cost and without forces to develop and maintain, there has economic conditions on individuals and on been controversy over several key issues. society, and the development of statistical undermining efforts to bring the strate­ These issues and some of the differing an­ indicators that adequately measure this im­ gic arms race under control. swers are outlined below: pact. In my prepared statement, I suggested Let us reView each of these questions in Mr. Chairman, we do not presume to have that, with no loss of security, the U.S. turn. The first is: all the answers. We firmly believe, however, strategic force budget for fiscal year 1977 1. How can changes in U.S. foreign policy that this nation cannot afford a budget that could be cut by $2.77 billion. The details effect changes in U.S. strategic forces? simply maintains the status quo and which in support of this conclusion are set forth The need for a strategic deterrent is not tolerates horrendous levels of unemployment, in the statement, which follows: particularly sensitive to changes in the for­ so detrimental to our national well-being. AN ALTERNATIVE LOOK AT U.S. SPENDING ON eign policy of the United States. If the u .s . We must learn the lessons of the past and adopted the role of a world policeman ex­ take meaningful initiatives to effectively re­ STRATEGIC FORGES IN FISCAL YEAR 1977 (By Representative JOHN F. SEIBERLING) tending its nuclear umbrella to even more solve the problems facing our country. The countries than is now the case, it is possible, Federal Budget is the instrument by which SPENDING FOR STRATEGIC FORCES, FiscAL but by no means probable, that it would c' Amer!can values are tested and, hopefully, YEAR 1977 cide to bulld and deploy a larger nuclear realized. We respectfully urge that our rec­ 'l'he Department of Defense is asking for a force. The one already in place is so aweso: ommendations be given careful considera­ 29 % increase in spending for strategic weap­ that it ought to protect any ally from attack tion as you formulate new budgetary priori­ ons from $7.3 billion in FY 76 to $9.4 billion if potential aggressors were reasonably sure ties in the days and weeks ahead. in FY77. 95% of this increase results from the U.S. would indeed come to the aid of recommendations for procurement of the the additional allies taken in under the um­ B-1 bomber, Trident submarine, and Trident brella. If the U.S. adopted a more modest AN ALTERNATIVE LOOK AT U.S. missiles. The remainder is accounted for by stance in the world such as moving to im­ SPENDING ON STRATEGIC Research and Development increases in the plement a pullback from mainland Asia and area of "counterforce" technology and crUise FORCES IN FISCAL YEAR 1977 a continued emphasis on defense and dete~·­ missile development. These expanded pro­ rence in Europe, it would still need a strong dessa, Minsk, Donetsk, also, it is argued, avoids the barbarism in­ of sea-launched missiles, or ABM defense Riga, Warsaw, Prague, Budapest, Kuybychev, herent in a decision to destroy mi111ons of around the more vulnerable ICBMs. This Volgograd, Sevastopol, Tashkent, and Baku if persons living in Soviet cities who would would have disasterous consequences for it attacked the United States, it would never be the innocent victims of their leader's SALT and would incite another round of take the risk. aggression and of American retaliation. strategic arms building in both camps. The Similarly it might be argued that the U.S. Most strategists who believe that a nuclear ultimate result would be more billions of dol­ would never launch such an attack on the deterrent force is a necessary evil in a hostile lars for more strategic weapons with no per­ Soviets (even if we were Inclined to take on world where others also possess such forces ceptible gain in national security. Thus, the an aggressive role, which we are not) 1! we will agree that the President should have high-accuracy new technologies asked for would lose New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, the option of not pushing all the buttons by the Pentagon such as the terminal MARV Dallas, St. Louis, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, in such a wartime situation. What many in weapons, the MX missiles system, the high­ Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cin­ the debate over counterforce weapons have er-yield MK12A warhead, and the high-ac­ cinnati, and Miami in the process. long ignored is the fact that the U.S. Presi­ curacy long range cruise missile may all be dent has long had the capabllity to send The United States and Soviet forces have counterproductive to the United States if de­ off small groups of bombers and/or missiles veloped. Billions of dollars may buy more long since amassed strategic weapons be­ against isolated military targets in the So­ yond what is needed for minimal deterrence. insecurity than security if invested in such viet Union, Eastern Europe, or China. SUch systems. Calculations done in the Pentagon in the selective countertorce capabilities have long 1960s indicated that as few as 400 one-mega­ been part of the U.S. strategic forces and 3. Do we need to match or exceed Soviet ton nuclear weapons exnloded on targets in would be available in a. war or a crisis. strategic forces? the Soviet Union could inflict, 60 million Since decision-makers act on perceptions deaths and would destroy at least 75% of Where :Mr. Schlesinger and Mr. Rumsfeld part with the critics of the new counterforce of reality as well as the ultimate reality it­ 9~11 Soviet industry.t Today, the 'C'nlted States self, some Pentagon leaders, such as former maintains some 40 strategic nuclear weapons doctrine and weapons proposals is in how extensively we should rely on counterforce Defense Secretary James Schlesinger, have per Soviet city of over 100,000 persons and argued that the U.S. must be preceived as the Soviet forces number 17 strategic nu­ doctrine, and how this should influence the kind of strategic forces we build and deploy. equal or superior to the Soviet Union in clear weanons per American city of over strategic forces in the Kremlin leaders eyes. 100,000 people.2 Clearly, both forces have The Pentagon has argued that this new se­ lective counterforce strategy will require: (1) A perception of American Inferiority, it has a whole new class of highly accurate ICBMs, been argued, might cause Soviet leaders to 1 Alain Enthoven and Wayne K. Smith, (2) extensive retraining of U.S. strategic commit aggression in a crisis which could "How Much Is Enough?," (New York, Harper nuclear forces In selective nuclear strike escalate into war. Thus, Pentagon leaders and Row, 1974, pp. 207-210. options, (3) more numerous strategic have argued that in all major indices of strategic power (nuclear weapons, accuracy, 2 Calculations are based on U.S. force load­ nuclear weapons to blanket all possible ings of 8900 strategic nuclear weapons and military targets In the Soviet Bloc. (4) delivery vehicles, throw-weight, reliabtllty, U.S.S.R. forceloading of 3500. There are 200 as announced nuclear strategy that the U.S. and megatonnage) the U.S. should maintain U.S. cities of 100,000 and 219 Soviet cities of stands ready to use nuclear weapons in a rough parity or real superiority. The Pen­ that magnitude. See Donald Rumsfeld., Sec­ sel~cted strike very early on in a confronta­ tagon catchphrase for this is maintaining retary of Defense, "Annual Report of the tion and war with the Soviets. This, Pentagon "essential equivalence.'' Department of Defense," FY 1977, Washing­ leaders argue, will enhance deterrence of war Critics of this new c6ncept of "essential ton, D.C., Jan. 27, 1976, p. 54. This gives 1976 with the Soviets by making our strategic equivalence" argue that matching the Soviets force loadings. forces even more credible. ln all phases of strategic forces is not neces- March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6817 sary to deter attack by the U.S.S.R. Assyme­ gressor. Within the next year, some 550 of the strategic triad, but they are also the slow­ tries in the two forces, it is argued, do not those ICBMs will have a MIRV capability. est. ICBMs can traverse thousands of miles to mean that either is insuffi.cient to do the job 450 will be retained with their MRV. 54 older Soviet targets in 30 to 40 minutes. SLBMs it was designed to do, namely to guarantee Titan missiles still remain from the early can hit coastal targets with but minutes that the other side will suffer unacceptable sixties. All intercontinental ballistic missiles warning time. Yet bombers will take several social, economic, human, and military dam­ are under secure command and control and hours to reach their targets. Moreover, they, age if it launches an aggressive attack. The are buried in hardened concrete silos in re­ unlike the ICBMs and SLBMs are vulnerable Soviet force with its advantages in throw­ mote areas of the U.S. ICBM command and to the heavy shield of Soviet interceptors and ~eight, in megatonnage, and in numbers of control is considered superior to that for SAMs deployed in the U.S.S.R .. They are the delivery vehicles can deter or destroy the SLBMs and even for bombers. Any adversary least likely part of the triad to ( 1) survive United States. The U.S. strategic forces with seeking to destroy the entire ICBM force in and (2) pierce the active and passive de­ their advantages in numbers of nuclear weap­ a disarming attack would need to strike all fenses around Soviet targets. ons, missile accuracy. and MIRV technology of them within several minutes of the first Bombers are also expensive and consume can deter or destroy the Soviet Union. explosion, would need to hit each with pin­ enormous resources. They require highly Neither side has to be symmetrical to the point accuracy from hundreds and even skilled personnel and extensive opt!ra-tions other in order to carry out its st1·ategic func­ thousands of miles away, and would have to and maintenance investments. There is con­ tion. somehow hope that "fratricide effects" would siderable doubt whether they are cost effec­ Thus, "essential equivalence" opens the not prevent secondary missiles from destroy­ tive when compared to ICBMs and SLBMs door for ever more numerous deployment of ing silos where first missile shots had failed. either from the standpoint of mission effec­ nuclear weapons with no end point in sight. The probability of destroying all U.S. ICBMs tiveness or financial investment. Whatever the Soviets do, our hardliners in such a surprise attack is not high al­ Ironically, manned bombers may be saved argue, we must match them to maintain a though a significant portion may be de­ from being categorized as anachronisms by perception of equivalence. What is over­ stroyed as accuracies of Soviet missiles in­ coupling them with missiles. As a standoff looked is that the targets remain finite while crease. The obvious U.S. and Soviet counter platform for air-launched cruise missiles or the number of new weapons required under to such increases in accuracy might be to SRAMs the manned bomber may still retain such a doctrine may stretch out into an in­ put more ICBMs on "launch-on-warning" a vital strategic capability. The improve­ finity of new weapons produced in order to status, not a desireable situation due to the ments in cruise missiles and SRAMs offer match every new Soviet strategic weapons possibility of accidental war. the bomber a new life and renewed useful­ move. The increasing accuracies and reliabilities ness where it will not be required to test A more sensible approach than "essential of missiles on both sides makes a target kill itself close in against the increased inter­ equivalence" is to conclude that nuclear suf­ probability close to 1.0 a likely possibility for ceptor and concentrated SAMS surround­ ficiency and "assured destruction" doctrines u.s. missiles in the next decade. The Soviets ings many of its targets. make more sense than an endless matching are thought to lag in this technology but One of the key questions facing the U.S. of Soviet capabiUties. Once you can destroy should also master it in time. This has led in the near future is whether it needs to the other society and much of its military to the speculation that fixed-silo ICBMs may modernized its current manned bomber fleet torce one time over, you need add no further become more and more vulnerable to disarm­ of nearly 500-B-52s and FB-111s by produc­ strategic arms. The size of the forces on both ing attacks. This has led further to the spec­ ing 241 B-1 Bombers or a bomber equipped sides make it wildly implausible that the ulation that ICMBs will then have to be with long-range air-launched cruise mis­ leadership on either side can perceive any made mobile, or would have to be protected siles. Even the Air Force which has indi­ useable strategic advantages out of the fact with anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defenses. cated an eagerness for the B-1 admits that that the two forces are not mirror images of Or, some conclude, ICBMs must be aban­ the B-52s and FB-111s will provide an ade­ each other. They both contain such formid­ doned and the strategic forces will have to quate bomber force into the 1990s. This be­ able destructive power that they cannot be rely upon sea-launched missiles and bombers ing so, it is difficult to see why either the B-1 ignored. Different as they are, both forces will to provide the deterrent. Others argue that or the air-launched cruise missile should be deter. The attempt to match the Soviets in ICBMs could retain their value if put on produced at this time, except for purposes every category of strategic strength also has "launch-on-warning" status. of further research and development. another unfortunate result. It causes Penta­ Such developments as these can be fore­ Critics of the B-1 make the point that the gon planning to develop weapons not only to stalled, if U.S. and Soviet leaders recognize aircraft is the most expensive ever proposed match present but also projected future So­ clearly the fact that an attack on one element for mass production. The cost is now pro­ viet strategic weapons. This creates a self­ of the Triad, namely the ICBM force, would jected at $88 million per plane and has fullfilling prophecy whereby we build added still bring a devastating attack from the risen every year. They also reiterate that it weapons to offset weapons they are projected bomber and submarine forces. Moreover, the is not needed since present SAC forces can to be planning to build. This funding of U.S. presence of ICBMs would still draw resources do the job until the mid-1980s or later. weapons then provides further arguments for away that otherwise might be pitted by an They argue that this is the age of the missile hardliners in the Kremlin to argue for the adversary against our bombers and subma­ and that the bomber is of declining impor­ very weapons we predicted they might build. rines. Hence, the ICBM is likely to remain tance and rising cost. Moreover, they find Thus, our actions based on fear of their fu­ useful as a deterrent for some time to come, the extra bomb and missile capacity of the ture arms development help create that very especially when it is realized that "fratricide B-1 to be superfluous in an age of massive Soviet armament. It is this kind of dynamics effects" and the difficulty of achieving a high• nuclear overkill. The costs of the entire B-1 that help drive the strategic arms develop­ confidence high-accuracy simultaneous at­ fleet, some assert, should rather be spent on ment on both sides. tack on 1054 separate targets make it likely conventional forces where the military need 4. Do we need a Triad and, if so, must we that U.S. ICBMs will get off the pad in some is greatest or should be left out of the de­ continually modernize it? numbers even if attacked. fense budget altogether since an expenditure As mentioned at the onset, the U.S. main­ 6. Do we need manned bombers? If so, do of that magnitude has serious in:fiationary tains three acknowledged strategic forces and we need a new one now? repercussions. a fourth force, composed of many forward­ The bomber force is the most vulnerable From an economic standpoint the B-1 is based nuclear-loaded fighter bombers, which to attack if caught on the ground. However, especially questionable. It is highly pmbable can be used strategically against the Soviet it is likely that any war would be preceded that the skyrocketing price of the B-1 could homeland. Within the strategic "TRIAD" the by a crisis that would give ample time for .cause its early termination after a buy of U.S. maintains ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic the Strategic Air Command to disperse its perhaps 40 or 50 aircraft. This would have bombers. While each system has different bomber fieet of B-52s and FB-llls. During a serious dislocating effect in the aerospace capabilities and vulnerabilities, together they the Cuban Missile Crisis, SAC bombers were industry and could cause large layoffs of air­ provide an assured ability to destroy any a.g­ disoersed to over 40 civilian airfields as well craft workers who looked to the B-1 con­ gres or in a retaliatory st rike. While the as being kept at regular SAC airbases. Aided tract to supply jobs. Indeed, critics of the Triad is a useful mix of strategic systems by missile depression of Soviet or Chinese air B-1 argue that rather than creating numer­ to insure survivability of the deterrent force, defenses, it is likely that many of the manned ous jobs, the B-1 will cause a net job loss there is no necessity to goldplate all legs of bombers would be able to deliver their nu­ in the U.S. economy. Studies done by public the Triad. Continuous modernization of the clear megatonnage upon aggressor targets as -interest research groups and the U.S. Depart- bomber and ICBM and SLBM forces is not ordered. ment of Commerce indicate that more jobs necessary at the rapid rate that we are cur­ would be created if the B-1 money were in­ rently turning out new and improved models. Bombers can be used in selective strikes vested in other sectors of the economy.3 This leads to several questions about our and have the advautage of being capable of ICBM, bomber, and submarine forces. For recall if the leadership changes its mind in a See Marlon Anderson "The Empty Pork­ example: the midst of a crisis. They can also be moved barrel," Pirgim, East Lansing, Michigan, April 5. Should we downgrade mu· emphasis on to forward areas and dispersed as signals of 1975. See also a study by Roger Bezdek, "The t he increasingly vulnerable ICBM force? If serious intentions during crises. 1980 Economic Impact--Regional and Occu­ so, what should take its place, if anything? Despite these points in favor of retaining pational--of Compensated Shifts in Defense The 1,000 U.S. Minuteman intercontinental a manned bomber capability in the U.S. stra­ Spending," Journal of Regional Science, Vol. ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are the most ac­ tegic deterrent force, there is a serious ques­ 15, No. 2, 1975, Bezdek is the Chief, Industrial curate strategic systems in the U.S. arsenal tion about how important the manned GNP Branch, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the most likely to be able to penetrate bomber remains in an age of missiles. Bomb- U.S. Department of Commerce, washington, and destroy fixed military t argets of an ag- ers are not only the most vulnerable part of D.C. 6818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 Dropping the B-1 will save $1,049 million for the Trident Submarine in FY 77. This II missiles ought also to be foregone in the in FY 1977 and perhaps an additional $90 wlll save $1189.8 m1111ons in FY 77. interest of preserving some stablllty in the billion over the lifecycle of 244 B-1s. 8. What 1s the likely arms control impact c~ent strategic balance with the Soviet 7. Should we move more of our strategic of new u.s. strategic programs? . VnJ.on. MS, MARV, and Triden-t Il will merely forces out to sea? Is Trident the most cost­ New U.S. Strategic systems on the horizon force the Soviets to build new systems that effective strategic submarine option? include the MX ICBM program, the Air­ wlll doubtless incite U.S. strategic counter­ Undoubtedly, the most invulnerable part Launched Cruise Missile (LCM) , the Sea­ measures as well. It Is better to leave the of the strategic triad resides at sea with the Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM), the B-1 U.S.S.R. ICBM force relatively invulnerable 41 U.S. ballistic missile submarines, half o1 Bomber, the terminal and evader MaRV mis­ to prevent another cycle of frantic arms which are on station at a given time. The sile systems and the Trident I missile sys­ building Without achieving additional secu­ ten Polaris and 31 Poseidon boats will soon tem. Of these from an arms control point rity. The movement to mobile ICBMs, to new be joined by the first of the Trldent subma­ of view, the MX, ALCM, SLCM, and MaRV ABMs, or even to more sea-based strategic rines in the late 1970s. This undersea force systems are damaging to attempts to cap forces would be unfortunate from the stand­ has about 5000 strategic nuclear weapons and stop the strategic armaments race point of getting meaningful ceilings set at targetable upon adversary cities and fixed through a SALT agreement. In the case of SALT for all major strategic forces. A quanti­ sites. With the retrofitting of ten Poseidon each, they will make it harder to stop new tative and qualitative freeze and cutback submarines with the new Trident I missile, rounds of arms building once tested and into will be possible only when the invulner­ these boats and new Tridents will have a engineering development. ablllty of the respective deterrent forces is missile range of 4000 miles. This will increase The MX program contains at least three guaranteed. MX, MARV, and Trident u all SLBM ranges in the U.S. force by 2000 miles elements. It includes work on a more ac­ tend to increase the vulnerablllty on the So­ and will give the ballistic missile submarine curate missile system. It includes funds for Viets side and are counterproductive from an fleet 15 times more ocean to maneuver within development of miss1les with a greater ex­ arms control and disa.rmament perspective. in avoiding Soviet and other ASW forces.• plosive yield and throw-weight than the COUNTERFORCE WEAPONRY CUT RECOMMENDED Strategic submarine forces already were con­ Minuteman III. And, fin-ally, it contains sidered highly invulnerable to current ASW funds for development of a mobile land­ Since these new counterforce weapons will technology and this added range increases based ICBM. This latter part of the program be de-stabillzlng and wllllncite new rounds that degree of invulnerabillty immeasurably. could have very serious and damaging 1m­ in strategic arms building, I suggest that pacts on SALT negotiations. Moblle ICBMs the Congress delete all funding 1n FY 77 for The Polaris C-2 and the Poseidon C-3 mis­ the MX, MK12A Warheads, and NS-20 guld· siles are considered less accurate than the would be extremely dl11lcult to verify by "na­ tional technical means" (i.e. by spy satellite) ance system. This will save $159.2 million in Minuteman m of new MX missiles being FY77. designed or deployed on U.S. ICBMs. Sea­ and would be next to impossible to count accurately without on-site Inspection. These 9. How can we improve our national secu­ launched ballistic missiles are considered pri­ rity through SALT and halt the ever more marily to be counter-value or counter-city mobile ICBMs might be deployed under­ ground on tracks which run beneath multi­ expensive strategic arms race? weapons, ICBMs are considered to be in­ SALT to date has failed to stop the stra­ creasingly capable of counterforce targeting ple silo holes. Such a shell game could con­ fuse adversary military planners since they tegic arms race. At best it has led to a better and have superior command and control sys­ understanding of the U.S. and Soviet posi­ tems. However if the Navy receives the Trl· would not know which silo opening to tar­ get. At the same time, it would make veri­ tions by each side. It has begun a process, dent II, they will clearly have a counterforce but it has yet to halt any important aspect missile system. fication of the number of ICBMs next to 1m­ possible unless each silo counted as an ICBM of the arms race except ABM deployments. While decisions on the Trident II missile It has been convincingly argued that the are several years away, the necessity for such in an arms control treaty. Mobile ICBMs loaded on trucks or railway cars might be negotiations have not stopped the deploy­ counterforce SLBMs 1s dubious, especially ment of record numbers of nuclear weapons in view of the high cost of development and easily camouflaged or stored 1n garages and and that at most the negotiations and agree­ the possible destabillzlng effect of high ac­ moved at night. All of this would create ments to date have rechanneled the strategic curacy counterforce missiles. nightmares for the arms control community trying to negotiate meaningful and verifi­ arms race but not stopped the flow of new In fact, the continued high cost of Trident able limits on the numbers of strategic arms. Indeed, the high and permissive limits submarines makes their continued deploy­ weapons. set on launchers and MIRVs at Vladivostok ment a questionable investment. Some sci· In similar fashion the development of 1n late 1974 has acted to set higher force entifl.c and strategic experts argue that retro­ cruise missiles, especially the sea-launched limits than the milltary had then requested. fitting Poseidon submarines with Trident I variety, might make SALT verification im­ These ceilings thus became high planning misslles and then deploying the same system possible. Once tested, any industrialized state targets rather than firm ceilings. The talks on a Narwahl submarine would be more cost­ also produced the unfortunate "bargaining effective than investing billions more in the could mass produce and hide large quantities chip" argument whereby new weapons were huge Trident submarines. others have sug­ of cruise missiles, the numbers of which granted the milltary under the misguided gested building many eonventionally-pow· would not be verifiable by "national tech­ assumption that this would pre:sure the ered submarines armed with the Trident I nical means of inspection." other side into agreements at a faster rate mlSSlle. The Navy seem quite eager to con­ Since cruise missiles are now expected to be and on more favorable terms. This was found tinue deployment of the Trident system and one-fifth to one-tenth as costly as the to be untrue since all agreements to date so far no urging by critics has succeeded in equivalent ballistic missile, cruise missiles have permitted the bargaining chip systems getting them to carefully consider the alter­ could lead to a quantum leap in the number and left loopholes for new "chips" to be cre­ natives o1 the SSBX or SSBNX to Trident. of strategic warheads In the U.S. and Soviet ated to exploit. The negotiation of a thresh­ Such a study is obviously in order and might inventories. U.S. officials have predicted old testban in 1974 led to a race to increase well reduce the requirements of costs pro­ that as many as 21,000 SLCMs and ALCMs testing before the testing cutoff. SALT I was jected for a large Trident force. might be deployed 1n future years. The U.S. purchased at the price of promising Trident today has "only" 8900 strategic nuclear weap­ to the Navy among other things. Expanded Of all of the legs of the Triad, the sub­ ons and the U.S.S.R., 3500. marine system seems the most valuable and military hardware has been the price of get­ the least vulnerable. Moreover, no significant Once developed, cruise missile technology ting the military behind SALT agreements so ASW threat looms on the horizon. The in­ may spread and allow the near nuclear coun­ as to make the SALT agreements politically creases in range that will be secured by the tries to "go nuclear" on the cheap. Overall. safe for politicians. Trident I missile w111 make the force even cruise missiles have the potential to thwart A meaningful SALT agreement, one that less vulnerable to any ASW developments. any chance for a verifiable ceiling on U.S. served as a basis for arms reductions rather As bombers remain a marginal strategic and Soviet strategic nuclear weapons. At a than as a platform for new arms production force and as ICBMs become increasingly vul­ minimum, steps should be taken to ban would include: nerable. it is likely that the U.S. will depend strategic sea-launched cruise missile tests (1) a celling on all delivery vehicles and more and more upon the sea-based deterrent and development so as to preserve the op­ MIRVed launchers. for protection. This force when equipped tion of achieving a SALT limit which can (2) a ceiling on all nuclear bombs and with Trident I missiles should remain ade­ be verified adeCJ:uately. This can also spare warheads (force loadings). quate even without further introductions of the United States the necessity of eventually (3) a comprehensive test ban that included the Trident force in large numbers through erecting a thick air defense system against bans on peaceful as well as military tests of the next decade or more. Even if the other Soviet long-range cruise missiles. all kinds. legs of the U.S. strategic triad disappeared SLCM BUDGET CUT RECOMMENDED (4) a stringent limit on the development overnight, the sea-based deterrent would of qualitative strategic improvements such This leads me to the conclusion that the as MX, Trident II, ALCM, and SLCMs, and sumce. Recommended:. Deleting all funds Congress should delete all funds for the Sea­ the Russian equivalents. launched cruise missile In the FY 77 budget, This will save $369.2 million in FY 77. ( 5) an agreement not to develop systems • Testimony of Adm. Hyman Rickover, that cannot be verified by national means of Hearings on Military Posture, Seapower Sub­ NEW COUNTERFORCE WEAPONRY DE-STABILIZING verification such as mobile missiles, long committee, House Armed Services Committee, The counterforce accuracies that reside 1n range cruise missiles. and terminal MARV. March 17, 1975, p. 3657, Part 3 of 4 parts. the new MX, terminal MaRV, and Trident This agreement would probably have to in- JYJ arch 1 , , 19 1 6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6819 elude a formal or tacit agreement not even likelihood that Government deficits are Problems at the post offices are nothing to test such systems to avoid the problem of bringing about a capital shortage-such new. In fact, it was the government's in­ the "clandestine cache" of weapons. ability to manage the mails th8!t led Con­ that full employment and a rapidly ris­ gress to put the system on a "business-like" (6) some llmlts on theater nuclear forces, ing living standard may no longer be pos­ especially those that have significant ranges basis in 1970 and direct the new agency to capable of hitting the homeland of U.S. or sible. This theme will be picked up on improve service, cut losses, increase workers' U.S.S.R. Friday at 9 a.m., ia 334 Cannon by the salaries and modernize facilities. But from This kind of agreement would then serve day's three witnesses: Henry Wallich the start those goals have been impossible a the baseline for further arms reductions. of the Federal Reserve System; James to reconcile. Some major management mis­ Needham, president of the New York takes and generous labor settlements have Stock Exchange; and Michael Evans of run up costs; soaring inflation and energy BALANCED BUDGET HEARINGS prices, unanticipated in 1970, have had a Chase Econometrics Associates. Mr. Wal­ devastating effect. According to the General ANNOUNCED lich will critique those who dismiss the Accounting Office, cost-of-living increases in will be stopped. He wants to close some order to provide accurate unbiased in­ Mr.· HANLEY. Mr. Speaker, I would small post offices and subsitute other types formation to DRO members on issues like to bring to the attention of the of service in rural areas; GAO has calculated facing the Congress. Representative House an excellent editorial printed in that phasing out 12,000 of the 18,000 small­ DAVID E. SATTERFIELD, ill, Democrat, of the "Washington Post" on March 17, est post offices could bring savings of $100 Virginia, is DRO chairman. 1976. The editors of that newspaper have million annually. Mr. Ballar is also promot­ noted the dilemma of the U.s. Postal ing clustered or curb-side delivery instead In carrying forward its DRO mandate, of door-to-door service in new housing de­ the Committee to Investigate a Balanced Service with respect to its massive velopments. Federal Budget was created to dete1mine budget deficit and declining incomes. He has even mentioned revising rates so the impact of deficits on all segments of They see the remedy as being additional that pre-sorted, standard-sized first-class the economy. Hearings will begin March funding for the USPS. They also note mail sent by bulk users would cost less than 23 at 9 a.m. in room 2118, Rayburn the contradiction of demands for im­ a hand-addressed birthday card. And so on. House Office Building, where expert wit­ proved service by those who ignore the But he fears that even 1! such drastic changes fundamental financial problems facing are made, the system may be unable to avoid nesses will discuss what is happening the spiral of rising costs, declining patron­ and what should be done about it. Arthur that institution. age and gradual decay that has already made Burns, Chairman of the Board of Gov.. As the following editorial indicates, other services-local bus systems, passenger emors, Federal Reserve System, will pre­ the time has come for the Congress to be trains, the old-style telegraph-bankrupt as sent informal remarks and will answer realistic and responsible. I agree. businesses. prepared questions at that time. on While we must encourage the USPS That points to the problem: the premise is March 24 at 9 a.m. in room 2118 Ray­ to promote efficiencies and increase pro­ wrong. The nation's postal system should ductivity, we must also impress upon be business-like, but it is not a business. It bum House Office Building, Kenneth is a basic public service that Americans rely Thygerson of the U.S. League of Savings them the clear public need for universal on heavily. Indeed, the services that matter and Loan Associations will tell us how mail service of good quality, easy access, most are often those that make least sense Federal deficits have contributed to dis­ and affordable cost. And if we truly feel in cost-accounting terms: service to indivi­ tress in the housing industry. He will be that the Postal Service performs a public duals, to small communities, to small busi­ followed by Dimitris Balatsos, Manufac­ service, then we must be willing to risk nesses and little publications. This does not turers Hanover Bank, who will show how the next logical step and act to fund, mean that, for instance, every rural post Federal deficits have influenced who got through the U.S. Treasury, if need be, office must be kept open forever if equivalent the operating expenses and deficit of this or better actual service can be provided an­ how much of the Nation's savings other way. It does mean that postal com­ resources. vital function of national commerce and munications have to be maintained; the There will also be two witnesses ap­ communication. mails simply must go through. PAYING FOR THE ?\!All pearing on Thursday, March 25, at 9 ~owever, in order to preserve the kind ot a.m., in room 334, Cannon House Office It may seem heretical for a Postma::;ter postal systems Americans expect, the pub­ Building. The leadoff witness, Geoffrey General to suggest that postal service as lic has to be willing to pay-in part as users Moore, National Bureau of Economic Americans know and love it "could become and in part as taxpayers. This is where the Research, is probably the Nation's fore­ obsolete." But Postmaster General Benja­ real problem arises because the nuinbers min F. Bailar said exactly that last week in are immense. According to GAO, if current most expert on business cycles. He will a gloomy speech in Detrol t. His message was services are maintained and the federal tell us whether our deficits have been not just that the era of ix-days-a-week, payment to the Postal Service stays at its making our economy's ups higher and its dom·-to-door mail deU•:ery is ending; he present $920 mlllion per year, the price of a downs lower. James Duesenberry, chair­ warned that the PoBtal Service may never be first-class stamp w1l1 rise to 23 cents by 1981. man of the Economics Departm.ent at economically wund even if drastic cutback On the other hand, if stamps remain at 13 Harvard Uni ersity, v:m diseus the 11 ,ervice l'\re 1~1ade. cents, the cost to the treasury co11ld rise to 6820 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 $8.5 billion annually within 5 years. The most Mr. EviNS of Tennessee, for 5 minutes, S. 3052. An act to amend section 602 of acceptable arrangement probably involves today. the Agricultural Act of 1954; to the Com­ some rate increases, some streamlined serv­ mittee on Agriculture. ices and more public support-but detailed Mr. ALEXANDER, for 30 minutes, today. formulas are not going to be easy to devise. All in all, t his is the kind of problem that ENROLLED BILL SIGNED Congress is least happy with: one that af­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS fects every voter and interest group, and Mr. HAYS of Ohio, from the Commit­ costs far more than anybody likes to pay. So By unanimous consent, permission to tee on House Administration, reported far, most legislators have ducked. Last year revise and extend remarks was granted that that committee had examined and the House authorized greater subsidies, but to: found truly enrolled a bill of the House also voted to return the system's manage­ Mr. SEIBERLING, and to include ex­ of the following title, which was signed ment to Congress-a move that is not likely traneous matter, not·;vithstanding the by the Speaker: to solve anything. More recently, about 50 fact that it exceeds two pages of the H.R. 9570. An act to authorize the sale a.nd representatives went to court to save some CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and is estimated rw·al post offices, at least temporarily. We shipment incident to such sale of the chem­ hope that they will follow through by ad­ by the Public Printer to cost $1,144. ical subst ance carbonyl chloride by the De­ dressing the problem of who pays. That is, (The following Members (at the re­ partment of Defense. after all, what Mr. Bailar is basically getting quest of Mr. KAsTEN) and to include ex­ at, although in a somewhat backhanded traneous matter:) way. The postal system cannot just mud­ Mr. HEINZ. JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO dle along much longer; some hard decisions Mr. CONTE in two instances. THE PRESIDENT about services and subsidies need to be made. Mr. ROUSSELOT in three instances. Mr. HAYS of Ohio, from the Commit­ Mr. FINDLEY in two instances. tee on House Adm.inistration, reported LEAVE OF ABSENCE Mr. GRADISON. that that committee did on March 16, Mr. HYDE. 1976 present to the President, for his ap­ By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ Mr. RHODES. proval, a Joint Resolution of the House sence was granted to: Mr. VANDER JAGT. of the following title: Mr. VANIK, for March 17 and 18, on ac­ Mr. WYDLER. H.J. Res. 549. A joint resolution to approve count of committee hearing. Mr. SHRIVER. the "Covenant To Establish a Common­ Mrs. SULLIVAN

Committee on Banking, Currency and Hous. By Mr. BROOKS (for himself and :Mr. By Mrs. S~ of Nebraska (for her­ ing. HORTON): . self, Mr. S.NY.DER, Mr. ScHULZE, Mr. By Mr. MOTI'L: H.R.. 12605. A bill to provide permanent KETCHUM, M,r. LUJAN, Mr. R"t?"NNELS, H.R. 12595. A bill to permit the payment of changes in laws necessary because of the Mr. MooRHEAD of California, Mr. interest on demand deposits which consist October-September fiscal year; to the Com­ MOLLOHAN, Mr. ECKHARDT, Mr. of public funds of the United States or of a. Inittee on Government Operations. ULLMAN, Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN, Mr. State or political subdivision or instrumen­ H.R. 12606. A bill to provide for the orderly OBEY, Mr. LuNDINE, Mr. MoNT­ tality of a State; to the Committee on Bank­ transition to the new October 1 to Septem­ GOMERY, Mr. GREEN, Mr. BALDUS, and ing, Currency and Housing. ber 30 fiscal year; to the Committee on Gov­ Mr. SISK): By Mr. O'HARA: ernment Operations. H . Con. Res. 587. Concurrent resolution H.R. 12596. A bill to amend the Fair Labor By Mr. FISH: with respect to post office closings; to the Standards Act of 1938 to repeal the provi­ H.R. 12607. A bill to amend the Small Busi­ Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. sions of that act permitting the employment ness Act to provide that determinations by By Mrs. FENWI