Ma1~ch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6771 people are union members and consumers. Housewright said that because o! the hard He predicted the electronic revolution will We have a very serious obligation to repre sell of the computer hardware industry and come to the entire retail industry, not just sent them on both counts." the apprehension that many supermarket op supermarkets. He also predicted, ..It will have He cited the experience of retail clerks in erators might have about falling behind, supermarkets: "Our members are particularly vast social and economic implications-many "'Some retailers may move too fast and over of them for the common good. But If we wait aware of such things as the reliability of shell extend themselves. The disastrous economic prices, the attitudes of customers, the in and see what the future holds in this area, conditions that our nation has experienced tense pressure on individual store managers we will lose the battle for a basic consumer to produce profits, and the clever manipula has already forced many retailers into bank tion and motivation of customers by refined ruptcies. We have a great stake in avoiding right-the right to know and be able to advertising and merchandising techniques:• still more bankruptcies." verify the price of our purchases:•
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Wednesday, March 17,1976 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. posited with the Treasury of the United studies in Rome, Italy; was ordained a Msgr. Martin J. Flynn, St. Patrick's States by the Library of Congress TrUst Fund priest July 20, 1930; and completed post Board; and graduate work at several institutions of Roman Catholic Church, Huntington, S. 2620. An act to provide for adjusting the N.Y., offered the following prayer: amount of interest paid on funds deposited higher learning both here and abroad, with the Treasury of the United States pur including the University of Bonn, the Father-Creator, in your goodness, You University of San Fmncisco, and Univer made man a. free being; It was a unique suant to the act of August 20. 1912 (37 Stat. 319). sity of Louvain. He earned doctoral de gift, but also a heavy responsibility. The grees in both theology and philosophy Founding Fathers of this Nation recog The message also announced that the and for almost 20 years was a professor nized that gift and responsibility in the Senate agrees to the amendment of the of philosophy at the Immaculate Concep political sphere, when they dedicated House to the amendment of the Senate tion Seminary in Huntington, N.Y. this Nation to defend and to promote with an amendment to a bill of the House Monsignor Flynn later served as rector freedom. That endeavor 1s now a Bicen of the following title: of that seminary before being named tennial journey: Our people and its H.R. 12122. An act to amend section 2 of pastor of St. Patrick's Church in Hun Government are still journeying toward the act of June 30, 1954, providing for the tington in 1963. continuance of civil government for the the goal of assuring freedom through Religious and intellectual fervor 1'UllS law. Trust Territory of the Pacl1lc Islands, and for other purposes. deep in the Irish character. My longtime Father, as our Representatives strive friend, Monsignor Flynn, represents a · to carry out that mandate, give them The message also announced that the mingling of these traditions. dedication and courage, keenness of Senate had passed a bill and concurrent During his 46 years as a priest, the vision, and the wise political prudence resolution of the following titles, in Monsignor has provided spiritual and in to strike the just compromise between which the concurrence of the House 1s tellectualleadership for countless thou the competing claims of different values. requested: sands of students and parishoners. Father, grant to the honorable Mem S. 3052. An act to amend section 602 of the His life's work is testimony to the Irish bers of this Congress, the boon of the old Agricultural Act of 1954; and tradition of combining spiritual and Gaelic blessing, which prays: s. Con. Res. 103. Concurrent resolution au scholastic learning that dates back to thorizing the Joint Committee on Arrange the ..May the roads rise with you, ments for the Commemoration of the Bicen Irish monastries and the Middle Ages And the wind be always at your back, tennial of the United States of America to religious communities that served as cen And may the Lord hold you in the hol provide !acUities and services for visitors to ters of learning for all of Europe. low of His hand" the Capitol buildings and grounds. By his presence here today-a day Amen. commonly marked by festivities and The message also announced that the merrymaking-Monsignor Flynn re Vice President, pursuant to the provi minds all of us of the genuine contribu THE JOURNAL sions of Senate Concurrent Resolution tions of the Irish people to our own his 90, 94th Congress, appointed the major The SPEAKER. The Chair has exam tory and culture. I am proud to call him ity leader or his designee, the minority ined the Journal of the last day's pro friend and spiritual adviser. ceedings and announces to the House leader or his designee, and the chairman his approval thereof. of the Committee on Rules and Admin Without objection, the Journal stands istration to be members, on the part of SPECIAL ORDER ON MONDAY, approved. the Senate, of a joint committee to make MARCH 22, 1976, IN MEMORY There was no objection. the necessary arrangements for the in OF THE HONORABLE WRIGHT auguration of the President-elect and PATMAN the Vice President-elect of the United MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT States on the 20th day of January 1977. , the House stood in recess sub The SPEAKER. Members of the Con has made us distant neighbors; but his ject to the call of the Chair. tory has made us close friends. g~"ess, it is my great privilege, and I deem This is a bond which goes back beyond it a high honor and personal pleasure, to the Declaration of Independence to the JOINT MEETING OF THE HOUSE AND present to you His Excellency, Liam thousands of Irish from north and south SENATE TO HEAR AN ADDRESS BY Cosgrave, the Prime Minister of Ireland. of the island who settled in America in THE PRIME MINISTER OF mE [Applause, the Members rising.] the early and middle 18th century. LAND Prime Minister LIAM COSGRAVE. It is a source of immense pride to us in Mr. Speaker, Mr. President pro tempore, Ireland that so many Irish men and The SPEAKER of the House presided. distinguished Members of the Congress women have helped to build and develop The Doorkeeper (Mr. MOTTL asked and was given per will, appropriate resolutions will then Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. Speaker, in the mission to address the House for 1 min be introduced in the House and Senate February 29, 1976, edition of the Los ute and to revise and extend his re seeking authority and funding to con Angeles Times there was a lengthy marks.) tinue this publication on a regular basis. article entitled "EPA Study-The Find Mr. MOTTL. Mr. Speaker, once in a The joint committee would appreciate ings Got Distorted". Reporter W. B. lifetime every Member of this House will hearing from any Member as to his re Rood, based on several weeks of inten have an opportunity to provide an addi actions or those of his constituents to sive, careful investigative reporting, re tional billion dollars a year for State, this pilot project. searched the way in which scientific i·e local, and Federal governments-without search was conducted and conclusions increasing taxes a single penny. reached that were included in the sul We can accomplish this by enacting a PRINTING OF PROCEEDINGS HAD fate threat and remedy sections of the bill being introduced in both Houses to DURING THE RECESS 1974 Community Health and Environ day by myself and by Sen a tor WILLIAM mental Surveillance System-CHESS PROXMIRE, Of Wisconsin. Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I ask Report. This bill would authorize banks to pay unanimous consent that the proceedings The article alleges that under the di interest on the demand deposits of Gov had during the recess be printed in the rect supervision and participation of Dr. ernment units. RECORD. John F. Finklea, the investigation The banks make money by lending and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there and report were "systematically dis committing these funds. To entice busi objection to the request of the gentleman torted ... in an effort to prove that ness deposits, they o:ffer many varieties from Missouri? pollution from sulfur-bearing fuels had of services and inducements. Obviously, There was no objection. an adverse effect on health." 6776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-r HOUSE Mal~ch 17, 19'76 The article is based primarily on first The SPEAKER; Is there objection to to the Government of Great Britain, but hand information. My investigations of the the request of the gentleman from to all the governments of the world, to the allegations have to date served to Missouri? participate in our Bicentennial celebra increase by feeling that there is a clear There was no objection. tion. Over 63 nations have American factual basis for the allegations made The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Revolutionary Bicentennial Commis in the Times article. Missouri Ohio the been taken that it was indeed the Speaker rule which would provide the oppm·tunity other afternoon, I would not have voted of the British House of Commons and here to strike the requisite number of against this if the number would have :the Chancellor of that body that had ex words and to offer a pro forma amend been 218, so we could assure the country tended the invitation and had mentioned ment or a substantive amendment to the that we would have a quorum out of the number of 24 or 25. It seems to me legislation. town. that in deference to the wishes of the Mr. ECKHARDT. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. British to have the kind of a ceremony, gentleman yield? Speaker, in 1·esponse to the gentleman which they plan to hold in Westminster Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. I yield to from Idaho (Mr. SYMMS), this is an open Hall, as explained by the gentlewoman the gentleman from Texas. rule. If the gentleman desires to offer an from Louisiana (Mrs. BoGGs) that it is Mr. ECKHARDT. Mr. Speaker, the amendment to increase the number from not an unreasonable request that they gentleman from Texas is concerned 25 to 218, I assw·e him in advance that are making, in view of the great impor about the regressive provisions of this I will not support his amendment. but he tance they attach to it, and the solemnity instrument. will have an opportunity to offer that if that does surround the temporary loan Is the gentleman aware that it provides he will only vote for the rule. of this great historic document. that Jews may not collect their debts Mr. SYMMS. :Mr. Speaker, I thank the Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, will from their debtors? I think that is in gentleman. the gentleman yield? one of the clauses. Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I yield to Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. Speaker, unlike the gentleman from the gentleman from Illinois. Speaker, in response to the gentleman Missouri WALTER FAUNTROY, but that this matter has now received, that Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I cannot as I look out and see who is sitting on the those who attend this ceremony as mem disagree with the gentleman from Ohio floor, I am reminded of that occasion bers of the official delegation will com on what he said. I am perfectly willing spoken of in the Bible when Mary Mag port themselves with great circumspec to accept the fact that it is going to cost dalene brought the precious cask of oint tion, and I am sure that there will be something to send this delegation to ment and broke it open and anointed the no eXPenditures of public funds that are Great Bl'itain. I also think that it was hair of our Lord. There were those not absolutely necessary and incidental a great and generous gesture on the part around then who derided her for that act to the function which they are perform of the people of Great Britain th1·ough of devotion and who said, "This money ing. their Government to make this great could have been spent for the poor. This Mr. KAZEN. Mr. Speaker, will the charter and symbol of human freedom money could have been spent for some gentleman yield? and liberty avail9,ble for exhibition in the other purpose." But they were rejected Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. I yield to Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. I think that by our Lord for their criticism. the gentleman from Texas. perhaps in a time and in a period when I trust that in our vote today we are Mr. KAZEN. I thank the gentleman we are seeking in our Bicentennial Year going to answer those who are rejecting, for yielding to re-create some of the inspiration and as the gentleman from Texas (Mr. I agree with what the gentleman has some of the idealism that animated those WRIGHT) has said, this very generous said that the delegation that will go Founding Fathers 200 years ago, it would and honorable gesture on the part of our will not spend any money unnecessarily. be money well spent as thousands upon British forebears, and rejecting it with I believe, of course in my opinion, as far thousands file through that Rotunda the cynicism with which they have as the amendments the gentleman is many of them schoolchildren-and, gaz treated this subject. going to offer are concerned, that under ing upon that historic document, realize Mr. FAUNTROY. Mr. Speaker, "ill the the direction of the Speaker who is going that in laws and charters of that kind gentleman yield? to head this delegation, I would leave It rest these great guarantees of liberty that Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I yield to to the Speaker to decide what is actually we now enjoy centuries later as free men. the Delegate from the District of Colum~ needed rather than restl'ict him by reso I think it will be a very beneficial thing bia. lution. as far as our country is concerned, and Mr. FAUNTROY. I thank the gentle Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. There can the dollars that It will cost will be well man for yielding, because as I sat here be, of course, a difference of opinion on expended. listening and seizing upon the pearls of that point. If I support those amend Mr. WRIGHT. Mr. Speaker, will the knowledge as they fell from the gentle~ ments, it would not in any way be an in gentleman yield? man's lips, I could not help but think dication of a lack of confidence in the Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. I yield to what an eloquent speech the gentleman Speaker, or anything of the kind. It the gentleman from Texas. is making in support of voting represen would simply be a gesture that would Mr. WRIGHT. I thank the gentleman tation for the District of Columbia, which somehow, I think, encourage some Mem for yielding. is to be the next order of business. bers of this body, some of the 219 who Would it not be about the same situa I want to assure the gentleman that voted against it the other day, to feel tion in the gentleman's opinion if some had I a vote in this Chamber, I would comfortable at this time in changing good friends of ours in the world were cast it on this measure in support of the their votes, as I fully hope they will do. celebrating their double centennial and gentleman. Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, will came to us in the United States and Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the the gentleman yield? o1Iered us an opportunity to participate gentleman yield? Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. I yield to in it, and we in an abundance of grace Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I yield to the gentleman from Ohio. were to say to that friend, "All right, the gentleman from Maryland (Mr. BAu Mr. ASHBROOK. I thank the gentle we will do the finest thing we can imagine MAN). man for yielding. to share with you this occasion," and Mr. BAUMAN. :n.fi'. Speaker, I think I sat through the entire debate when we offer to encase in the finest case pos the gentleman has guaranteed he will be it was up originally. I have listened to the sible the original copy of the Constitu in London for the week of the celebra debate thus far today and I intend to tion of the United States or the original tion. be on the floor throughout the entire de copy of the Declaration of Independence Mr. Speaker, I want to respond to one bate. written in the penmanship of Thomas historic allusion by the gentleman from One point I would like to make to the Jefferson, and then they begin to quibble Texas who suggested we send the Brit gentleman, which I think is a real prob in petty puerility over whether they ish a copy of the Declaration of Inde lem as far as this body is concerned, is ought to send as many people as we had pendence. The British were already the effort to create the feeling that this asked them to send to receive it? forcefully delivered an original copy of Would we not be sort of insulted? the Declaration of Independence at great is not going to cost anything because Would we not feel a bit offended? Would there is an Air Force plane flying there cost to that nation in 1776. I believe it not occur to us if they were having a George m was the one who received it. an~-way. I have heard it said three or four big debate and trying to show how Mr. FLOWERS. Mr. Speaker, will the times that space is available; there has chintzy they were. that they did not think gentleman yield? to be an airplane 1n the air anyWay; it 1s it was worth spending a few dollars on? Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I ~i.eld to not going to cost any more if wives go Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. I have the gentleman from Alabama. and so forth. the time. Mr. FLOWERS. Mr. Speaker. I hesi-· I think one of the reasons the Ameri Mr. \VRIGHT. The gentleman has tate to bring this debate o:ff the moun can public holds us in such low e teem yielded to me and I ha ,.e not :fini. bed. t.ain top and doVY-n to the pragmatic CX...-ni--429-Part 6 6780 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 17, 1976 world that we regular people live in, but a much larger issue involved here; are Mr. Speaker, the Magna Carta, or among the Members I associate with we ever going to collectively demonstrate Great Charter, was issued in 1215 during along the back rail here the question our willingness to hold down govern the reign of John Plantagenet, son of arose, and I ask the gentleman if he has ment spending? Cannot we set our own Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and the knowledge that 25 different Members House in order and set an example for younger brother of Richard Coeur de might take the document back later on? the people we represent? Congress has Lion. John, sometimes called "Bad King Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. In answer greatly fallen in public esteem because John"-he was the tyrant of the Robin to the gentleman from Alabama, there is of our irresponsible spending habits. And Hood legend-was constantly at odds no provision in this resolution for a del now this enormity! I am sure some with his barons, for the most part due to egation to return it, but I would certainly would say raising an issue like this does the incessant financial demands he made be in favor of a rotation system. not contribute to our standing among on them in order to support the wars in Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, will the American people. But the people France. the gentleman yield? have a right to know why we continue Relations between the King and the Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. I yield to this kind of self-indulgent conduct at barons deteriorated severely when the the gentleman from Ohio. · their expense. kingdom placed under interdict in 1208 Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I did Last year the Defense Department during a quarrel with the Pope over the not mean to bring this up, but in view of spent $1,372,663 for foreign travel for succession to the See of Canterbury. the fact that the gentleman from Mary Congress. Some 158 Members of the By 1215 England was on the brink of land Bak is willing. No sheriff or any other royal of Mr. Speaker, the document in this re er, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman ficer shall take any free man's horses or carts for carriage duty except with the owner's spect perfectly parallels the political and from Maryland (Mr. BAUMAN). consent. Neither the king nor any of his social structure of medieval England, Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, I would officers shall take another's wood for castle where the King in effect was landlord in like to inform the gentleman from Ohio, building or other royal works without the chief-some authorities say he literally whose name does not suggest any par consent of the owner. owned the country-and, if I may some ticular ancestry, that the gentleman what oversimplify, political rights were from Maryland is indeed of German In ether words, taxation without rep systematically divided among tiers of extraction but his grandfather was a resentation, tyranny by rulers; that tenants and subtenants. British civil servant. really is what the concern was in 1215. The significance of the document may We meet here in a great and grave How far have we progressed from the be illustrated by contrasting its style time for the British Empire, a very dif mentality of the barons at Runnymede? with the substance of some of its articles. ficult time, when the pound has dropped I must confess that I think we can It begins with a recitation of the King's below $2 in value for the first time in display our proper concern by adopting titles, "John, by the grace of God, King history, the Prime Minister has resigned, a substitute which I will offer that limits of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Nor Parliament is about to go to the ridings the travelers abroad to five Members of mandy and Aquitaine * * * ." This nu for a mandate, and Princess Margaret Congress and limits their expenses to tion of the King as holding his office di is in trouble with her siste1·. I think we, rectly by authority of the deity was taken as sons of the Revolution-and I might $10,000. It also limits staff members to two in number. with deadly seriousness in medieval Eu say to the Speaker, regardless of what rope. Kings were God's lieutenants on other type of son he might think the I do want to pay personal tribute to the Speaker for the tolerance shown to Earth, and offenses such as treason and gentleman from Maryland might be regicide were crimes not only against the characterized as-that we do have before the gentleman from Maryland in this in state, but against Heaven as well. us today a very important issue, if only stance. I apparently struck a sensitive Mr. .Speaker, the language contained symbolically. nerve. I hope the gentleman from Mary in some of the articles of the Charter are I do not think any of us really object land has not offended the Speaker to any thus not only admirable, but, in the con to receiving a copy of the Magna Carta. great extent in pursuing what I believe We are, in fact, greatly honored. It is text of the 13th century, startling: to be right. The Speaker has been most Article 39: "No freeman shall be taken or one document that has given rise to effective. Quite frankly, it is the first imprisoned or disseised (have his land taken many of our fundamental liberties. away) , or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way There have been allusions to its con time I have ever seen the Ford adminis tration mount such an effective lobbying dest royed, nor will we go upon him, nor will tents, but the gentleman from l\.1aryland we send upon him, except by the lawful wonders why it is necessary to send 25 effort on any legislation. The interven judgement of his peers or by the law of the Members of Congress, and I presume 25 tion of the President of the United States land." wives, and an additional unknown num seems to have changed some minds. I Article 40: "To no one will we sell, deny, or ber of staff in order to bring it back. know great pressure has been applied to delay right or justice." Article 42: "All persons are to be free to In the vaults of the Library of Con many Members by the leadership on both come and go and stay in the land in time of gress there is a copy of the so-called sides. The many arms dangling from peace except outlaws, prisoners and enemy Laycock Abbey facsimile of Magna Carta, sockets may have produced the needed alien s." which was created in 1225, 10 years changes to reverse this vote. I hope not, after the original 1215 copy which we Thus there had now been interposed but I can read the mood of the House law between the King and his divine will receive. We can walk across the when such a fundamental issue is in plaza and read it. It is a first copy. Twice right to govern. And the law protected before other copies of the Magna Carta volved, the issue of junketing abroad. not merely the great magnates, but all have been sent to the United States, Ali for me, the gentleman from Mary freemen. perhaps the very copy that is going to land is willing to stand by his "no." Nor, Mr. Speaker, did the framers of be sent here this year. One was sent Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I yield the charter rest content with broad here after World War II and in 1965 on such time as he may consume to the statements of rights. The document also the 750th anniversary of its signing in gentleman from Indiana (Mr. BRADEMAs) included specific protections against 1215. I do not recall that it took 25 Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I rise abuses by royal officials, for example Congressmen to bring it over on either in support of this resolution and hope article 28: occasion. that House Concurrent Resolution 580 No constable or any other royal officer shall But Members of the House, there is will be adopted without amendment. t ake an yone's corn or other chattels without !Jtla·rch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -HOUSE 6781 making immediate payment, unless the seller The Magna Carta is certainly a his have for mo1·e than 300 years been prime is willing. toric and a weighty document. Although sources for scholars studying freedom, was among the first to comprehend that So the Kingdom now, with a stroke wise men these days may not be what they once were. the Magna Carta was destined to become of the King's pen, undet·went what was a model for individual liberty through no less than a peaceful revolution. Where The Latin words "magna carta" mean great charter. This, of course, has out the world. Our third President, the King had been absolute, there were Thomas Jefferson, was profoundly influ now limits to his authority. Where free nothing to do with the charter of an Air Force plane for 25 Congressmen and enced by his study of Coke's treatises and men had been merely subjects, they now decisions and by Sir Edward's recogni acquired some of the attributes of citi their entourage, although I am sure this, too, will be a "great chro·ter." tion of the potential for liberty inherent zens. And where "law'' had followed the Rather, Magna Carta refers to the doc in the document. personality of the monarch, it was now Originally, as my friend from Indiana fixed. A social contract had been made ument signed by King John of England limiting his power. CARL ALBERT is the only Rhodes pub on Satw>day night. Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 scholar ever to study ::tt Oxford Univer~ minutes to the gentleman from Cali sity and retwn to become the Speaker The present bearer of the heraldic fornia (Mr. ANDERSON). and the leader of this, the greatest and name in Scotland is the hereditary High Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. most representative lawmaking body of Constable of Scotland and has been Speaker, with respect to the proposal free men and free women in the world. since sometime around the late 1000's. that this House shall send a delegation And, it is through him that the British But be that as it may, what we a1·e of 25 Members to accompany the Magna Government has offered the loan of one talking about here is probably the most Carta from Great Britain to the United of the !ow· existing copies of the Magna historical document of the liberty of or States, and, as one of the 219 who voted Carta and an invitation to visit the dinary citizens extant in the world to against this resolution the previous time United Kingdom and receive the docu day. And I doubt if it is going to cost as around, I should like to offer a few com ment in person. much to send 25 people, headed by the ments. The meeting between King John and Speaker, to get the document as it will I understand that only three Wise Men the rebellious barons on June 15, 1215, for us to debate this matter as long as we were sent to honor the birth of Jesus at Runnymede, set in motion tidal waves have debated it. If we figure the CoN .. Christ. of enthusiasm for individual liberty still GRESSIONAL RECORD at $218 a page and The same number might be adequate growing after eight centuries. the time of the Members and what they to our purpose. Sir Edward Coke whose legal treatises earn, about $50 a day, I think it is going 6782 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP- HOUSE Mar·ch 17, 1976 to cost us about $100,000 to go through resolution. l was one of those who voted that a maximum of four aides shall ac this exercise in nonsense. And that is against sending the delegation to Britain company the delegation. what it amounts to. on March 9. Obviously, this is primarily a symbolic I think it would be totally out of line I know we all thought that the resolu action. But it is very important symbol for the House to reject the offer of Her tion was going to pass. When I left the ism, because it relates closely to the Fed Majesty's government, and I think it :floor the vote was strongly in favor of the eral budget. What will be the symbolic would be totally out of line on St. Pat resolution. Then about 30 Members went effect of this Congress sending 25 of its rick's Day, because in those days that down into the well to change their votes Members to London to accept this offer? cha.rter applied to all of the islands in from "aye" to "nay". What are we all saying to our constitu the Kingdom. Mr. Speaker, I intend to change my ents? We are saying that we realize times It took the Irish a long time to estab vote. Today I am going to vote in favor are hard; we are saying that we are lish the further liberties that they of the resolution. doing our best to get the economy of this wanted, but they ultimately did it, the One of the reasons for my negative country back in gear; we are saying that same as we did in this country. vote last week was the presence of a we are trying to provide the services that There are celebrations of America's lot of misinformation or put differently the people of this country need, as em Bicentennial in every free nation in the the full story was never fully explained ciently and effectively as possible. world, and every government in the free here on the :floor. If, at the same time, we spend a great world is spending a lot more money to I distinctly recall that as I came deal of money to send 25 Congressmen celebrate the American Bicentennial through the west door, I was told along and their wives and staff to London to than we would spend to get the Magna with other Members who had not been pick up a docwnent, can we expect those Carta. It amounts to 10 times or 1.00 on the :floor-by certain colleagues lobby we represent to believe that we are seri times in some cases more than what ing against the resolution "they are try ous when we say all those other things? it will cost to go and get this document ing to spend a lot of money to send for This action would make light of our and bring it here for literally millions a piece of paper that is only a copy of solemn pledges to practice economy. It of Americans to look at and to keep it in the Magna Carta". would say that we are willing to cut their memories for the rest of their lives These lobbying colleagues turned out costs, except when it comes to pleasure that they saw this historic pie.ce of PS~Per. to be like a guardhouse lawyer-they trips for Members of this body. I object I would be humiliated to vote against gave poor advice. They did not explain to that. this. If I did, I would feel that my con that the loan-is of an original copy and Mr. Speaker, in terms of the Federal stituents had a right to think that I had is one of the most valuable documents budget, this is a small expenditure. But no understanding of world history, no in the world. None of us were possessed of it has great importance. In many of the understanding of American history, and these facts. There were few Members on matters that affect the pocketbooks of no understanding of the price ather the :floor because the resolution was my constituents, I have little control. I people have paid for the liberties we brought up under unanimous consent cannot singlehandedly reform the tax enjoy. and the entire debate took only a few law, or prevent billions from being spent Mr. Speaker, I hope the concurrent moments. on the B-1 bomber. But I can tise to op resolution will not be changed, and I Mr. Speaker, as I think the RECORD will pose this wasteful expenditure. hope it will receive an overwhelming reveal, all of the discussion of the resolu Further, one of the key areas of con vote of support. tion took only a matter of 3 or 4 minutes, gressional abuse, in the public mind, is Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. and the vote on the resolution was ob all-expense-paid travel by Members. I Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentle jected to because there was not a quorum feel very strongly about this. In the past man from New York ! the traditional substitute offered by my colleague, the Members may think that what I am ties of friendship between the British gentleman from Maryland. In honest about to say is a little too strong, and and the American people. disagreement with my colleague, the perhaps it puts the Speaker of the House I think this could be a very useful and gentleman from Missouri, I think this too much on the spot, but the House of very lasting benefit to be derived from substitute is a much more reasonable Representatives-and I do not think the celebration of our Bicentennial, and approach. Under this substitute, there anybody here does not know that I care I will ask for the defeat of the substitute. will be five Members to bring back this about the House of Representatives in Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, will the document. I sincerely disagree with my more than a casual way-has been try- gentleman yield? two colleagues from my side of the aisle, ing very hard to reestablish itself in Mr. ANDERSON of illinois. I yield to the gentleman from Arizona and the relation to the other branches of Gov the gentleman from Arizona. gentleman from Tilinois, that somehow ernment, and in a. totally bipartisan way Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, I thank by supporting this substitute we are the leadership of the House of Represent the gentleman for yielding. rescinding the offer of the British to atives, in particular the Speaker, worked I am bothered about this proposed have Members of this body receive this out an agreement with the United King amendment for the reasons the gentle document and bring it to this country dom on how to implement their generous man from illinois has stated so well, but for display. That is not true at all. We response to the request of the President also for the reason that it appears to me are just sending five Members rather March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6785 than the 24 to properly acknowledge Mr. ROUSSELOT. I would be honored The SPEAKER. The time of the gen this gracious British offer. to yield to my colleague, the gentleman tleman from California has expired. Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, will the from Missouri. Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I gentleman yield? Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, the gen move to strike the requisite number of Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, I will tleman happens to be in error. words. yield in just a moment, but I wish to Mr. ROUSSELOT. Well, then the gen Mr. Speaker, I have no desire to cast make my point. tleman is going to have to talk to Mr. any aspersions on the validity of any The Los Angeles Times on March 17 Houston, who is right up here in the report made by the Los Angeles Times in an article written by Paul Houston, press gallery. or any reporter thereof; but I know for whom I consider to be an accurate re Mr. BOLLING. I am going to read a fact that the Interparliamentary porter, has stated that he checked with from one of the documents that is in the Union is not handling this matter. The an officer of the British branch of the papers that came from the British Interparliamentary Union is an organi Interparliamentary Union, to which my Embassy. zation of all parliaments in the world, colleague, the gentleman from Missouri, Mr. ROUSSELOT. The gentleman is including some pseudo parliaments, such referred, and that representative from going to read us the whole letter? as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslo the British branch of the Interparlia Mr. BOLLING. The gentleman wants vakia, and so on, and there just is not any mentary Union which is handling ar it all? way that they are involved in this. If the rangements for the trip told the Times Mr. ROUSSELOT. Absolutely. reporter called the Interparliamentary in London that the number 25 was "sort Mr. BOLLING. All right. I will read Branch in Great Britain and talked to of a dreamed-up item," and I will not what I have. This is all we have. some clerk there, God only knows what say by whom, but by one Member of this Mr. ROUSSELOT. No. information he got. because they are not body and one Member of the other body. Mr. BOLLING. I think it may be all. handling it. They do not have anything The number 25 came from this body. It It is to the executive assistant to the to do with it. It is being handled on a did not come from the British Interpar Speaker. It says "Magna Carta" at the direct basis from the Lord Chancellor liamentary Union or the British Govern head: and the Speaker of the House of Com ment. It was very good of you to see Miss Forte mons to the President pro tempore of I believe that my colleague, the gentle scue and myself at such short notice on Fri the Senate and the Speaker of the man from Maryland, has offered a legiti day afternoon to discuss the latest proposals House. mate substitute that in no way reflects which we had received from London about the presentation of Magna Carta to the Now, we know there are a lot of inter against the British offer and the substi U.S. Congress. national organizations. People are always tute in no way reflects against this body. approaching me, including reporters, We are just trying to be more prudent Mr. ROUSSELOT. Nobody disagrees and saying, "You represent the Inter in this time when we have people out of with that. parliamentary Union, don't you?" work all over this country, when we do Mr. BOLLING. It says further: I have never been to a meeting of the not have the financing to fund the pro I promised to let you have a letter to Interparliamentary Union and I do not grams that we are talking about here confirm our discussion, which you could have a.ny desire to go to any. That is not daily in this body. In my judgment, we show to the Speaker. casting any aspersions on them. should not indulge ourselves in sending Mr. ROUSSELOT. Does the gentleman I do happen to be president of the 24 or 25 people to bring back a docu refer to the number of people that they North Atlantic Assembly, which is a ment that only requires five Members. requested? group comprised of parliamentarians Let me provide the exact quote from Mr. BOLLING. I thought the gentle from the NATO countries and there are the Los Angeles Times to substantiate man from California wanted it all read. some other parliamentary organizations; the fact that the idea for 24 or 25 Mem Mr. ROUSSELOT. Well, if we can get but I can assure the gentleman from bers did not come from the British Par t-o the part that suggests the number. California, and I take the floor for that liament. It came from our leadership Mr. BOLLING. If the gentleman wants purpose only, that the Interparliamen right here in this body: the specifics, it says: tary Union or the British branch of it APIPROVAL OF MAGNA CARTA TRIP LIKELY What the Lord President has in mind, does not have anything on God's green (By Paul Houston) therefore, is to invite Congress to send a Earth to do with this matter in any way, WASHINGTON.-House Speaker Carl Albe1·t delegation of about 20 to 25 Members of shape or form. (D-Okla.). enlisting President Ford in an both Houses (the proportions from the House Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the all-out lobbying effort, appeared Tuesday to and the Senate would be for Congress to de gentleman yield? have switched enough votes to send 25 mem cide) accompanied by their wives .•• Mr. HAYS of Ohio. I yield to the gen bers of Congress plus wives and staff mem bers to London to accept the loan of a copy Mr. ROUSSELOT. So the letter says it tleman from Maryland. of the Magna Carta. is for the Congress to decide. Mr. BAUMAN. I called a friend of An Albert aide said the Speaker was having Mr. BOLLING. Right. mine in London and asked him to go to about 95% success in turning around con Mr. ROUSSELOT. All right. Let us the office of the Lord Chancellor and gressmen who helped vote down the pro make the decision to send just five the Speaker of the House of Common's posed trip last week, 219 to 167. Spot checks Members. office to check these arrangements. I bore out the claim. Mr. BOLLING. It says that the propor speak of Anthony Lejeune, correspond However, on the eve of a House vote today to reconsider the matter, a British official tions fron: the House and the Senate ent for the Daily Telegraph, who also contradicted Albert on a key point in the would be for the Congress to decide. It writes a column in the United States. controversy. is very clear from this language that the He went to both places and was informed Albert has been calming congressmen's Lord President and the council and the by the officials at those offices that all election-year jitters and winning votes with leader of the House of Commons, the arrangements were being handled by the the argument that the trip could not be man that is in charge of this, suggested called a "boondoggle" or "junket" because British Interparliamentary Union. The 20 to 25. secretary of that British group, Briga the idea of sending a big delegation had been Mr. ROUSSELOT. My understanding proposed by the British, not the Americans. is that the idea for 25 Members orig dier Ward-! believe his title is Briga But an officer of the British branch of the inated with one Member in this body and dier--confirmed that they are in charge Interparliamentary Union, which is handling the other body. of the trip. He also confirmed that the anangements for the trip, told The Times Mr. BOLLING. That is not my under suggestion for 25 Members came from in London that the number 25 "was sort of standing. the leaders of the U.S. Congress. dreamed up by Carl Albert, Mike Mansfield Mr. HAYS of Ohio. There has been and (other) congressional leaders." Mr. ROUSSELOT. I do not disagree with anybody's right to advise the British no correspondence that I know of from Again, I repeat the idea for such a how many could come. But we should the Interparliamentary Union, and who large delegation came from this body and not be led to believe that the British they refen-ed the newspaperman to- we should correct that expensive idea. Government insisted on 25 Members, perhaps they wanted to get rid of him, Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, will the when the whole concept started right I do not know. There are a lot of people gentleman yield? here. who con1e into my office, and I refer 6786 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 them to whoever I can think of first. other is the Declaration of Independence. world, and they should respect their as Sometimes I do not have time to talk We all know that our own Declaration in signments. They should respect their col to them. 1776 carried forward many of the prin leagues. They should respect the obliga Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. .Speaker, I move ciples enunciated in that earlier charter tions that they undertake. Then, we have to strike the last word, and I rise in op of 1215; namely, that the sovereign was to keep in mind that even in this con position to the amendment in the na bound by the law and that free citizens troversy we have had within the last few ture of a substitute. had a right to set up machinery-parlia years where the Congress has taken on Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is ments-to enforce limitations on the the executive branch, which is normally regrettable that, due to a misunderstand powers of the sovereign. As one histo much to my irritation, the stature of the ing last week, this body has not responded rian-Bishop Stubbs-has noted, the Congress has risen abroad and people all affirmatively to the generous offer made whole of English constitutional history is over the world recognize the input, for by our parliamentary colleagues in the one long commentary on Magna Carta. better or worse, of the U.S. Congress. House of Commons and the House of I hope that today, Mr. Speaker, this For those Members who also like to Lords by accepting the loan of an orig House will recognize the great value that take shots at our diplomatic corps, who inal copy of the Magna Carta during our our British allies have provided in the like to second-guess foreign policy, is Bicentennial Year. positive development of our free institu it not quite logical that if the Congress I believe it is important to stress, Mr. tions by accepting the invitation of Par has all this talent that we sometimes Speaker, that this invitation to a dele liament to bring the Magna Carta to say we have, that we make effective dip gation of the Congress to come to London Washington so that the millions of lomats when we travel abroad? It is my for appropriate ceremonies marking our Americans who will be visiting this city opinion that with rare exception, any Bicentennial is one of the two princi during our Bicentennial Year can see the congressional delegation traveling pal ways in which the British people great charter of the liberties of Eng abroad is an asset to our country. They wish to honor the 200th anniversary of land on the same day that they see our make a practical contribution, and the our independence as a nation. It seems Constitution, our B111 of Rights and the United States is better off for it and the appropriate to me that since Queen Eliz Declaration of Independence. world is better off for it. abeth is making her second state visit I believe it would be entirely appropri When we stop to think of the impor to our President in July to commemorate ate at this time, Mr. Speaker, to include tance of our Bicentennial; when we stop this occasion that thetwo great legislative the full text of the Magna Carter in the to think of the great traditions that we bodies of our repective nations, Parlia CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. A noted British have inherited from Great Britain, when ment and congress, should also play a constitutional scholar, Sir Ivor Jennings we appreciate also, as we should, the significant role. has included the text-translated by great ceremonial approach the British This invitation to a congressional del G. R. C. Davis from the original Latin like to use to a project of this kind, the egation seems entirely fitting and proper with minor modernizations of obsolete vote last Tuesday and this debate this under the circumstances. I am well aware words by Sir Ivor-in his book, "Magna afternoon do not really demonstrate of the concerns of some of our colleagues Carter and Its Influence in the World the kind of statesmanship that ought for the prudent use of taxpayer's money Today," London: Her Majesty's Station to exist in this body. in this tine of high deficits, and I would ery Office, 1965. This valuable work in Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, will like to polnt out again what yourself, Mr. cludes a numbering of the paragraphs the gentleman yield? Speaker, indicated last week-the invita for ready reference. Mr. DERWINSKI. I yield to the gentle tion from the British Parliament speci Our colleagues and others will be in man from Ohio. fied the number 25 as an upper limit on terested to see how many of the preroga Mr. HAYS of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I the size of a delegation they were pre tives of Parliament-and by extension, would just like to throw in something in pared to entertain. of this body-were formed by sections 14 line with what the gentleman is saying From my own experience as an officer and 61. I should also like to point out about the cost of this. If I remember cor of the Interparliamentary Union, I can that sections 15 and 16 restrained arbi rectly, the year before last the budget, say to our colleagues that very real bene trary taxation, sections 17-19, 30-40, 45, for the U.S. Information .Agency passed fits to our constituents do come from and 48 laid down much of our funda on a voice vote-and if there was any these meetings with our counterparts in mental understanding of the independ one who voted against it, I do not recall other nations. Many of the problems we ence of the courts of law. Sections 20-21 hearing them. The U.S. Information face in foreign affairs, in defense, in reg and 39-52 are important for the implica Agency in the last fiscal year-and that ulating the economy, in operating ana tions regarding the right to a trial by is one of the small bureaucracies-one of tional postal service-! could easily list one's peers. The rights of free men to the small bureaucracies with only a quar more such areas of common concern-are their property or to just compensation ter of a billion dollars, spent 12 times as shared by other legislative bodies. By are stressed in sections 27-28, 30-31, and much in travel as the whole U.S. Con exchanging ideas, pooling our informa 52; the right to travel freely abroad ex gress, House and Senate put together. tion and expertise, we are often able to cept in wartime is established in section Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. Mr. come back to our committees and to this 42. I should note that a few of the sec body with very worthwhile suggestions Speaker, will the gentleman yield? tions have long since been replaced by a Mr. DERWINSKI. I yield to the gentle for improvements. In many cases, we can more democratic understanding of the learn what not to do by seeing at first rights of women, for instance, or of man from West Virginia. hand the failure of a particular law to members of the Jewish faith. Still, for it Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. Mr. do what it was intended to do. In this is time, there can be little doubt that this Speaker, I have an amendment at the way, all of us can do a better job for the document was a milestone on the road to desk that will strike out the two staff people we represent. liberty. members. I think my amendment will For all these reasons, Mr. Speaker, I Mr. Speaker, I hate to inject some per strengthen the Bauman substitute. Per frankly believe that this Bicentennial sonal comments into this high level leg haps this will make the resolution more delegation is most appropriate. islative debate, but there is an underly palatable generally, because it will save None of our colleagues need to be re ing pattern of commentary here which money and take up less spa~e. minded at this time of the fundamental I would like to address. That is, as much Mr. DERWINSKI. May I just close on importance of the Magna Carta and of as I respect the good judgment, the sin the point I am trying to emphasize. Mr. the other great documents of British cerity of my colleagues, I find it most Speaker, I am not quibbling over the liberty-the Habeas Corpus Act, the Bill upsetting when Members take the well number of staff. of Rights of 1689, among others-to our Mr. Speaker, I would hope all of the own constitutional tradition. A member and demean this institution in which of my staff recently visited the Reform they are serving by chastising congres- Members recognize that when we as in- Club of London which was founded in sional trips as if they are all some sort dividuals or when we as a delegation 1834 to commemorate the reform bill of of a frolic. travel abroad to represent our country 1832. There ru·e only two documents dis I would like to remind the Members, and our Congress, that is in direct line of played in a place of honor in that British whether they know it or not, that they duty, that this is a definite diplomatic club; one is the Magna Carta and the serve in the finest legislative body in the asset to our country. l}Jarch 17, 19i6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6787 So far as I am concerned, the 25-Mem do so, except by the lawful judgment of his his heir shall be of full age and owe a 'relief', ber group would make as valuable a con equals or by the law of the land. the heir shall have his Inheritance on pay tribution to maintaining the strong ties To no one will we sell, to no one deny or ment of th& ancient scale of 'relief'. That is delay right or justice. to say, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pay that exist between our countries and our £100 for the entire earl's barony, the heir or governments as any exchange of diplo In these and other clauses, seventeenth heirs of a knight lOOs. at most for the entire mats. I think the Congress ought to pride century laWYers were to find a basis for knight's 'fee', and any man that owes less itself in the contribution it makes to In such fundamental privileges and rights shall pay less, in accordance With the ancient ternational understanding by the proper as trial by jury, Habeas Corpus, equality usage of 'fees'. conduct in meeting our l'esponsibilities. before the law, freedom from arbitrary (3) But if the heir of such a person is arrest, and parliamentary control of tax tmder age and a ward, when he comes of age Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, one of the he shall h ave his inheritance without 'relief' principal grievances which gave rise to ation. These were the privileges and or fine. Magna Carta was government waste. rights which found their way into our ( 4) The guardian of the land of an heir Englishmen of that day complained about Declaration of Independence and our Bill who is under age shall take from it only rea the excessive burdens of taxes and their of Rights because they were our herit sonable revenues, customary dues, and feudal equivalents caused by the monarch age too. If the Bauman amendment fails, services. He shall do this without destruc spending where there was no need to do my vote will not. be against the Magna tion or damage to men or property. If we Carta but against an excessive cost to have given the guardianship of the land to so. a sherur, or to any person answerable to us Americans of today complain about the trip. for the revenues, and he commits destruc the excessive burdens of taxes caused by The text of this Great Charter follows: tion or damage, we will exact compensation government making unnecessary or ex TaANSLATION from him, and the land shall be entrusted to cessive expenditures. I have great sym NoTE.-(Clauses marked (t) are still valid two worthy and prudent men of the same pathy for these views. under the charter of 1225, but with a few 'fee,' who shall be answerable to us for the minor amendments Clauses marked ( •) were revenues, or to the person to whom we have I intend to vote both for the Bauman assigned them. If we have given or sold to amendment to reduce the cost of this omitted 1n all later reissues of the charter. In the charter itself the clauses are not anyone the guardianshlp of such land. and resolution and, should it fail, to vote numbered. and the text reads continuously. he causes destruction or damage, he shall against the resolution. It is time Congress The translation sets out to convey the sense lose the guardianship of it, and lt shall be learn the lesson of June 1215-that public rather than the precise wording of the handed over to two worthy and prudent men officials must be held more accountable original Latin.) of the same 'fee•, who shall be similarly ans for their exercise of the public trust and John. by the grace of God King of England, werable to us. for their votes on spending and taxing Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and (5) For so long as a guardian has gua.rd issues. AqultaJne, and Count of Anjou, to his arch lanship of such land, he shall maintain the bishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, jus houses, parks, fish preserves, ponds, mills, I addressed the House on January 19 tices, foresters, sherurs, stewards, servants and everything else pertaining to it, from the about the many parallels between the and to all his officials and loyal subjects, revenues of the land itself. When the heir grievances cited in our Declaration of Greeting. comes of age, he shall restore the whole land Independence and those we hear as we Know that before God, for the health of to him, stocked with plough teams and such talk to our constituents in 1976. our soul and those of our ancestors and implements of husbandry as the season de There are many parallels between the heirs, to the honour of God. the exaltation mands and the revenues f1·om the land can grievances cited in Magna Carta and of the holy Church, and the better ordering reasonably bear. (6) Heirs may be given in marriage, bu~ those today too. And we should never dis of our kingdom, at the advice of our reverend fathers Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, not to someone of lower social standing. Be miss this as simply unavoidable griev fore a marriage takes place, lt shall be made in If primate of all England, and cardinal of the ances against government general. holy Roman Church, Henry archbishop of known to the heir's next-of-kin. there 1s a common thread from 1215 to Dublin, WUllam bishop of London, Peter bis (7) At her husband's death, a widow may 1776 to 1976-and there ts-it 1s simply hop of Winchester, Jocelin bishop of Bath have her marriage portion and Inheritance that the people under any system resent and Glastonbury, Hugh bishop of Lincoln. at once and without trouble. She shall pay deeply much of the product of their Walter bishop of Coventry, Benedict bishop nothing for her dower, marriage portion, or labor-their hard-earned income-being of Rochester, Master Pandulf subdeacon and any inheritance that she and her husband member of the papal household, Brother held jointly on the day of hls death. She :first taken from them through taxes and may remain ln her husband's house for forty then misspent. Aymerlc master of the knighthood of the Temple ln England, William Marshal earl of days after his death. and within this period It is for this reason that I would like Pembroke, William earl of Salisbury, William her dower shall be assigned to her. to read into the record of today's con earl of Warren, William earl of Arundel, (8) No widow shall be compelled to marry, sideration of this resolution the actual Alan de Galloway constable of Scotland, so long as she wishes to remain without a. text of Magna Carta. Warin Fltz Gerald. Peter Fltz Herbert, Hubert husband. But she must give security that This Great Charter of English Liber de Burgh seneschal of Poltou, Hugh de she will not marry without royal consent, if Neville, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Bas she holds her lands of the Crown, or with ties was :first issued by King John at out the consent of wh at ever other lord she Runnymede in June of 1215. Immediately set, Alan Basset, Philip Daubeny, Robert de Roppeley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and may hold them of. after John's death in October 1216 it other loyal subjects: (9) Neither we nor our officials will seize was reissued in the name of his succes~or, t(l) First, that we have granted to God, any land or rent in payment of a debt, so Henry m, with substantial excisions and and by this present charter have confirmed long as the debtor has movable goods suffi alterations. Two subsequent reissues in for us and our heirs ln perpeutity, that the cient to discharge the debt. A debtor's sure 1217 and 1225 incorporated further revi English Church shall be free, and shall have ties shall not be distrained upon so long as sions. In the form of the third and final Its rights undiminished, and its Uberties the debtor himself can discharge his debt. revision of 1225, it was confirmed in 1297 unimpaired. That we Wish this so be observed, If, for laek of means, the debtor is unable appears from the tact that of our own free to discharge his debt, his sureties shall be by Edward I and a copy of his confirma answerable for it. If they so desire, they tion was afterward placed on the :first or will, before the outbreak of the present may have the debtor's lands and rents until English dispute between us and our barons, we "the great" roll of statutes. granted and confirmed by charter the free they have received satisfaction for the debt Since then, Magna Carta has come to dom of the Church's elections-a right that they paid for him, unless the debtor can be regarded by Englishmen and by all reckoned to be of the greatest necessity and show that he has set tled hls obligations to who have adopted English laws, as their Importance to it-and caused this to be them. chief constitutional defense against confirmed by Pope Innocent III. This free *(10) If anyone who has borrowed a sum arbitrary or unjust rule. Its two most dom we shall observe ourselves, and desire of money from Jews dies before the debt to be observed in good faith by our heirs has been repaid, his heir shall pay no inter famous clauses-clauses 39 and 40-ex est on the debt for so long as he remains press and give warranty to some of our in perpetuity. To all free men of our kingdom we have under age, Irrespective of whom he holds his most deeply held political beliefs. Trans also gt·anted, for us and our hell·s for ever all lands. If such a debt falls into the hands of lated from the original Latin, they read: the liberties written out below, to have ~nd the Crown, it wlll take nothing except the No tree man shall be seized or imprisoned to keep for t hem and t h eir heirs, of us and principal sum specified in the bond. or stripped of h1s rights or possessions, or our heirs: * (11) If a man dies owing money to Jews wife may have her dower and pay outlawed or exlled, or deprived of his stand (2) If any ea.d , baron. or other person ~is noth~ mg t owards the debt from it. If he leaves ing in any other way, nor will we proceed that holds lands directly of the Crown, for with force against him, or send ot hers to children tha~ are under age, their needs may military s en·lce. shall clie , and at hi death a l':;o b e provided :for on a scale appropriate 6788 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1V.larch 1 'l, 1976 to the size of his holding of lands. The debt * (25) Every county, hundred, wapentake, ment of his equals or by the law of the land. is to be paid out of the residue, reserving and tithing shall remain at its ancient rent, )'( 40) To no one will we sell, to no one the service due to his fuedal lords. Debts Without increase, except the royal demesne deny or delay right or justice. owed to persons other than Jews are to be manors. (41) All merchants may enter or leave dealt with similarly. (26) If at the death of a man who holds a England unharmed and without fear, and * (12) No 'scutage' or 'aid' may be levied in lay "fee" of the Crown, a sheriff or royal may stay or travel within it, by land or our kingdom without its general consent, official produces royal letters patent of sum water, for purposes of trade, free from all unless it is for the ransom of our person, to mons for a debt due to the Crown, it shall illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient make our eldest son a knight, and (once) be lawful for them to seize and list movable and lawful customs. This, however, does not to marry our eldest daughter. For these pur goods found in the lay "fee" of the dead man apply in time of war to merchants from a poses only a reasonable 'aid' may be levied. to the value of the debt, as assessed by country that is at war with us. Any such 'Aids' from the city of London are to be worthy men. Nothing shall be removed until merchants found in our country at the out treated similarly. the whole debt is paid, when the residue break of war shall be detained without in -j'(13) The city of London shall enjoy all shall be given over to the executors to carry jury to their persons or property, until we its ancient liberties and free customs, both out the dead man's will. If no debt is due or our chief justice have discovered how our by land and by water. We also will and grant to the Crown, all the movable goods shall own merchants are being treated in the that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and be regarded as the property of the dead man, country at war with us. If our own mer ports shall enjoy all their liberties and free except the reasonable shares of his wife and chants are safe they shall be safe too. customs. children. *(42) In future it shall be lawful for any • (14) To obtain the general consent of the * (27) It a free man dies intestate, his man to leave and return to our kingdom realm for the assessment of an 'aid'-except movable goods are to be distributed by his unharmed and without fear, by land or water, in the three cases specified above-or a next-of-kin and friends, under the super preserving his allegiance to us, except in time 'scutage', we will cause the archbishops, bis vision of the Church. The rights of his of war, for some short period, for the com hops, abbots, earls, and greater barons to be debtors are to be preserved. mon benefit of the realm. People that have summoned individually by letter. To those (28) No constable or other royal official been imprisoned or outlawed in accordance who hold lands directly of us we will cause shall take corn or other movable goods from with the law of the land, people from a coun a general summons to be issued, through any m.an without immediate payment, un try that is at war with us, and merchants the sheriffs and other officials, to come to less the seller voluntarily offers postpone who shall be dealt wit:J. as stated above-are gether on a fixed day (of which at least forty ment of this. excepted from this provision. days notice shall be given) and at a fixed (29) No constable may compel a knight (43) If a man holds lands of any 'escheat' place. In all letters of summons, the cause of to pay money for castle-guard if the knight such as the 'honour' of Wallingford, Notting the summons will be stated. When a sum is willing to undertake the guard in person, ham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other mons has been issued, the business appoint or with reasonable excuse to supply some 'escheats' in our hand that are baronies, at ed for the day shall go forward in accordance other fit man to do it. A knight taken or his death his heir shall give us only the 're With the resolution of those present, even sent on military service shall be excused lief' and service that he would have made to if not all those who were summoned have from castle-guard for the period of this the baron, had the barony been in the appeared. service. baron's hand. We will hold the •escheat' in * ( 15) In future we will allow no one to (30) No sheriff, royal official, or other per the same manner as the baron held it. levy an 'aid' from his free men, except to son shall take horses or carts for transport (44) People who live outside the forest need ransom his person, to make his eldest son from any free man, without his consent. not in future appear before the royal justices a knight, and (once) to marry his eldest (31) Neither we nor any royal official will of the forest in answer to general summonses, daughter. For these purposes only a reason take wood for our castle, or for any other unless they are actually involved in proceed able 'aid' may be levied. purpose, without the consent of the owner. ings or are sureties for someone who has been (16) No man shall be forced to perform (32) We will not keep the lands of people seized for a forest offense. more service for a knight's 'fee', or other free convicted of felony in our hand for longer • ( 45) We will appoint as justices, consta holding of land, than is due from it. than a year and a day, after which they shall bles, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that (17) Ordinary lawsuits shall not follow be returned to the lords of the "fees" con know the law of the realm and are minded the royal court around, but shall be held in cerned. to keep it well. a fixed place. (33) All fish-weirs shall be removed from (46) All barons who have founded abbeys, (18) Inquests of novel disseisin, mort the Thames, the Medway, and throughout and have charters of English kings or ancient d'ancestor, and darrein presentment shall the whole of England, except on the sea tenure as evidence of this, may have guard be taken only on their proper county court. coast. ianship of them when there is no abbot, as is We ourselves, or in our absence abroad our (34) The writ called precipe shall not in their due. chief justice, will send two justices to each future be issued to anyone in respect of any ( 47) All forests that have been created in county four times a year, and these justices, holding of land, if a free man could thereby our reign shall at once be disafforested. River With four knights of the county elected by be deprived of the right of trial in his own banks that have been enclosed in our reign the county itself, shall hold the assizes in lord's court. shall be treated similarly. the county court, on the day and in the (35) There shall be standard measures of • ( 48) All evil customs relating to forests place where the court meets. wine, ale, and corn (the London quarter), and warrens, foresters, warreners, sheriffs and ( 19) If any assizes cannot be taken on the throughout the kingdom. There shall also be their servants, or river-banks and their day of the county court, as many knights a standard width of dyed cloth, russett, and wardens, are at once to be investigated in and freeholders shall afterwards remain be haberject, namely two ells within the selv every county by twelve sworn knights of the hind, of those who have attended the court, edges. Weights are to be standardised simi county, and within forty days of their en as will suffice for the administration of larly. quiry the evil customs are to be abolished justice, having regard to the volume of busi (36) In future nothing shall be paid or completely and irrevocably. But, we, or our ness to be done. accepted for the issue of a writ of inquisition chief justice if we are not in England, are (20) For a trivial offence, a free man shall of life or limbs. It shall be given gratis, and first to be informed. be fined only in proportion to the degree of not refused. • (49) We will at once return all hostages his offence, and for a serious offence cor (37) If a man holds land of the Crown by and charters delivered up to us by English respondingly, but not so heavily as to de 'fee-farm', 'socage', or 'burgage', and also men as security for peace or for loyal service. prive him of his livelihood. In the same way, holds land of someone else for knight's serv *(50) We will remove completely from a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, ice, we will not have guardianship of his their offices the kinsmen of Gerard de Athee, and a husbandman the implements of his heir, nor of the land that belongs to the and in future they shall hold no offices in husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of other person's 'fee', by virtue of the 'fee England. The people in question are Enge a royal court. None of these fines shall be farm', 'socage', or 'burgage', unless the 'fee lard de Cigogne, Peter, Guy, and Andrew de imposed except by the assessment on oath of farm' owes knight's service. We will not have Chanceaux, Guy de Cigogne, Geoffrey de reputable men of the neighbourhood. the guardianship of a man's heir, or of land Martigny and his brothers, Philip Marc and (21) Earls and barons shall be fined only that he holds of someone else, by reason of his brothers, with Geoffrey his nephew, and by their equals, and in proportion to the any small property that he may hold of the all their followers. gravity of their offence. Crown for a service of knives, arrows, or the * (51) As soon as peace is restored, we will (22) A fine imposed upon the lay prop like. remove from the kingdom all the foreign erty of a clerk in holy order3 shall be as (38) In future no official shall place a man knights, bowmen, their attendants, and the sessed upon the same principles, without on trial upon his own unsupported state mercenaries that have come to it, to its reference to the value of his ecclesiastical ment, without producing credible witnesses harm, with horses and arms. benefice. to the truth of it. • (52) To any man whom we have deprived (23) No town or person shall be forced to "j-(39) No free man shall be seized or im or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or build bridges over rivers except those with. prisoned, or stripped of his rights or posses rights, without the lawful judgement of his an ancient obligation to do so. sions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of equals, we will at once restore these. In cases (24) No sheriff, constable, coroners, or his standing in any other way, nor will we of dispute the matter shall be resolved by other royal officials· are- to hold lawsuits that proceed with force against him, or send the judgement of the twenty-five barons re should be held by the royal justices. others io do so, except by the lawful judge- ferred to below in the clause for securing llla'rch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6789 the peace (§ 61). In cases, however, where- a them similarly in their relations with their Dublin, the other bishops named above, and man was deprived or dispossessed of some own men. ~!aster Pandulf. thing without the lawful judgement of his • (61) Since we have granted all these • (63) It is accordingly our wish and com equals by our father King Henry or our things for God, for the better ordering o! our mand that the English Church shall be brother King Richard, and it remains in our kingdom. and to allay the discord that has free, and that men in our kingdom shall have hands or is held by others under our war arisen between us and our barons, and since and keep all these liberties, rights, and con ranty, we shall have respite for the period we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their cessions, well and peaceably in their fulness commonly alowed to Crusaders, unless a law entirety, with lasting strength, for ever, we and entirety for them and their heirs, of suit had been begun, or any enquiry had been give and grant to the barons the following us and our heirs, in all things and all place~ made at our order, before we took the Cross security: for ever. as a Cr usader. On our 1·eturn from the Cru "The barons shall elect twenty-five of their Both we and the barons have sworn that sade, or if we abandon it, we will at once number to keep, and cause to be observed all this shall be observed in good faith and render justice in full. with an their might, the peace and liberties without deceit. Witness the abovementioned • (53) We shall have similar respite in granted and confirmed to them by this char people and many others. rendering justice in connexion with forests ter. Given by our hand in the meadow that that are to be disafforested, or to remain "If we, our chief justice, our officials, or any is called Runnymede, between Windsor and forests, when these were first afforested by of our servants offend in any respect against Staines, on the fifteenth day of June in the our father Henry or our brother Richard; any man, or transgres any of the articles of seventeenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215: the with the guardianship of lands in another the peace or of this security, and the offence new reginaZ year began on 28 May). person's 'fee', when we have hitherto had is made known to four of the said twenty AMENDMXNT OFFERED BY r.m. BECHLER OF WEST this by virtue of a 'fee' held of us for knight's fl. ve barons, they shall come to us--or in our VIRGINIA TO THE AMENDMENT IN THE NATURE service by a third party; and with abbeys absence from the kingdom to the chief jus OF A SUBSTITUTE OFFERED BY MR. BAUMAN founded in another person's 'fee', in which tice--to declare it and cla.im immed181te re dress. If we, or in our absence abroad the. Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. !\orr. the lord of the 'fee' claims to own a. right. I On our return from the Crusade, or if we chief justice, make no redress within forty Speaker. offer an amendment to the abandon it, we will at once do full justice days, reckoning from the day on which the amendment in the nature of a substitute. to complaints about these matters. otience was declared to us or to him. the four The Clerk read as follows: • (54) No one shall be arrested or im barons shall refer the matter to the rest of Amendment offered by Mr. HECHLER or prisoned on the appeal of a woman for the the twenty-five barons, who may distrain West Virginia to the amendment in the na death of any person except her husband. upon and assail us in every way possible, with ture of a substitute offered by Mr. BAUMAN: • (55) All fines that have been given to us the support of the whole community of the On page 2, ltne 5, after the word "delega unjustly and against the law of the land, land, by selzlng our castles, lands, posses tion," strike out the comma insert a semi and all fines that we have exa.cted unjustly, sions, or anything else saving only our own colon and strike the balance, line 5 through shall be entirely remitted or the matter de person and those of the queen and our chil line 8. cided by a majority judgement of the twenty dren, until they have secured such redress PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY as they have determined upon. Having se· five barons referred to below in the clause Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I would for securing the peace ( § 61) together with cured the redress, they may then resume Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can their normal obedience to us. like to make a parliamentary inquiry so be present, and such others as he wishes to "Any man who so desires may take an oath the Members will understand the situa bring with him. If the archbishop cannot be to obey the commands of the twenty-five tion. present, proceedings shall continue without barons for the achievement of these ends, The SPEAKER. The gentleman will him. provided that if any of the twenty-five and to join with them in assailing us to the state it. barons has been involved in a similar suit utmost of his power. We give public and Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, do I un· himself, his judgment shall be set aside, and free permission to take this oath to any man someone else chosen and sworn in his place, who so desires, and at no time will we pro derstand the manager of this resolu· aa a substitute for the single occasion, by hibit any man from taking it. Indeed, we tion-that is, myself-has the oppor· the rest of the twenty-five. will compel any of our subjects who are un tunity to move the previous question on (56) If we have deprived or dispossessed willing to take it to swear it at our command. the amendment or on the resolution and any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or any If one of the twenty-five barons dies or all amendments thereto? thing else in England or in Wales, without leaves the country, or 1s prevented in any other way from discharging his duties, the The SPEAKER. We are 1n the House the lawful judgment of their equals, these are as in Committee of the Whole, anc! the at once to be returned to them. A dispute on rest of them shall choose another baron in this point shall be determined in the Marches his place, at their discretion, who shall be gentleman has the r1gh.t to move the by the judgment of equals. English law shall duly sworn in as they were. previous question on the amendment or apply to holdings of land in England, Welsh "In the event of disagreement among the on the resolution itself. law to those in Wales, and the law of the twenty-five barons on any matter referred Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, will the Marches to those in the Marches. The Welsh to them for decision, the verdlct of the ma gentleman yield? shall treat us and ours in the sa.me way. jority present shall have the same valldlty Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. I • (57) In cases where a Welshman was de as a unanimous verdict of the whole twenty prived or dispossessed of anything, without five, whether these were all present or some yield to the gentleman from Missouri the lawful judgment of his equals, by our of those summoned were unwilltng or unable (Mr. BOLLING). father King Henry or our brother King Rich to appear. Mr. BOLLING. I thank the gentleman ard, and it remains in our hands or is held "The twenty-five barons shall swear to for yielding. by others under our warranty, we shall have obey all the above articles faithfully. and Mr. Speaker, I want to make It very respite for the period commonly allowed to shall cause them to be obeyed by others to clear in the House that I do not intend Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, the best of their powers. or an enquiry had been made at our order, ..We will not seek to procure from anyone, to cutoff debate. But I do want to say before we took the Cross as a Crusader. But either by our own efforts or those of a third if we cannot have a relatively orderly on our return from the Crusade, or if we party, anything by which any part of these and relatively prompt conclusion, with abandon it, we will at once do full justice concessions or liberties might be revoked or everyone that has an amendment having according to the laws of Wales and the said diminished. Should such a thing be pro the opportunity to offer his amendment, regions. cured, it shall be nun and void and we will at some point I think it will probably be • (58) We will at once return the son of at no time make use of it, either ourselves the will of the House, and I will try to Llywelyn, all Welsh hostages, and the char or through a third party." sense it, that they do not want this ters delivered to us as security for the peace. • (62) We have remitted and pardoned to • (59) With regard to the return of the sis fully to all men any 111-will, hurt, or grudges go on forever. ters and hostages of Alexander, king of Scot that have arisen between us and our sub Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. Mr. land, his liberties and his rights, we will treat jects, whether clergy or laymen, since the Speaker. the gentleman from Maryland him in the same way as our other barons of beginning of the dispute. We have in addi gave a very facetious and unresponsive England, unless it appears from the charters tion remitted fully, and for our own part comment when I suggested that these that we hold from his father William, form have also pardoned, to all clergy and laymen two staff members were unnecessary. I erly king of S.cotland, that he should be any offences committed as a result of the treated otherwise. This matter shall be re said dispute between Easter in the sixteenth do not believe the gentleman from Mary solved by the judgement o! his equals in our year of our reign (i.e. 1215) and the restora land addressed the issue directly, as he court. tion of peace. frequently is in the habit of doing. I (60) All these customs and liberties that In addition we have caused letters patent would merely ask the gentleman from we have granted sha.ll be observed in our to be made for the barons, bearing witness Maryland why he does not accept such kingdom llisofar as concerns our own rela to this security aud to tlle concessions set an obviously logical and money-saving tions with our subjects. Let all men of our out above, over the seals of Stephen arch amendment. in his prior response to the kingdom, whether clergy or laymen observe bishop of Cant erbury. Henry l'\rchbi.·hop of gentleman from West Virginia? 6790 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE Ma1'·ch 17, 1976 Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, if the gen The SPEAKER. The Chair is going to Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, the tleman will yield, I am sorry if he took recognize the gentleman from New York amendment that the gentleman from my answer to be facetious. It was only ped the details of an Internation our grain markets. Perhaps most im ternational Relations: al Energy Program designed to limit the portantly, we have preserved our private vulnerability of the participating nations marketing system, permitting us to main To the Congress of the United States: to supply interruptions. Agreement was tain our highly successful policy of all America in 1975 renewed and strength also reached on longer-term cooperation out production and open markets. ened its commitment to pursue the to reduce consumption and develop al In the same constructive spirit, the traditional U.S. goals of freer trade and ternative energy sources in order to les governments of the United States and enhanced global economic stability and sen dependence on imported energy. We the Soviet Union have also committed prosperity. The United States has pro have established emergency arrange themselves to negotiations on a 5-year posed a series of major economic initia ments providing for energy reserves, agreement for the purchase of Soviet oil. tives providing leadership in efforts to consumption restraint measures, and al These negotiations are currently under improve trade and monetary arrange location procedures. way. ments, to establish cooperative mecha DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS nisms for dealing with the problems of The United States is committed to food and energy, and to offer effective in Multinational corporations ward a more Mr. MYERS of Indiana. I yield to the artificial barriers or incentives leads to free and open world of international gentleman from IDinois. the most efficient allocation of capital in economic relations benefitting the Amer Mr. MICHEL. The distinguished ma the world economy. Accordingly we pro ican people and all people. jority leader mentioned next Monday. vide .. national treatment" of foreign GERALD R. FORD. Would he tell us specifically what we investors in the United States, treating THE WHITE HOUSE, March 17, 1976. would be taking up Monday? them equally with domestic firms, and Mr. O'NEILL. On Monday's program there will be two District bills and the we expect similar treatment of U.S. com LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM panies investing abroad. conference report on child care, and then Following a comprehensive review of (Mr. MYERS of Indiana asked and th" bills we do not get through tomor Administration policy toward inward in was given permission to address the row. Those could possibly be the Peace vestment, we concluded that it would House for 1 minute.> Corps authorization, the Guatemala be desirable to establish arrangements Mr. MYERS of Indiana. Mr. Speaker, earthquake disaster and NASA author to monitor the flow of foreign invest I have asked for this time for the pur ization. ments in the United States. By Executive pose of asking the distinguished ma Then on Tuesday, we intend definitely Order, I established the Committee on jority leader, the gentleman from Mas to bring up the representation of the Foreign Investment in the United States sachusetts the anti and include extraneous matter.> such investments. trust amendments (parens patriae>. We Mr. HANLEY. Mr. Speaker, during this will finish that tomorrow. If it is finished Bicentennial Year, I have been privileged EXPORT POLICY at a reasonable hour, we will go down to take part in programs of a patriotic U.S. exports continue to play a vital the program with H.R. 12226, Peace nature which have had as an ingredient role in strengthening our domestic econ Corps authorization, with an open rule the original compositions of lyrical and omy. We are continuing our efforts to and 1 hour of debate; and H.R. 12046, musical works by talented local artists. expand U.S. exports by providing com Guatemala Earthquake Disaster Act, I can only say that the genuineness of petitive export financing, improved mar with an open rule and 1 hour of debate; the sentiment and the fervor of the per ket information, and an increased for and H.R. 11573, NASA authorization, formance at such moments made me eign awareness of U.S. products. The with an open rule and 1 hour of debate. proud to be a citizen of this great coun United States prefers not to interfere After speaking with the chairmen of try. with competitive markets. We oppose the the various committees, it was decided Last weekend during the choral por use of export subsidies and similar meas there will be no Friday session this week. tion of a program at the annual St. Pat ures which artificially distort trading re We will finish the parens patriae bill rick's dinner sponsored by the Onondaga lationships. At the same time, we must tomorrow. If we just take that bill tomor County Board and Ladies Auxiliary of realistically take into account export row, the remaining legislation will be put the Ancient Order of Hibernians the au policies of competitive countries, and we on Monday next, and the representation dience enjoyed the entertainme~t of one will continue to promote U.S. exports by of the District of Columbia in Congress o~ our area's best know singing aggrega insuring that competitive credit terms will be on the calendar on Tueseday next. tiOns, the Tom Dooley Choraliers. I only are available through the Export-Import Mr. MYERS of Indiana. Do I under wish that they could be with us in the Bank and the Commodity Credit Corpo stand the majority leader to say that Capitol today to salute this great House ration of the Department of Ag.riculture, there will be no Friday session? with song. In fact, I wish that their talent and sufficient tax incentives are avail Mr. O'NEn.L. That is the decision that could be enjoyed by our fellow citizens able through the Domestic International has been made, that there will be no Fri from coast to coast. Sales C01·poration mechanism to meet day session. The director of the group incidentally foreign competition. Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, will ?s Michael E. Pinkasewicz,' a Ukrainian' As we enter the last quarter of the the gentleman yield? m whom every local Irishman can take twentieth century, our policies are di Mr. MYERS of Indiana. I yield to the pride as the inspiration of many a fine rected toward working with others to gentleman from California. "hoolie" evening at Ed Epillett's Green ensure that the world's talents and re Mr. ROUSSELOT. May I inquire of my Gate I:r:n in Camillus, N.Y. sources better serve the well-being of good colleague from Massachusetts, was I would like at this point to share with mankind. We continue to seek a world in there not a discussion last week that we you, Mr. Speaker, and with our col which all people can prosper, a world would meet on Fridays? leagues the words of a song introduced without hunger or severe want, a world in Mr. O'NEILL. If the gentleman will last Saturday evening at that same din which the best efforts of all nations are yield, I will say that we announced in the ner. This musical Bicentennial Pledge is prized and rewarded, so that their prog program that there would definitely be a authored by Mike Pinkasewicz and is ress and health are insured. Friday session this week. But, due to the truly in the fashion of "America the CXXII-430-Part 6 6796 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE Ma'rch 17, 1976 Beautiful," written by the distinguished plans in case of an outbreak of war in the in the Congress make it crystal clear Katherine Lee Bates. Unfortunately, I Far East. Removing half of these troops that detente, or whatever the latest cannot include the musical arrangement would, therefm·e, constitute a military name for it is, must be a two-way street for the REcoRD, but here are the words. and psychological setback for the United that cannot lead to the further weaken The parenthetical portions are the parts States as well as for Nationalist China. ing of the United States or any of its snng in harmonic complement to the And what have the Nationalist Chi allies, including the Republic of China. major lyric. nese done to deserve such treatment, or Mr. Speaker, for the benefit of my col BICENTENNIAL PLEDGE even the possibility of such treatment? leagues, I would like to insert in the (By Michael E. Pinkasewicz) Even if one discounts the fact that trade RECORD at this time an article by :Mr. From mountain to shining sea, between the United States and the Re William Beecher, Washington corre Land of faith and liberty, public of China amounts to $3.5 billion a spondent for the Boston Globe which America, America., year and the fact that U.S. companies discusses the latest developments in some May God shed his grace on Thee. have almost $2.5 billion invested in Tai detail and gives some important perspec I pledge to give my allegiance, wan, one cannot ignore the facts of his tive to the whole matter. After reading (I pledge thee my allegiance) tory. In addition to having been our it, I hope all Members will agree that To the fiag, steadfast ally throughout World War II, And to the Republic, this is too important a matter to be over And one Nation under God, the Nationalist Chinese have stood shoul looked or treated with anything less than (pledge my allegiance) der to shoulder with us in opposition to our fullest attention. The article fol Forever, Communist aggression in the Far East. lows: With liberty for all, and Dan we simply forget the experience of [From the Boston Globe, Mar. 11, 19761 (liberty for all, and) Korea, which led us to sign the afore FORD MADE SECRET PLEDGE TO PEKING: UNITED Justice for all. mentioned Mutual Defense Pact with the STATES REPORTEDLY WILL CUT TAIWAN And one Nation under God, Republic of China in 1954, or the shell FORCE IN HALF Forever, ing of Quemoy and Matsu, where the With Liberty and Justice for all. (By William Beecher) (liberty and justice for all.) Nationalist Chinese stood so firm, or the WASHINGTON.-President Ford has given America, offer of help in S{)uth Vietnam, which we a secret pledge to China to reduce the Ameri Home of the brave, did not accept, or the U.N. experience, can military presence on Taiwan by about 50 Land of the free, where the Republic of China was percent over the next year, according t-o My pledge to Thee amongst our strongest supporters from well-placed Administration officials. (my home, my land, my pledge to the outset to that infamous day in 1971 The pledge, the officials said, was made by thee.) Mr. Ford to Vice Premier Ten Hsiao-ping when the Republic of China was ex during his visit to China in December. pelled and the so-called People's Repub The prospective force reduction is meant REDUCTION OF TROOP STRENGTH lic of China seated in its place? If we not only to continue the trend begun by ON TAIWAN have forgotten, then it would do us well Richard Nixon four years ago, but also to to refresh our memories lest we turn reassure China's leaders that the United The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a around one day to look for our friends States is determined to further the nor previous order of the House, the gentle and discover we do not have any left. malization of relations even if it isn't quite man from illinois (Mr. CRANE) is recog To those who say that the friendship ready to break formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan and establish them with China. nized for 60 minutes. of the Nationalist Chinese is not worth There have been indications that Peking Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, the news the enmity of the Red Chinese, it should 1s unhappy by what it perceives as a lack of paper reports of late last week, to the also be noted that it was the Red Chinese toughness by the Ford Administration to effect that the United States will fur who intervened in Korea and killed thou ward the Soviet Union and by the slow ther reduce its troop strength on Taiwan sands of American soldiers; that it was process of resolving the Taiwan issue. possibly as the result of a secret pledge the Red Chinese who supplied much of American military men on Taiwan already made between the President and the Red the aid to Hanoi that resulted in the have been reduced from a force of 8610 at the Chinese when the former visited Pek time of Nixon's first visit to China in Feb deaths of thousands more American ruary 1972 to approximately 2200. ing last December, once again bring the servicemen; that it was the Red Chinese In the Shanghai communique issued at the question of our relationship with the Re who pumped millions of dollars of aid end of the Nixon visit, it was promised that public of China to the fore. This is not into Africa to expand Communist influ American forces would be progressively re just another minor troop reduction we ence there; that it was the Red Chinese duced "as tension in the area diminishes." are talking about; if implemented and who have so consistently voted against The communique also acknowledged that particularly if implemented to placate us in the U.N. since 1971 and that it is Taiwan was an intrinsic part of China. and the Red Chinese, such a step would not the Red Chinese who, despite their pro that its future political situation should be settled by the Chinese. only drive another nail in the coffin of a fessed fear of the Soviet Union, are The clear, though unstated, implication long-time trusted f1iend and ally but it amongst the most ardent advocates of was that the United States would eventually would be viewed by others as another expansionistic communism. Yet, ever end its mutual defense treaty with Taiwan step, and a dishonorable one at that, on since 1972, we have been making con and formally recognize Peking as the sov the road toward isolationism. No amount cession after concession to them-al ereign over both the mainland and Taiwan of explaining will be able to alter the most as if they were our long-time and its associated islands. fact that we would be putting expediency friends-without getting much of any But such a move would be politically con before principle, a realizati{)n that could thing in return. If the Red Chinese really troversial in the United States, since the Nationalist government controlling Taiwan only give our other allies, dwindling as desire our friendship, or want us to act has been an ally since World War II. The they are in number, even more cause for as a counterweight against the Soviet Nationalists fled mainland China in 1949 concern about the long-term value of our Union, then the least they can do is rec after being defeated by the Communists. commitments. ognize our commitment to the Republic Senior officials are trying to work out a If the servicemen in question did not of China and not ask us to renege on it. formula. whereby full-scale relations, with an have a symbolic value and and were not Mr. Speaker, I think the overwhelm exchange of ambassadors, might be estab performing important military functions, ing majority of the American people lished with China, while preserving unofficial perhaps there would be slightly less cause would oppose any sellout of the Nation yet still close relations with Taiwan. alist Chinese to their avaricious foes on Some American officials are concerned that for alarm. However, the 2,200 men now with Chou En-la.i's death and the 82-year stationed in Taiwan have a dual role. the mainland of China. Traditionally, old Mao Tsetung's increastngly ill health, it First, they are proof of our willingness American sympathies have been with might be harder to strike a reasonable deal to live up to the terms of our military the freedom loving people of the Repub with potentially less worldly and less self assistance pact with the Republic of lic of China, as is shown by the fact that confident successors. China, under which we are committed 217 Members of Congress have cospon The December pledge to cut remaining to come to the defense of Taiwan. And sored a resolution indicating that the American forces on Taiwan in half is con second, they monit{)r Red Chinese com United States should do nothing vis-a sidered a holding action. It would serve to munications, maintain an air force pres vis Red China that would compromise show the good faith of American intentions ence in the area, help train Nationalist our friendship with the Republic of while getting the Administration past the Chinese troops, and develop contingency China. Therefore, I think it is time we presidential elections and into position for Mat~ch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE 6797 more dramatic moves, assuming Mr. Ford is Republic of China has received Ameri munists on the mainland resent the con- reelected. can eeonomic assistance. However, since tinued existence of a free China. It is a The new reductions doubtless will diminish 1965, the Republic of China has notre sore spots for them to have a capitalist one function that has been regarded as of ceived such assistance. Through diligent democracy flourishing within ·the shad special value to the United States--the work ow of their Communist government and of about 1000 Air Force personnel at Shulin labor, the free Chinese have progressed kou Air Base. They are involved in a sub in all areas of economic life which has outstripping their Communist regime in stantial eavesdropping and code-breaking ef resulted in an increasingly better stand all save regimentation. fort directed at China. ard of living. Although Taiwan has far America has a stake, not only in the If the total American military presence is fewer people and much less in the way of peace of East Asia, but also in the eco to come down to slightly more than 1000 material resources, its annual GNP is nomic progress of the region. Our friend this operation will probably be cut back now about $700 per capita, while the ship with the Republic of China serves significantly. capita GNP on the mainland is only both purposes. serving to balance rela In addition, the United States performs three other military functions on Taiwan. A about $340. The Chinese on Taiwan have tionships in the area and to increase M11itary Assistance and Advisory Group built the second most prosperous econ competition in the export markets of the helps train the Nationalist military forces in omy in all of Asia, on a free enterprise Far East. the use and maintenance of US equipment; foundation achieving a per capita in The United States is allied with the another group ts assigned to the Taiwan come second only to Japan in all of Asia. Republic of China by the Mutual De Defense Command to develop joint con Trade between the United States and fense Treaty of 1954 and by the Formosa tingency plans in the event of an attack the Republic of China has been signifi resolution, and the Republic of China from China; and a third group protects If has contributed steadily to keeping of and maintainS a small tactical nuclear air cant and is growing. present trends force presence in the event of a major war continue, Taiwan will be our seventh the peace and the mutual defense of in the Far East. largest trading partner this year, ranking American security and interests in Asia. In the past, two or three F4 fighter bomb just behind France and Italy. Our trade Should we eventually remove all U.S. ers have been on strip alert on Taiwan as with Taiwan is roughly four times that troops from Taiwan, it would seem to me part of the so-called "quick reaction alert.. of our trade with the mainland. With to invite the day when an armed invita nuclear forces in the Far East. The other two only 15 million in population, Taiwan tion will be launched by the Commu such tactical nuclear bases have been in does approximately the same amount of nists. I believe we should continue our South Korea and the Philippines. Officials declined to give details on what foreign trade as does mainland China fliendship with and our support of the specific functions will be cut back in the with over 800 million people. And, eco free Chinese on Taiwan. Ties between Taiwan force reduction. nomic forecasts show Taiwan economy the American people and the free Chi Some officials feel if Peking will publicly growing over 10 percent each year-an nese are of great importance and have promise not to resort to force to settle the astonishing rate. withstood the test of time. We should Taiwan issue, it would be easier for the In a real sense, Taiwan realizes that take no steps in any relations with Pe United States to abrogate the 1954 defense her life depends on her economic growth king that would jeopardize the freedom treaty designed to protect Taiwan from attack. and, in a magnanimous and unheralded and security of the Republic of China. Until the future of Taiwan is resolved, the move in 1973, sent a trade mission to Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, I am very United States might continue to sell it de New York to specifically seek ways to concerned over recent reports that there fensive arms and to maintain close trade rectify a U.S. trade deficit of $450 mil may be plans to further reduce the and political relations. lion in the balance of trade. This resulted American military presence in Taiwan The Japanese, folloWing the 1972 Ameri in increased purchases of U.S. goods by by as much as one-half the present num can shift in China policy, ended formal re Taiwan, long-term buying contracts, re ber during the next year. Possibly the lations With Taiwan in favor of China. But moval of import controls on some 319 it sent retired foreign office officials to Tal proposed reduction is meant to continue wan to preserve close though ''unofficial .. items-many of which can only be im the trend begun by former President channels for political dialogue. ported from the United States-and, in Nixon 4 years ago to reassure Commu Some suggest the United States might try an effort to give U.S. exporters an addi nist China's leaders that the United a simllar tack With retired State Depart tional advantage, revalued their dollar States is seeking to further the normal ment and Pentagon personnel at the propi in response to the devaluation of the U.S. ization of relations even if we are not t ious moment. dollar. ready to break formal diplomatic ties China has been only a minor issue in the Seldom in history has a small nation presidential campaign. Ronald Reagan has with Taiwan and establish them with criticized President Ford for "timid, vacil made such an unselfish gesture in behalf China. lating.. leadership toward Russia and al of the United States. The significant thing is that Ameri legedly undermining relations With China. By contrast and in my opinion, there ca's military presence on Taiwan already Reagan has also said he is opposed to With is only a limited potential for increased has been reduced from a force of 8,600 draWing recognition from Taiwan. trade between the People's RPpublic of at the time of Mr. Nixon's first visit to All the Democratic contenders have China and the United States. They do China in February 1972 to approxi spoken in favor of rapprochment With not want consumer goods from us-they mately 2,200. At the end of Mr. Nixon's China, but George Wallace and Jimmy Carter need sophisticated technological prod have expressed opposition to Withdrawing visit, he announced in Shanghai that recognition from the Nationalist govern ucts. In 1974, the United States exported American forces-would be progressively ment on Taiwan. about $800 million worth of goods to the reduced as tension in the area dimin mainland-mostly agricultural prod ished. There was concern in many quar Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I am ucts-and we imported only about $100 ters in this country that the communi happy to join my colleagues in the spe million of Chinese goods. In 1975, their que also acknowledged that Taiwan was cial order this afternoon in expressing purchases were substantially less since an intrinsic part of China and that its concern at the unsubstantiated reports they did not find it necessary to import future political situation should be set that the United States will reduce the the same volume of agricultural prod tled by the Chinese. This leads to the American military presence on Taiwan ucts. While concentrating on building up implication that the United States may by about 50 percent over the next year. its agricultural base, the Chinese leaders eventually end its mutual defense treaty As we all know, the United States has have also chosen to regiment their peo with Taiwan and formally recognize Pe embarked upon new policies in many ple to build a powerful heavy industry king as the sovereign over both the main parts of the world and seeks to reinter and war material sector. Thus the im land and Taiwan and its associated pret responsibilities and its international mediate prospects for increased trade islands. role. However, I think it is essential that with the mainland are limited. Such a move would be controversial in we not lose sight of our legal and moral Mr. Speaker, I have had the privilege the United States since the Nationalist responsibilities to long-time friends and of visiting both the Republic of China government controlling Taiwan has been allies, such as those of the Republic of and Communist China in the past year an ally during and since World Warn. China-Taiwan. and can thus make practicable compari During much of this period, Communist The special order this afternoon gives sons. Comparative statistics tell us a very China has been a bitter foe to the United me an opportunity to applaud the moves clear story about the relative merits of States. Recent changes in this attitude do of the Republic of China that has led to a f1·ee system compared to a totalitarian not reflect friendship for the United its remarkable growth. In the past, the system. It is small wonder that the Com- States, but apprehension about Russia's 6798 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 plans concerning China. Efforts are now pliance with our commitment in the United States and casts a shadow over being made to work out a formula where "Shanghai communique" to eventually our word. by full-scale relations might be establish withdraw all forces and remove all mili Thus it is easy to imagine the concern ed with China while preserving unofficial tary installations from Taiwan, thus some of the Members of this body felt but close relations with Taiwan. I feel demonstrating to the Red Chinese our upon hearing that President Ford was strongly that we should maintain official determination to further our "normal reported to have given a pledge to the relations with Taiwan regardless what ization" of relations. Communists to reduce the American may be done to establish relations with This could h::we grave consequences, military presence from its already skele Communist China. for a number of reasons. tal force of 2,200. Once again proving the Many Americans still regard the Na First, the 2 million Chinese on Taiwan basis of detente is a unilateral fulfill tionalists, not the Communists, as the who escaped from the brutality and ment of their wishes, whether it be the legitimate rulers of China, and a total terror of Red China have worked ex Chinese or the Soviets. We cannot even break with Taiwan would set off a wave tremely hard to build up a thriving and make use of a situation pitting two na of protests in the United States. prosperous nation. This has been made tural antagonists against one another. America's two-way trade with Taiwan possible by their hard work and by their Hopefully these reports are erroneous. amounted to about $3.5 billion in 1975, relatively free economy. For this reason I would hope that the President would compared with less than $500 million alone, they deserve our support, as do hesitate before making any secret agree with mainland China. Moreover, private any refugees escaping from tyranny. ments that :fly in the face of a clear con American companies have a $2.5 billion But when you add the fact that our Gov gressional mandate. Last session 214 stake on the island-more than $2 bil ernment is in large part responsible for Members cosponsored resolutions stating lion in loans and equity holdings and the Communist takeover of their coun that Congress acknowledges and assures about $450 million in direct investments. try, we certainly have a moral obligation that our close ties with the Republic of Additionally, the United States has given to help them preserve their freedom. China will continue, and that they will the Nationalists more than $6.5 billion in Second, we have a treaty with Taiwan not be compromised by our thawed rela economic and military aid since 1946. obligating us to protect them from ag tions with the People's Republic of Japan is the only Asiatic nation with a gression. Such an obligation has the full China. Now it appears that the President higher standard of living and greater in force of law, and certainly takes prece has sacrificed our friend for the prover dustrial development than Taiwan. dence over a "communique" which was bial mess of potage. The new reductions will adversely af never ratified by the U.S. Senate. It is said that nothing is more harm fect the important work of the approxi Third, and most importantly, con ful to the security of a nation than in mately 1,000 Air Force personnel at Shu tinued support of Taiwan is our best constancy; the sellout of allies has al linkou Air Base. They are involved in a means of avoiding war in the Pacific and ways been the cause of war. In a world substantial communication effort in the thus of protecting the interest of the where even our allies in Europe look entire area. In addition, the United United States. Far from reducing ten upon our friendship and support with a States performs other military functions sions, our rapprochement is read by jaundiced eye, it would behoove us to at on Taiwan. A military assistance and China as a sign of weakness, particularly least stand by our most loyal allies. The advisory group helps train the Nation.. when we begin selling-out an ally in the Republic of China asks no more from us alist military forces in the use and main process. Removing our troops from Tai than that we honor our part of the bar tenance of U.S. equipment; another wan is a clear signal to the Red Chinese gain in the mutual defense pact. They group is assigned to the Taiwan Defense that we will not stand in the way of their have done their part by assuming the Command to develop joint contingency aggression. cost of the weapons needed to defend plans in the event of an attack from On the other hand, if we remain firin themselves. The least that we can do is China; and a third group protects and in our support, there is little chance we deal with them honestly and openly in maintains a small tactical nuclear air would be drawn into a war. Although Red this matter which could well one day di force presence in the event of a major China has a population advantage of rectly concern their existence. war in the Far East. 800 million to 14 million, Taiwan's strong Mrs. HOLT. Mr. Speaker, it is plainly While officials have declined to give economy and fierce resolve to defend its evident that the situation in Asia is details on what specific functions will be f.reedom, make direct military aggression quite grave. South Vietnam, Cambodia, cut, I :firmly believe it would be a serious unlikely unless the Red Chinese are as and Laos have toppeled leaving Thai mistake to reduce American forces at all sured that Taiwan's supply lines from land in perilous condition. One beacon in Taiwan at this time. To the Chinese the United States will be cut off. of hope in this troubled area is the tiny Communists, the U.S. presence in Asia And finally, how could we ever again Republic of China located on the island represents a measure of insurance expect an ally to remain firm in opposing of Taiwan. against what they perceive to be a serious Communist aggression if we desert Tai Despite its dense population and lim Soviet threat. Our troop strength in Tai.. wan? Spineless capitulation by the most ited resources Taiwan is developing into wan should be maintained. powerful country in the world is such an a prosperous nation. Its economy con Mr. Speaker, 217 members of the open admission of moral bankruptcy, tinues to show steady growth; internal House are sponsoring a resolution ex that even the Communists would prob tensions have diminished; and its mili pressing the sense of the Congress that ably be embarrassed to associate with the tary remains in a high state of readi the U.S. Government, while engaged in United States in the future. ness. It is even more impressive that a lessening of tensions w!th the People's Mr. SYMMS. Mr. Speaker, it is re this has been accomplished despite the Republic of China, do nothing to com ported in the press that Chailman Mao elimination of American economic aid in promise the freedom of our friend and Tse-tung himself has taken the lead in 1965. The Republic of China has truly ally, the Republic of China, and its denouncing Teng Hsiao-ping as an "un demonstrated that it is a nation which people. I am a cosponsor of this proposal repentant capitalist roader." As Chou can stand on its own two feet. It is ana and I want to urge my colleagues to En-lai's hand-picked successor, Teng tion which due to its dedicated and in join in the support of these efforts. was heir to the stable society Chou had dustrious people has become prosperous Mr. McDONALD of Georgia. Mr. built. But scarcely a month after Chou's in a hostile envirenment. Speaker, I commend the gentleman from death the campaign against Teng American military presence on Tai started and now it must be assumed that wan, consisting of 2,000 troops, is at best IDinois (Mr. CRANE) for taking the time he is out of the picture. to discuss the implications of our reduc a token force which serves as a symbol of Some of us thought, or at least hoped, the U.S. support for the free Chinese tion in forces in Taiwan. This is an that this turn of events manifesting the an international symbol of our determi extremely important issue, one that instability in Communist China would nation to assist those nations seeking could affect peace and stability in the cause the administration to pause and control over their own destiny. A reduc Pacific for a long time to come. consider its actions toward the Red tion in this force should not be under According to news reports, the Ford Chinese and our faithful ally, the Re taken without consideration of the bene administration plans to reduce our forces public of China. Our headlong pursuit of fits which will accrue from such action. from the present level of 2,200 to 1,100 Peking's friendship at the expense of the It is reported that reductions will be during the next year to continue com- free Chinese is an embarrassment to the implemented to "normalize'' relations March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6799 with the mainland. Will we benefit from tee, LEONOR K. SULLIVAN, gave a very from Missouri (Mrs. SuLLIVAN), to cham normalizing relations with a totalitarian moving tribute of Flo Dwyer's activities. pion the Fair Credit Protection Act. It state which has consistently opposed us? I would like to quote part of that speech was she who worked tirelessly to establish Will our national interests be served by now: mass transit systems for our cities, fos rejecting a faithful ally to cun·y favor Mrs. Dwyer played a. crucial role . . . in tered the Advisory Commission on In with a dedicated opponent? the enactment of the Fair Credit Reporting tergovernmental Relations and spon Mr. Speaker, I maintain that these Act of 1970 and of the amendments to the sored legislation to establish a Consumer questions must be answered before we Truth in Lending Act banning unsollclted Protection Agency. unilaterally reduce our troops in Tai credit cards and limiting consumer liability In our home State of New Jersey, to $50 for the unauthorized use of their cred wan. I have deep reservations about a it cards. She was the only House Republican where Florence DwYer's district adjoined foreign policy which seemingly bene conferee to sign the conference report con mine, she introduced and won support fits our enemies at the expense of our taining those provisions, providing the bi for legislation to guarantee women equal allies. partisan support necessary in order to pay for equal work with men-one of the achieve their passage under unusual parlia earliest such laws adopted by any State. mentary circumstances. Her position took She supported State aid to education GENERAL LEAVE great courage and independence of thought · and mandatory minimum salaries for Mr. KASTEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask and action. teachers. unanimous consent that all Members Clearly, Flo was a down-to-earth, In addition, she was one of the key may have 5 legislative days in which to pragmatic legislator. She knew that to people in the development of Port Eliza revise and extend their remarks and to protect the people's interests, you have beth and Port Newark as a major facility include therein extraneous material on to be willing to get in and stand your serving our Nation's commerce. the subject of th~ special order today ground. Flo never finched from that re I was proud to have had Florence by the gentleman from Dlinois (Mr. sponsibility. She was a tough fighter, re Dwyer as my friend, and I was saddened CRANE). spected both by her supporters and her by her death. She was a leader in the The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. MAT opponents. struggle to win equality for all people, SUNAGA). Is there objection to the request Mrs. Dwyer did not only know Wash a courageous and astute politician and of the gentleman from Wisconsin? ington: She loved the 12th District, and a good and decent person. There was no objection. she knew and loved her home State of Mr. ROE. Mr. Speaker, I am privileged New Jersey as only a life-long New Jer and honored to join in today's congres seyan can. She was first elected to the sional memoriam to a good friend and THE LATE FLORENCE P. DWYER New Jersey legislature in 1949; she was great lady, our former colleague, the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a reelected three succeeding times, and Honorable Florence P. Dwyer, whose previous order of the House, the gentle was the second woman in New Jersey passing is deeply mourned by all of us. man from New Jersey (Mr. RINALDO) is history to be appointed assistant major The people of her congressional dis recognized for 30 minutes. ity leader of the State assembly. She trict, State of New Jersey, and our Na Mr. RINALDO. Mr. Speaker, I have re wrote the State's law on equal pay for tion were indeed fortunate to have had quested this time today so that I and women. the quality of her leadership and the other members may pay tribute to the When she finally came to Washington, richness of her wisdom here in the Con late Florence P. DwYer, my predecessor she had a thorough knowledge of the gress on their behalf. Her standards of in Congress. Flo was an outstanding needs of the 12th District. She met those excellence in seeking to meet the needs public servant, and a warm and loving needs while she was here: today, the of our people-highlighted by her vigor person. Corps of Engineers is working to complete ous legislative action as an ardent con She served in the Congress for 16 flood control projects which were begun sumer advocate, seeking justice for our years-from 1957 through 1972; at the due to her initiative and perseverance. citizens in the national and international time of her retirement, she was the rank Needless to say, I owe a great personal marketplaces of the globe, as well as ing minority member of the Government debt to Flo Dwyer. In my first campaign peace for all peoples throughout the Operations Committee. for Congress in 1972, no one worked world, particularly evidenced by her But these fa-ets do not tell half the harder than Flo Dwyer in helping my vehement opposition to the Vietnam story. To know how well Flo represented candidacy. war, and her exemplary accomplish the people of the 12th District, and to As my colleague and friend. Represent ments in the vanguard of congressional realize how capable a legislator she was, ative DOMINICK DANIELS, said in his re action for increased Federal aid for mass we need only to look at the record. marks of March 3: transit--are now forever lastingly In 1969, Flo Dwyer called upon then When Flo Dwyer retired in 1972, the House etched in our historical journal of Con President Nixon to create a new Office lost a great legislator. When she died last gress-spanning 16 years as a distin of Women's Rights and Responsibilities Sunday, we all lost a good friend. guished Member of the House of Repre in the White House. His comments, I believe, speak for us sentatives and her tenure as ranking And in 1970, Flo introduced legisla all. minority member of the House Banking tion to create an independent Consumer Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to be able and Ctu-rency Committee. Protection Agency at a time when other to include in this special order state Flo Dwyer has truly inspired every people were still talking of a Cabinet ments from some of my colleagues who American with her warmth, vibrance and level Department of Consumer Affairs. could not be present this afternoon. brilliance as an integral part of our rep Flo, however, had a solid grasp of Wash Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, our former resentative democracy. The success of ington, and knew exactly what it would colleague Florence Dwyer was truly one her achievements and all of her good take to represent the views of consumers of the most remarkable women of this works have surely em·iched the quality in the Federal bureaucarcy. Now, al or any other time in American history. though such legislation has been fili As a woman in a profession dominated of life and the cultural heritage of our bustered to death by the Senate in the by men, as a Republican in a Congress community, State, and Nation-because past two CongTesses, we are on the verge controlled by Democrats, her many she cared and walked side-by-side with of enacting Flo's proposal into law, al achievements are all the more extraor our people. n:J.Ost 6 full years after she sponsored dinary because they reflect the dimen Mr. Speaker, words are inadequate to her bill. sions of her courage, hard work, and fill the void of her departure which is But Flo Dwyer not only introduced dedication. a great loss to our society. I join with bills. She knew the inner workings of She not only helped to bring into exist you in silent prayer to her memory and Capitol Hill, and she worked with her ence the urban renewal and model cities trust that her family will soon find abid colleagues in getting these bills passed programs, but she also acted to save ing comfort in the faith that God has into law. them from abuses that threatened their given them and in the knowledge that Shortly after her death, my colleague existence. Flo Dwyer is now under His eternal care. and good friend, the chairwoman of the It was she who joined with yet another We do indeed salute a great American. Merchant Marine and Fisheries Commit- remarkable woman. the gentlewoman May she rest in peace. 6 00 CONGRESSIONAL- RECORD-- "HOUSE March 17, 1976
Mr. ~liCHEL. Mr. Speaker, it was just I am personally grateful to Flo for the During her eight terms in Congress, she a few weeks ago that I was in the State leadership she provided in increasing continued to work with spirit and great of New Jersey speaking in Union County, the participation of women in New Jer commitment on behalf of women and the area once represented by Flo DWYer, sey politics. She was the first Republican consumers. She sought the creation of a and special mention was made that eve woman ever to serve in the New Jersey new Office of Women's Rights and Re ning of her hospitalization and there was congressional delegation. All women in sponsibilities. She sponsored early legis thundering applause when appropriate New Jersey politics are indebted to her lation to create an independent con tribute was made to her past service here for her groundbreaking efforts. sumer p1·otection agency. It is sad that in the House. I could not help but under Flo Dwyer was a public servant of Flo Dwyer did not live to see what we score that tribute during the course of the first order. She was deeply aware of hope will be the early establishment of my remarks, for we both came to Con the needs of her constitutents and al the Consumer Protection Agency for gress in the same class of 1956. She was ways had their interests at heart. Flo's which her legislation provided the the only women in our class but she was 16 years of distinguished public service groundwork. We need not dwell longer surely a political animal and she never in the House of Representatives was of on her many legislative accomplishments resented our referring to her in those great benefit to all of New Jersey and which also include the Fair Credit Re terms. She loved politics. It was on her the Nation as a whole. I am pleased to porting Act and the Truth in Lending mind continually and I know of no one join in honoring her. Act. who wanted to speak of nothing but that Mr. ADDABBO. Mr. Speaker, I rise to What is equally important but weighs subject in our cloakroom patter. join the Members of the House in a heavier in our sadness is the honor, the I picked up a number of good pointers tribute to our late colleague, the Honor kindness, and the dignity which charac from our exchanges and regretted very able Florence DWYer. It was my privilege terized this fine woman. These are the much when she announced her decision to serve with Florence for most of her 16 attributes which have shaped my mem to retire. I shall always treasure the years in the Congress. ories of Flo Dwyer and am sure will con memories of serving with Flo Dwyer and As ranking minority member in the tinue to se1·ve as an example for all who I am glad to have the opportunity to say House Banking and Currency Conuntt worked with her. She was a good friend so publicly during this special order. tee, Mrs. Dwyer made her mark on sig to many and her loss is deeply felt. Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, for 16 nificant legislation in the :fields of hous Mr. O'ITINGER. Mr. Speaker, it is years the 12th Congressional District of ing, mass transportation, and banking as with a great deal of sadness that the New Jersey was represented by the dis well as an effective representative of the House of Representatives marks the tinguished and able gentlewoman, Flor Nation's consumers. passing of Congresswoman Flo Dwyer. ence Dwyer. Her passing was a loss to u.s all and I had the privilege and pleasure of She was extremely dedicated to her I join her many friends in New Jersey serving with Flo during the sixties-the constituents and had a deep personal and throughout the country in extending decade marked by turmoil, dissension, concern for their interests. She was also sympathies to her familY. and change. Flo had the foresight dur an outstanding member of the Commit Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, it was with ing this turbulent time to recognize the tee on Government Operations, serving deep regret that I learned of the recent grave problems facing the Nation and so actively and effectively always with the death of former Congresswoman Flor she stood out as a champion of the Amer best interests of the American people at ence P. Dwyer of New Jersey. ican consumer and a proponent of ending heart. I worked closely with Flo on the Bank the American involvemnt in Vietnam. Flo Dwyer was a warm and amiable ing and Currency Committee for 3 years I join with my colleagues in mourning person with whom it was a pleasure to before her retirement; and I was an ad Flo's passing. The citizens of New Jersey be associated and I am proud that she miring student of her legislative skill and were ably served by her years of repre was my friend. competence. Flo was always very careful sentation. I join my colleagues in honoring her to insure that new Membe1·s of Congress Mr. McKINNEY. Mr. Speaker, by na.. memory today and I know her son takes gained the experience and expertise tural inclination, a freshman Iegislatol much comfort in the full and rewarding necessary to become effective legislators. observes his or her seniors in an effort to life she enjoyed and her many accom I shall always be grateful to her for her determine who is out in front on the is plishments and successes. patience and consideration. sues so as to establish one's o\\rn legisla Mr. DEL CLAWSON. Mr. Speaker, for I offer my sympathy to her son, Lt. tive program. I had not been here long in those of us who were privileged to serve Col. Micha-el Dwyer, and to her family. 1970 when I realized that Florence DWYer with the late Florence DWYe1· during her We shall all miss her presence and her was a leader worth listening to. She com career in the House of Representatives, influence. bined two essential ingredients: Her own 1t is a sad privilege to honor her memory Mr. HOWARD. Mr. Speaker, the sad outstanding ability coupled with a by participating in this special order. ness that we in Congress feel at the pass boundless determination to stay abreast During the years we worked together ing of Flo Dwyer is a sadness deeply felt of her constituents' thoughts and needs. when I was a member of the House Bank on both sides of the aisle by her former It quite naturally followed that she be ing and currency Committee, I found colleagues from all States in the Nation, came one of the leading consumer ad Flo's fairness in dealing with her col not just her home State of New Jersey. vocates in Congress and one of the early leagues-no matter their political or As a freshman Congressman in 1964- voices telling us that an increase in our ideological alienment-her honesty and and for the next 8 years-! learned a mass transit programs was fast becoming her dependability, qualities which eased great deal from Flo DWYer. She set an a desperate national priority. Further, the uncertainties facing me when I be example for many of us in her ability as few will deny the foresight she showed gan work on that committee during my a legislator and as a representative who in denouncing the U.S. involvement in first term in the House. Flo DwYer's leg always voted her conscience. She was ad Vietnam. islative record through the eight terms mired and respected by Republicans and When she decided not to seek reelec of her service, in spite of the disadvan Democrats alike for her ability to ap tion, I felt we had all suffered a great loss tage which often accompanies the mem proach important issues in a bipartisan for few could match her talent. I was ber of ''the Minority" was a credit to mam1er. particularly saddened to learn of her her personally and to the people of the Flo DwYer was also a trail blazer of a passing but she will be long remembered district who elected her with such reg very special kind. Long before the wom here for there is little doubt that she left ularity. We mourn the loss of this en's liberation movement became pop her mark. exceptional woman and outstanding ular, she was leading the fight for wom- Mr. LENT. Mr. Speaker, I rise to join legislator. en's rights. She was the first woman of my colleagues in paying tribute to Flor Mrs. MEYNER. Mr. Chairman, I ficeholder in New Jersey to serve for 5 ence Dwyer, late a Congresswoman from would like to join my colleagues in pay years on the policymaking committee of New Jersey. ing tribute to the memory of Flo Dwyer. the State legislature and the second Those of us who were pl'ivileged to Flo was a personal fl'iend of my hus woman to be appointed assistant ma work with Florence know of her hard band and I. We will deeply miss her. jority leader in the New Jersey Assembly. work and dedication, not only to the Ma1'"ch 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6801 people of New Jersey who she served so Committee, and was the ranking minor give Florence Dwyer would be the com well, but to the principles and progTess ity member at the time of her retirement pletion of her agenda-to insure equal of American democracy. from the Congress. rights for women. I hope my colleagues I myself was privileged to work with As a Member of Congress, Flo DwYer gathered here today will direct their en Flo for all too brief a time on the House demonstrated a genuine concern, not ergies to the attainment of those goals Committee on Banking and CUrrency at only for the people in her district, but of simple justice for women, to which a time when that committee helped to for those throughout the country, and she was committed. forge new policies in the areas of hous was particularly active in increasing the ing and finance, which allowed Ameri rights of the American consumer. She cans all over the country to fulfill their was highly respected and admired by her GENERAL LEAVE dreams of living in decent homes, in many friends, and was truly dedicated to neighborhood communities providing our Nation and to our system of Govern Mr. RINALDO. Mr. Speaker, I ask education, recreation, and the opportu ment. unanimous consent that all Members nity for children to grow up knowing the Flo DwYer was able, hard working, and may have five legislative days in which value of family ties. Our Nation owes a loyal, and I am proud to have known and to revise and extend their remarks and great deal to the hard work and dedica served with her. to include therein extraneous material tion of Florence DwYer, and I am proud On this occasion, I extend my deepest on the subject of this special order. to be able to stand before this body to sympathy to her family. The SPEAKER pro tempore binson-Patman Act, the very able and (The Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 631). not. those problems will surely engulf To this end. the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on both nations :in violence transcending distinguished Chairman of this Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Antitrust, the Robin Antitrust, the Robinson-Patman Act, and any to date. son-Patman Act and Related Matters, Related Mat ters of the Committ ee on Small As Mr. Cosgrave noted, violence only Business is :fit·mly committed. It has alreadv begets more violence, but sending more the Honorable HENRY B. GoNZALEZ sub held thirteen days of public bearings, which troops to the North, or uttering pious mitted an excellent statement in connec began on November 9, 1975, and have con hopes that guns will not be shipped to tion with this matter. tinued during January and February of thi: · the North by those interests in the world Because of the current interest of my year. Part I of the printed hearings has just colleagues and the country in this sub been issued .and, if I may suggest, a ccpy be community which place profit above all made an exhibit and ret ained by your Com else, is not a solution. ject, I ask unanimous consent to have Congressman GoNZALEz's statement re mittee for l'eference. The economic stability of the North, The witnesses who appeared before the coupled with vigorously enforced civil printed in the RECORD. Subcommittee included distinguished 1\Iem rights legislation protection of the mi His statement follows: bers of the Congress of the United States, nority, will as surely erode the impetus to STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE representatives of almost every conceivable HENRY B. GONZALEZ violence in Northern Ireland as it has association of small business firms, distin 1\Ir. Chairman and 1\iembers of the Com gu!shed la.wyera who ha.ve had a. wealth of eroded the racial violence of our own mittee on Commerce of the United States practical experience with the Robin...c:;on-Pat country. Obviously, the forces of violence Senate: man Act and other antitrt.1St laws. will not cease their efforts immediately To come to the other body of the Congress Additionally, the Subcommittee had the such a plan is announced, but it should is indeed a prlvllege and. a pleasure, and. I benefit of hearing testimony from noted be noted that a tenuous cease-fire did sincerely ~ppreciate the opportunity given me economists, as wen ns officials from the March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6809 United Stat es Department of Justice Anti chain of distribution, many types of dis order that the Members of the Senate and trust Division and the Federal Trade Com crimination by a supplier among its com the American people know the true views of mission. peting customers may, under certain cir the nominees to the Federal Trade Commis Among the representatives of various busi cumstances, have adverse consequences, the sion. This is especially true because the point nesses, the Subcommittee was informed of net effect of which may be a decline in the of view and the motivation of Commissioners the views of spokesmen for the following competitive health of a particular market. of the Federal Trade Commission and their industries: food, drugs, clothing, home fur It is of concern to me that reduced com actions have a tremendous impact on the nishings, gasoline and service stations, the petition today may translate into reduced economic well-being of the Nation's 9¥2 mil dairy industry, and small business groups. consumer welfare in the future." lion small businessmen, and those of the In the light of the purpose of this hearing The furtherance of public policy through public who are their customers and consum by the Senate Committee on Com.tnerce, the strict and full enforcement of the Robinson ers and who are entitled to the competition expression of members of the Federal Trade Patman Act and other antitrust statutes is which can be accorded them only through Commission regarding the importance of the the principal means of affording relief to the survival of small business. Robinson-Patman Act is of special signif the small entrepreneurs from the ravages of I suggest that perhaps inquiry may also icance in order to determine whether or not price discrimination as practiced by many be made by your Committee of the nominee nominees or appointees for the post of Com large corporations and conglomerates, which whether the activities of certain persons in missioner of the FTC agree with them. This have substantial power and wield consider the Department of Justice Antitust Division, is all the more true because enforcement of able influence. Enforcement of these laws is in their efforts to repeal or amend the that law is one of the duties and responsi also in the interest of consumers, bearing Robinson-Patman Act, may possibly affect bilities of that agency. in mind that everyone must perforce be a such nominees for the important office of On February 2, 1976, Acting Chairman of consumer, whether he be a businessman, FTC Commissioner in their enforcement poli the FTC, the Honorable Paul Rand Dixon, laborer, or engaged in any profession. The cies. It is the considered opinion of well in testifying before the Ad Hoc Subcommit Executive Director of the Consumer Federa known antitrust experts that if the Robin tee, stated: tion of America, Erma Angevine, at a 1970 son-Patman Act is strictly enforced, it would "I should say at the outset that I believe hearing, testified that the consumer needs prove of tremendous assistance in maintain strongly in the purpose of the Robinson small business and that the well-being of ing the small business sector of the economy Patman Act, which, broadly stated, I see as consumers is indeed dependent on the eco a-s a viable and effective force in our Ameri being to provide small businessmen with a nomic well-being of small business. can way of life. I recommend that the Com measure of equality of competitive oppor It is a fact that small business is intl"i mittee obtain a clear idea of the views any tunity. Unchecked, price discrimination can cately related to the quality of life in the nominee to the FTC holds, with regard to the be the economic weapon with which a large United States because it is considered as firm enforcement of the Robinson-Patman multi-market seller can destroy smaller com "the backbone of our economy." The in Act and the protection of small business in petitors, or deter their entry in particular struction of small business intrinsically dis general. market areas. On the secondary, or purchaser tributes power and control more broadly and In conclusion, I wish to thank this Senate level, the granting of favored treatment less helps increase distributional equity in so Committee for giving me this opportunity to favored, small business competitors. The ciety. The antitrust laws in general and the share with you some of my thoughts, which Robinson-Patman Act, in my view, was in Robinson-Patman Act in particular are have resulted from the investigations of the tended to forestall in their incipiency these vital to making small business a viable Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Antitrust, the sorts of anticompetitive practices which, if factor in American life. Congress created Robinson-Patman Act, and Related Matters left undeterred, would result in the irre antitrust weapons and put them in the of the Committee on Small Business of the versible erosion of competition and the de hands of the Federal Trade Commission and United States House of Representatives. struction of small business. the Department of Justice to enforce. "Properly enforced, I believe the Robin Congress makes the laws and declares the son-Patman Act can contribute to the public will. It is up to the FTC and the IS THE U.N. COMMITTING SUICIDE? worthy purposes for which it was intended." Department of Justice to carry out the Con FTC Commissioner Stephen Nye, at our gressional mandates and not to thwart the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a hearing, said in part: intent of Congress by lax efforts ~o enforce previous order of the House, the gentle "My principal conclusion as to the effec these basic laws. man from Arkansas a second Marshall Plan. Yet the the name has stuck. and Moynihan proved that this could be done E 6811 1n a recent special session when we per With nuclear weapons there is the added potential faster than their ability to defend suaded Third World· countries to support hazard of their intentional use for destruc against it, their only recourse will be fo1· practical economic plans for development. tive purposes, an ability to destroy life on Russia to strike first before our potential is 4. Continued U.S. support of the U.N.'s earth exponentially greater than any instru realized. This makes the "scorpions in the specialized agencies to depend on how sin· mentation previously known to man. Indeed, bottle" situation a fearsome reality. cerely these agencies devote themselves to with nuclear weapons the nuclear powers Somehow, we and the Russians must have their legitimate tasks. The adoption by any hold in their hands the ability to end mod or develop more common sense. We must of them of political resolutions violating ern civilization. One would think this dan quickly come to the conclusion that use of their charters to result in immediate U.S. ger was so paramount as to be first on the nuclear weapons, at the very least those of withdrawal from such agencies. agenda of every country, on the top <>f the the strategic variety, is suicidal-to say noth Where lt still proves impossible to reach list of concerns of every citizen of the world. ing of their production and technological constructive agreement in the United Na Oddly, it is not. It seems as if the destructive improvement being a sinful waste of re tions in matter involving the economic sur power of nuclear weapons is so overwhelm sources-and relegate them to the disuse vival of developing countries-and the hun ing, that the world has swept concern about; now provided for poison gas and biological ger of their people-the United States should them under a mental rug, 1\S just too awful warfare weaponry. join with other interested nations in estab to think and worry about. We must not let It should be our highest priority to con lishing independent programs free of emo this state continue. clude a treaty with all the nuclear states tional bloc-voting and polarization. The I therefore congratulate you, 1\.Ir. Chair to relegate existing strategic (and I think, peace of the world and the welfare of all man, and the members of the Subcommittee tactical) nuclear weapons and their delivery its people-particularly those 40 percent now on International Security and Scientific A!· systems to international control and destruc living in conditions that affront human dig fairs of the International Relations Commit tion, with whatever inspection systems may nity-are far more important than support tee, for holding these hearings so we can help be necessary to assure against their future of any U.N. instrumentalities that promote address the attention of our people-and the production or use anywhere in the world. I conflict rather than conciliation. people of the world-to the steps necessary see this as so overwhelmingly logical from to curb the nuclear terror, under which we the viewpoint of every being on earth, save au now live, from weapons directly as ad perhaps the weapons• manufacturers, that BACK FROM THE NUCLEAR BRINK dressed in these hearings, and from pro it should be attainable. Adequate effort sim· liferation of nuclear materials which was the ply is not being devoted to this end. (Mr. OTTINGER asked and was given subject of a series of hearings yo·ur subcom I propose we pass a sense of Congress Res• permission to extend his remarks at this mittee has just concluded. olution proposing this as the top prlorit}' point in the RECORD and to include ex It is an unfortunate truth, today, that objective of our Government. traneous matter.> each of us can look forward to a tomorrow, The objectives proposed with respect to Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I would only by grace of the sanity and restraint of strategic nuclear weapons can only bo like to call my colleagues attention to a those unknown people (how many and who achieved by multilateral agreement includ· series of hearings before the Subcommit they are we do not know) who have the pow· ing all nations capable of producing such tee er (regardless of the authority) to unleash weapons and their delivery systems in the on International Secutity and SCien the horrors of nuclear war. The number of foreseeable future. tific Affairs, chaired by Congressman people who hold this awesome power of life So far as the Resolution which I and 92 CLEMENT ZABLOCKI, which began yester and death grows dally, weekly, yearly, now of my colleagues introduced to declare it our day regarding our policies on the first encompassing citizens in the United States. policy to renounce the first use of nuclear use of nuclear weapons and the adequacy Russia, Chlna, France, England, and India weapons, this Resolution can have no ad· of our safeguards with respect to theft, of whom we know, and perhaps Israel and verse effects, and should not stir much con sabotage, seizure, delegation of author elsewhere as well. troversy, as applied to strategic weapons. All ity, unauthorized use and command and Let us first address our conscious policy the present states with deliverable strategic and that of the other countries that clearly nuclear weapons capacity, including cur control over those weapons. possess deliverable nuclear weapons today. selves, have already foresworn intent to de· 'Ihese hearings are a timely and im And let us discuss strategic use of large weap liver a pre-emptive first strike attack-and perative investigation into a set of pol onsfirst. it is much in our own interest to afti.rm. this icies which threatens the future of mod So long as we were the sole possessor of de· intent by Act of Congress (though Secretary ern investigation and I believe borders liverable nuclear weapons, there wa.s some Schlesinger unfortunately cast some doubts on insanity. logic, awful as it might be, to threaten first on the firmness of our "no iirst strike" policy Yesterday I had the opportunity to ex use the these weapons to deter any other in his July 1st press conference) . press my concerns before Congressman nation from going to war against us or those There are other aspects to strategic nuclear whom we perceived to be our allies. The de weapons policy into which this committee ZABLOCKI's subcommittee and would like terrent was then effective, regardless of its should delve deeply besides the questions of to bring my comments to the attention morality. Unfortunately, far too much of our conscious use and the "scorpion-in-the of the House. My testimony follows: nuclear weapons policy is still held over from bottle" dilemma described above. These BACK FROM THE NUCLEAR BRINX the days when we were the sole nuclear questions appear to make it even more urgent (Testimony of Hon. RICHARD L. O'rriNGER, power. to conclude the kind of treaty I ha\Te before the Subcommittee on International Today, our use of strategic weapons against suggested. ' Security and Scientific Affairs, March 16, another nuclear power which has the ability First, who has the authority to launch a 1976) to retalia.te in kind-so far as we know, Rus· strategic nuclear attack today? Is it just The atom has gotten out of hand. Nuclear sia is the only country with that capabllity the President in this country, as the Ameri· technology has simply raced ahead, faster invites our own destruction. We and the can people have been led to believe? Or bas than man's ability to harness its use safely Russians have managed a balance of strate the aut!lority been delegated, and, if so, to and for the benefit of mankind. Controlling gic nuclear terror in our mutu..,al a.bllity to how many commanders? Does the authority the atom is a matter of survival. Our number survive a first strike attack sufficiently to rest with just one man in each state? Are one priority must be to lead the world to permit us to destroy the other With. a sec the procedures for informing him accurate nuclear safety by example and persuasion. ond strike. It is under this joyful security and adequate to guard against error? Are Whether 1t is the question of use of nu blanket that we are able to sleep and dream the commUnications sYStems ·adequate under clear weaponry which presently has us on the sweet dreams each night. From the point of all conceivable circumstances to prevent his threshold of the ultimate in brinkmanship, view of a man from Mars, thts has to be sheer setting oft' Armageddon by accident? What or the proliferation of nuclear materi&.ls and insanity-:;-yet for us on earth today, it is happens 1f he becomes incapacitated or in· devices from which nuclear weapons can be the grim reality. competent? And if the authority is delegated made, or the use of the atom for pOWer gen• But this is not enough for eithe1· party! to others than the Chief of State, as I have eration with its unsolved problems of mining Each is striving with incredible resources to been told is the case in this country, though and plant safety, fuel enrichment and re· cut holes in the security blanket of the other, I cannot verify it absolutely, then what is cycling dangers, low level radiation and to produce more bombs of greater destruc· the adequacy of the protections against those waste disposal, lt is clear that our failure tiveness and greater accuracy which would to whom the power is delegated actilig by to be able to anticipate the many areas of permit a pre-emptive first strike, despite error or becoming disabled from acting re human ignorance and human failure attend· pious foreswearing of such an objective by sponsibly by reason of incapacitY or incom· ing tii.e u8e of highly dangerous and toxic each. Secretary Schlesinger's announcement petency? What protection is there against nuclear materials poses fearful hazards that in 1974 that we would start developing stra an insecure Chief of State threatening to must be curbed. While we address ourselves tegic weapons of such accuracy that we start or starting a nuclear war to protect here primarily to weapons, we cannot pro could hlt Soviet military targets only, a himself against being ousted, a.S reportedly ceed without an awareness that all the uses seemingly humane objective, created the po President Richard M. Nixon speCulated aloud. of atomic science are Inter-related ln their tential for us to destroy the Russian second during our Watergate crisis, hop.efully in problems of control, their exposure to theft strike capability. Our pursuit of strategic jest? · snd sabotage and the safe disposal and con "cruise missiles" accentuates this potentiaL Next, regardless of authorized :nse, ·bow trol of their radioactive residues. If the Russian;; think we are developing this many people ha"e tile power to use strategic c:x;xii--431-Part 6 6812 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 17, 1976 nuclear weapons without authority? Do Let's take the most compelling case, that terrent and, in the event of deterrent failure, Army, Navy or Air Force personnel charged of Europe. Let's assume an overwhelming at least would not be obliterating. with strategic weapons responsibility have Russian conventional attack that threatens The ideal scenario for ridding om·sel ves of the power alone or with others to use these the rapid capitulation of West Germany and the fallacies and dangers of tactical nuclear weapons without authority? And, how effec• France. It is impossible !or me to conceive weapons deployment would be to inform the tive are the safeguards? that our Generals would fire a tactical nu Russians that we have decided that tactical Next, how effective are the safeguards clear weapon, knowing as they do that the nuclear weapons' use would be mutually against theft or sabotage of these weapons Russians have the capability of responding suicidal and that we therefore intend to build here, in foreign countries where they have with either a tactical or strategic reply. Our up our conventional forces and those of our been placed, and at sea? What are the safe• Generals would almost certainly not advise allies to the point at which they can meet guards in the event of a quick-strike conven such a risk, but would rather urge upon our the present Russian threat unless the Rus tional war? What are the safeguards in the President to risk the advantages of a stra sians agree to reduce their conventional event of a revolution in the foreign countries tegic first strike for fear that the Russians forces concomitantly. Fm'ther, we must si where they are deployed? otherwise would do so first. I don't think multaneously embark upon negotiations with And lastly, what is the security situation we'd ever take the risk of using tactical the Russians and the other nuclear nations in the other strategic nuclear weapons coun weapons. to gradually withdraw and arrange for the tries in all these respects? In Korea or elsewhere, the same logic would destruction of all nuclear weapons, under From classified material I have seen, as apply, but the time frame might be a little adequate int~rnational control and inspec well as from unclassified briefings I have longer since there is no evidence that the tion, as conventional forces are equalized. received from former high-ranking Defense North Koreans, Russians or Chinese have Again, I think that my Resolution calling Department personnel, which I hope this tactical nuclear weapons positioned there. upon the United States to renounce a policy Committee will take the time and trouble Furthermore, in the Korea-type situation of first use of nuclear weapons is a construc to explore thoroughly, I have every reason especially, use of tactical nuclear weapons tive step towards achieving these goals, to believe that the protections are inadequate would destroy the "firebreak" between nu though I would not want to see it imple against catastrophe by way of theft, sabotage, clear and conventional weapons which has mented unilaterally until we had adequate unclear and over-extensive delegation of been a forebearance against nuclear weapons U.S. and allied conventional forces in place authority, incompetence, or incapacity of use by any country since our use of them in to deter, and deal with, if necessary, any authorized personnel, unauthorized use, Japan, some thirty years ago now! Once the Soviet conventional attack. weakness of communications and command use of nuclear weapons, no matter how There are intermediate steps that should and control. If this is so, the reasons for "tiny", becomes accepted, there will be no be considered with respect to use of tactical placing the highest priority on curbing the stopping their future use in limited wars, nuclear weapons. We should consider care use of strategic nuclear weapons becomes each time risking ultimate destruction by fully the advisability of requiring Congres all the more overwhelming. whatever party to a nuclear exchange is sional participation in any decision to make Let us now turn to tactical weapons. The getting the worst of it. We should actually first use of nuclear weapons until such time situation with respect to safeguards against remove all our tactical nuclear weapons im as an international agreement can be theft, sabotage, seizure, dangerous delega mediately from all countries not facing a nu reached. . We should consider bringing back tion of authority, unauthorized use, inca clear threat and adopt the Aspin Resolution all or most of our nuclear weapons to the pacity or incompetence of those authorized, renouncing first use of nuclear weapons United States during the transition period. and ineffective communications, command against any country not possessing nuclear In the event of any enemy conventional at and control is many times worse with tacti weapons, as an absolute minimum. tack of a scale such as to provoke considera· cal than with strategic weapons-and we My conclusion, therefore, is that tactical tion of nuclear weapons• use, there would should bear in mind that the differentia nuclear weapons are virtually as suicidal and certainly be plenty of advance warning. Any tion between tactical and strategic weapons unthinkable as strategic weapons, and must enemy would have to massively mobilize today is mostly a matter of mission-many also be relegated to the same status of inter troops and transportation to launch an at weapons classified as tactical have destruc national disuse as poison gas and biological tack of this scale. tive power many times that of the bombs we weaponry. In other words, if our leadership There is good reason, therefore, to deter dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki! On is sane and wants the world to survive, we mine that the frightful decision on first these questions it is vital that the Subcom won't risk using tactical nuclear weapons. using nuclear weapons, which could well mittee familiarize itself with the thorough, The credibility of these weapons as a deter lead to universal strategic nuclear destruc classified study prepared by the House Ap rent, therefore, must be called into serious tion, should not be in the hands of one propriations Committee. doubt, and their actual utility in the event man alone (or certainly not in the hands Let's pass these questions for the moment, the deterrent fails, is a self-destructive of those who may have been delegated such assuming for the sake of the present con nullity. power), but should be shared by a commit sideration, that there is no dispute about What this means is that by our present tee or all of Congress. Such a solution has the necessity to maintain all nuclear weap nuclear weapons policies we have deluded been proposed by Senator Alan Cranston of ons under complete security and control, ourselves and our allies into a false sense of California. subject only to the same decision of the security, permitting our conventional defense I would like to point out, however, the Chief of State-and that there exist reason forces to deteriorate to a point where resort reservations expressed on this solution by able safeguards, despite all foreseeable fail to self-destructive nuclear weapons becomes my good friend from Ohio, Mr. Sieberling, ures of equipment and incidence of human a virtual imperative in the event of a con• that such a measure would allow the Presi error-assumptions I find difficult to ac ventional Russian attack. dent to escape the terrible responsibility of cept-but, nevertheless, let's pass over them To address the psychological implications making the nuclear decision himself. Mr. to conscious policy on use of tactical nuclear of a change in our nuclear weapons policy. Sieberling feels that a group might well find weapons. particularly in Em·ope, it will be necessary. it easier to make the nuclear decision, and There are two rationales I have heard for first to educate our allies with respect to the prefers, instead, a requirement that the our deployment of tactical nuclear weapons: fallacy of our existing posture in a world in President consult first with designated Con first, that they serve as a deterrent to con which we no longer "enjoy" nuclear domi gressional leaders or Committees, keeping ventional attack, tactical nuclear attack, or nance. Second, we will have to build up our the responsibility for the decision on his attack with chemical or biological weapons; and their conventional forces to a point shoulders. second, that they give us a greater 1·ange of where use of nuclear weapons will become I like less the intermediate proposal of my options in the event of actual warfare to unnecessary. This represents a major policy good friend from New York, Mr. Bingham, react in a way short of admittedly suicidal departure for me, but I view the nuclear for whom I have enormous respect. He pro strategic warfare. There is also a psychologi weapons' threat as so great that I am pre poses a unilateral :renunciation of a strate cal factor cited, namely that our allies would pared to lead an effort to build up our con gic first strike only. While I understand his not believe we would use our nuclear power ventional forces to permit nuclear weapons overriding concern about preventing insofar to defend them if tactical nuclear weapons withdrawal. as possible a certainly suicidal strategic ex were not deployed on their soil-and there I gravely doubt that the average citizens change through any miscalculation by the fore, if we withdraw them, they would feel of Europe have really faced up to the con Russians of our intents, I am bothered by compelled to produce their own tactical sequences of a Russian conventional attack the reverse implementations of such a res weapons weakening both our control over compelling NATO to respond with tactical olution, implicitly threatening tactical first the nuclear situation and the cohesiveness nuclear weapons, for it would mean that use of nuclear weapons. of our alliances. Europe would be the theatre of a nuclear Finally, returning to my original thesis, These arguments seem to me to be insup exchange that would certainly destroy it uo international agreement on removlng nu portable, for I find it impossible to conceive completely. It is high time the citizens of clear terror from the world scene can be ef of a tactical nuclear exchange not accelerat Europe were made to consider these conse fective if it is confined to weapons alone. It ing into aU-out suicidal strategic nuclear quences, and if they were made aware of must include adequate international control warfare. Indeed, I find it hard to conceive of them, I am sure they would opt for a con and inspection of all the materials and de our actually using tactical nuclear weapons ventional alternative which, while terribly vices from which nuclear weapons can be at all. destructive, would offer a more credible de· made. If we are to continue with nuclear March 17, 1976 CO GRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE 6813 power production world-wide, it milltates ineffective tax subsidies, and taxing capi ness is still 7.B per cent. And this figure does for regional international possession and tal gains at death-while increasing the not include an additional. one million workers control of all nuclear enrichment and reproc who have given up looking for work, and tax exemption on small estates from therefore who are not counted, nor does it essing as a minimum-with the strongest $60,000 to $100,000. What we have done conceivable safe-zuards against theft, seizure, include an estlma.ted 3.7 million more work or sabotage at every step of the nuclear cycle. is to utilize eight existing or pending ers who want and need to work full-time I greatly appreciate your patience in hear programs which could create additional but who are forced to work part-time. The ing me out for such a long statement, and employment opportunities, rather than true level of unemployment at the present for your consideration of these crucial is suggesting programs which would have time would be in the neighborhood of 11.5 sues. Unfortunately, the Joint Atomic En to inch their way through the often per cent--or approximately one out of every ergy Committee and the executive agencies lengthy and laborious legislative proc nine workers. dealing with these matters have become too The euphoria generated by recent signs ess. of economic recovery should not make us much fascinated with the atom, and too It is our belief that the power of the much the advocates of its use, to deal effec complacent about what essentially remains tively with these questions. It is essential Federal budget must be fully exercised an unemployment crisis. Five recessions mark that this Committee, with its broad interna in order to deal with the employment the post-World War Two period, and each tional relations and security mandate, con deficit in a planned and systematic subsequent recession has left us with higher duct an independent investigation of these manner, utilizing the powers and plan level unemployment than the last and a re matters and provide this country and the ning systems establlshed under the Con vision downward of officially-designated "full world with an impartial assessment of our gressional Budget and Impoundment employment," which only serves to conceal nuclear policies-which I think presently Control Act ot 1974. further the human and social toll. border on the insane. For substantial numbers of Americans, job I submit herewith for inclusion in the lessness has become the normal condition of RECORD the text of the statement which life and employment, the exception. We Congressman CoNYER~ and I presented have created, in fact, a permanent under THE CONYERS-OTTINGER FULL EM to the House Budget Committee this class who live at the margin of society and, PLOYMENT BUDGET PROPOSAL morning: being unasslmllated into the traditions, cus toms, and laws we take for granted, are also w out of work but all who will be well as to the social health of the Nation. and long-term budget planning, based on an entering the labor market in the coming Last month the very able chairman accounting of the effects of social and eco years. In the past 15 years, because of the of the Budget Committee, BROCK .ADAMS, nomic change on the quality of life and on post-war baby boom. the number of teen offered for consideration a very compre a determination of the nation's future needs agers in the labor force has increased from hensive and well-developed budget pro and priorities. As Yale economics professol' 4.8 million to 8.8 milllon. And we haven't J'ames Tobin has observed, the new budget been able to find all of them jobs. During gram which targeted various areas of procedure "ls an Important step not only 5 the next five years. according to Chase Econ economic growth over the next years toward fiscal .responsiblll~ but also toward will ometrics. we can expect at least nine milllon which have to be met if the country implementing the commitment of the Em new members in the job market but at the is to realize the goals of full employ ployment Act [of 1946] that Federal Polley present rate of economic growth the creation ment and maximum production en should seek to achieve the Act's objectives, of only five and a half mlillon new ]obs. visioned by the Employment Act of 1946. •maximum employment, production, and Business Week estimates that 12 million jobs Representative CoNYERS and I built upon purchasing power.' " are needed in the next five years, that job the excellent foundation laid by Chair We are at a particularly critical juncture growth must almost double. And we have man .ADAMs in developing a more accel this year. The recommendations of this seen estimates that as many as half of the erated jobs-creation program which panel-and the process by which the Budget jobs that now exist won't exist in 20 years. Act functions-will be severely tested in the Where is the planning for new jobs, for would create 1 million jobs in each coming weeks. Public confidence in both the training workers in the new technologies of the next 2 nscal years and a total of economic and political systems is at its lowest and new skills, for meeti.ng the expanding over 3.5 million jobs after 4 years, in point since World War Two. Consider also and ch~ing needs for goods and services? such essential areas as housing construc that this year is the first in a great many in However bad things are, we always man tion, railroad improvement, mass transit which this nation has not been at war or age to assure ourselves that the business system construction and public service involved in extricating itself from milltary cycle-being a cycle-will eventually correct employment at a net cost of $11.3 billion. action overseas. During these many years itself and create all the jobs that are considerable changes have occurred in the needed. But there are disturbing trends in The proposal calls for putting first economy and society, and pressing problems production and employment in the private priority on job creation in the private have been allowed to accumulate and fester. sector that we must consider if we are to sector, generating as many jobs as pos The challenge in the coming years is whether provide all the jobs Americans want. Manu sible with such measures as the employ or not we as a people and government can facturing is playing a diminishing role in ment tax credit, with jobs provided by redirect our energies and commitments to the economy. Technology is displacing work the Government to the extent necessary solving problems at home, in particular pro ers. For example, employment in the steel to close the private employment deficit. viding useful employment at fair rates of industry dropped 15 per cent between 1960 This is the basic thesis underlying the compensation for each and every American and 1974, while output rose 47 per cent. who wants to work. The construction industry has been espe very commendable and highly desirable Over three decades ago Americans were cially hard hit. As of January 1976, 652,000 program developed by Congressman eucouraged by President Franklin D. Roose construction workers were unemployed, a AUGUSTUS HAWKINS and Senator HUBERT velt's declaration that every American who 16 per cent unemployment rate, and in cer HUMPHREY in their Full Employment was able and willing to work had the right tain sectors of the construction industry a and Balanced Growth Act of 1976-leg to a job. Tragically, the g0al envisioned in jobless rate that has soared to almost 80 islation of which both of us are cospon FDR's Economic Bill of Rights of 1944 not per cent. A recent HUD report gives one re-a sors and fully endorse. only has never been achieved, but ha.~ been son for this inability of the construction consistently avoided. At no time has the industry to generate more jobs-85 per cent The Conyers-Ottinger program would objective of full employment been the pri oi America's families earn incomes under be paid for fu·st through increased tax mary goal of any national administration $23,000, the income lev.el needed to be able receipts from those for whom employ of their political party. . to acquire an average home. ment is provided, and second through re Though unemployment eased during the In the light of these facts, it is essential form or elimination of inequitable and last; t·wo months. the official rate of jobless- tha"t the Congress take positive and bold 6814 CONGRESSIONAL ~ RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 steps to fill the unemployment gap and proximately $1.5 billion for FY 1977 to be Ill a similar fashion, the proposed counter create urgently needed employment oppor spent from FY 1976 supplemental appropria cyclical assistance program to financially tunities. We believe the Federal Budget is tions to CETA Title n. Such funds would pressed state and local governments is es the only vehicle that can come to grips with sustain a level of 330,000 jobs unt_n next sential to support, directly and indirect ly, the principal malady of our time--the in January, at which point the program would public service employment. A maximum of ability of the American economy up to now be phased down until its termination by Sep 100,000 jobs would be created in the first to generate all the jobs that the American tember 30, 1977. Our proposal assumes that year (FY 77) under an outlay of $1 billion. people want and require. with new House-passed Title VI authority, This program would be gradually reduced The distinguished and able chairman of the current job level would be raised to 600,- and would be eventually phased out by fiscal this Committee certainly recognizes this fact 000 in FY 1976 and maintained at that level year 1980. as evidenced by his comprehensive and through FY 1978, with a slow phasedown of Finally, we should take a long, hard l.ook thought-provoking budget plan which out public service jobs to an average level of at the housing and construction industry lines the key targets of economic growth 260,000 jobs in FY 1980. situation. At a level of $5 billion annually, over the next :five years that will have to S. 1730, the Senate-passed Emergency Rail some 100,000 direct jobs in the severely de be met 1! we are to realize the goals of full Transportation Improvement and Employ pressed construction industry would be employment and production. The Full Em ment Act of 1975 provides for public services realized, plus additional o1f-site and sup ployment and Balanced Growth Act of 1976, jobs to improve roadbeds and associated fa porting jobs. In order to simply maintain which was introduced last week by Con cilities. This measure calls for an annual an inventory and to accommodate growth, gressman Augustus Hawkins and Senator appropriation of $700 million, generating from to 2 to 2.2 million housing units are Hubert Humphrey is another indispensable 30,000 jobs each year. required annually. Add to this the necessity conceptual framework for achieving these The Conyers-Ottinger proposal would ac to replace the several hundred thousand oc goals over the long-run. We all recognize celerate the work to be conducted under cupied substandard units and the average that the private sector will remain the em the Northeast Corridor Rail Program and en annual requirement rises to a range of 2.4 ployer of the overwhelming majority of the visions work on a 150 mph level of service, to 2.6 million housing units. The tragic fact American people. The primary objective rather than the 120 mph presently man is that total production of new housing in should be to assist the private sector in gen dated. Beginning with an investment of 1974 was in the range of 1.4 million units erating as many employment possibilities as $200 million in FY 77, the program would and, in 1975, this figure fell to a level of possible. Measures such as the employment generate 4,000 jobs, particularly in the heav approximately 1.2 million units. Thus, there tax credit must be enacted that mobilize the ily-depressed urban areas of the Northeast. is currently a deficit of an estimated 1.2 to full resources of business and industry to With an eventual annual funding level of 1.4 million housing units. create the jobs we need. But we also realize $150 million, 8,000 jobs would be sustained Not included wit hin the parameters rJf our that jobless Americans need employment in fiscal years 1979 and 1980. original calculations but, nonetheless wort hy now, and in the near future, and that it will Substantial employment would be gen of careful consideration, is action to revive remain the continuing responsibility of gov erated under an accelerated urban mass the manner in which our housing programs ernment at all levels to do what it can to transit program. Additional contract author are conducted. We believe that the Sectioll close the jobs deficit. ity would be provided immediately in order 8 program under the 1974 Housing Act has Building upon what Chairman Adams has that UMTA can make several project ap been a complete disaster and it has neither so ably presented in recent weeks, we now provals on new construction starts for rapid provided the housing which is in such short propose a program which could create over transit lines in various cities. The program supply nor the construction jobs which are one milllon additional jobs in both 1977 and would peak in FY 1979 with an expenditure now so scarce. Rather, we recommend that 1978, and reduce unemployment to a level of $2.4 billion and 96,000 jobs. steps be taken to continue and revitalize the of approximately 3.9 per cent by 1980. We Title X of the Public Works and Economic Section 235 and 236 housing programs of the by no means envison this proposal as a Development Act authorized the Economic Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. panacea but simply as a workable alterna Development Administration to fund either Over 900,000 jobs could be created under a tive to the meaningless recommendations of the Federal or the local shares of highly strengthened 235 program which would sup the administration and the thoughtful pres labor-intensive projects which can be initi port 500,000 housing units each year at a entation of the chairman and others in the ated quickly and substantially completed cost of $.5 billion, assuming a five per cent Congress. within one year. At the end of FY 75, EDA rate. An additional 87,000 construction jobs Developed with the assistance of the very had allocated $125 million, with another $375 would be generated under a 236 program capable sta1f of the House Budget Commit million being allocated the second quarter which would support 100,000 units annually. tee--particularly Mrs. Nancy Teeters--our of FY 76. The average project funded was 75 Thus, under a new and more dynamic 2351 recommendation suggests utilizing eight per cent labor cost and the average job cost 236 program, an estimated 600,000 housing existing or pending programs, rather than is estimated at $10,000. The maximum out units-200,000 units more than had been creating any new ones. The Congressional lay would occur in FY 78 at a level of $375 built at the height of the 235/236 program Budget Office has suggested that of all the million, resulting in 88,000 jobs. a couple of years ago--would be constructed types of jobs creation programs considering Reflecting a complete disdain for the and almost one million more Americans cost, start-up time, and potential impact plight of unemployed Americans, Gerald employed. The cost would be reasonable and on inflation, public service employment, such Ford vetoed the accelerated public works the gains tremendous and certainly worth as already exists under the CETA program, program. Action to revive this program must the investment. proves to be the least costly, the fastest to be taken as a minimum of 190,000 jobs The following chart more fully describes launch, and has the least inflationary impact with a $2.5 billion budget authority ill FY the breadth of the program we are proposing, on the economy. 77 and an outlay of $1 billion-could be the costs of each segment and the number The administration's budget calls for ap- realized in the first year. of jobs to be generated.
Millions of dollars Thousands of jobs 1 In 1977 In 1977 budget 1977 1978 1979 1980 budget 1977 1978 1979 1980
CETA II (500) ______------_ $15, 000 ______------______------______------______. ___ . ______. _. _. ___ _ CETA Vl(500l------+ $5, 000 +$5, 000 + $4, 000 + $3, 000 128 600 600 480 360 Railroad assistance [4001 ------0 +700 +700 +700 + 700 ------30 30 30 30 Northeast rail [4001------125 +200 + 300 +150 +150 ------4 6 3 3 Mass transit (4001 ------1, 700 +500 + 2, 300 + 2. 400 + 1, 400 ------·------20 92 96 56 Job opportumties (5001 ------0 +250 +375 +290 + 140 ------·--- 25 38 29 14 Accelerated public works [3001 ------0 + 1, 000 + 1, 800 + I, 800 +1, 200 ------190 154 115 40 Counter-cyclical revenue (8501------0 +1, 000 + 625 +125 0 ------100 63 13 0 Housing (tandem GNMA)______[3, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] £+5, 000] ------60 100 100 100 Total, outlaysjjobs______3, 325 +8, 650 + 11, 200 + 9,200 + 6, 590 ----·------ 1, 029 1, 083 866 603 Total credit______3, 000 + 5,000 +S, 000 +5, 000 +5, 000
1 4-yr total = 3,500,000 jobs The gross cost of this jobs creation pro We propose that the Committee take a hard ineffective tax. subsidies that have long been gram ts estimated by the staff of the House look at Federal subsidies, many of which a target for abolition among leading tax re Budget Committee to be about $36 b1llion are grossly inequitable and have failed to formers and students of the tax system. for creatillg roughly 3,581,000 jobs. But the achieve the policy aims for which they were The present system of not taxing assets net cost, taking into accoullt the additional established. It is estimated that tax expendi that are passed from one generation to an revenues generated by these additional jobs tures in FY 1977 Will be $106 billion and other is highly inequitable. People with stnall and income as well as the social costs that that they will grow to $148.2 billion by FY or moderate wealth are forced to sell capital are eliminated, comes to $11.3 billion. 1981, a growth of nearly 40 per cent. assets during their lifetimes, and they have A valid question to be raised is the man Our proposal is to reform or eliminate to pay taxes on realized assets. On the other ner in which this program is to be financed. some of the most glaringly inequitable and hand, people of means don't have to sell their March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6815 assets and therefore can pass them along to Force on National Security of the House (1) Delete all funds for the B-1 Bomber their heirs tax free. Existing legislation, the Budget Committee concerning the production. This would yield a savings of Tax Justice Act of 1975, proposes to tax the $1,049 million in FY77. strategic weapons portion of the Defense ( 2) Stop all funding of the MX Missile Pro owner of accumulated ga.in before the trans. Department budget. I have since had fer of assets. Taxing capital assets at death gram in R&D ($84 million), high-accuracy would yield $2.4 billion a year. numerous requests from Members of N8-20 Guidance systems ($38.3 million), and At the same time we believe that to make Congress and others for copies of my bigger MK12A Warheads ($36.9 million). All estate taxes more equitable we should raise prepared statement which was submitted of this will save $159.2 million in FY77. the present exemption from $60,000 to $100,· at that hearing. Accordingly, I am offer (3) Delete all funds for further Trident 0000, at a cost of about $1 billion in lost ing a copy of my statement for printing submarines. This would save $1114.5 million Federal revenue. in the RECORD following these remarks. in production funds and $75.3 million on Tri we believe that the deferral of taxes on dent submarine development funds. The The Department of Defense is asking total savings in FY77 would be $1189.80 mil· incomes earned abroad by corporations for a 29-percent increase in spending for should be eliminated. It tends to encourage lions in FY77. the export of investment and therefore the strategic weapons, from $7.3 billion in (4) Delete all funds for the Sea-Launched reduction of jobs creation at home. Ellmi· :f!scal year 1976 to $9.4 billion in fiscal Cruise Missile (SLCM), including funds for nation of this deferral would yield about year 1977. Ninety-five percent of this testing. This will save $369.2 million in FY77. $630 million per year to the Treasury. increase results from recommendations Altogether, with no loss of security, the The minimum tax on individuals can be for procurement of the B-1 bomber, Tri U.S. strategic force budget can be cut by strengthened and the measm·e passed by the dent submarine, and Trident missiles, $2,767.2 millions of dollars in FY77. There House last fall makes important strides in are good reasons for this as an examination The rest is accounted for by R. & D. in of some key questions concerning strategic this direction. The minimum tax rate was creases in "counterforce" technology and raised from 10 per cent to 14 per cent and forces will show. the exemption was reduced from $30,000 to cruise missile development. The foremost responsib1llty of the U.S. $20,000. Revenues from the minimum tax a1·e While I think w.e must maintain a armed forces and the Department of Defense expected to increase from over $700 million strong and secure strategic deterrent is the deterrence of nuclear war. Our stra annually in 1976 to over $1 billion by 1981. force until such time as a scheme of tegic forces must be kept strong enough that These are modest proposals for tax ex mutual and general disarmament has no rational adversary could launch a sur penditure reform. The additional revenue been negotiated and implemented, there prise attack upon the United States and hope to escape overwhelming devastation in generated as a result of these recommenda are serious questions as to whether these tions would more than pay for the net return from U.S. strategic forces. These forces cost of the jobs program we are proposing. expanded programs are necessary or must have the capability of absorbing a nu Whatever the jobs creation program settled justified. In fact, some of them appear clear first strike from either the Soviet Union upon, we believe that one essential element to be counterproductive as a deterrent to or some other antagonist and still retain the must be economic planning. The Congress nuclear attack. capability of infiicting unacceptable dam must consider those areas of the public As of mid-1976, the United States is age in retaliation upon the cities, factories, sector that most require resource develop expected to have some 8,900 separate transportation centers, and military bases ment, those areas of the country that are strategic nuclear weapons, compared and units of the aggressor country. most in need of economic growth, and those with approximately 3,500 possessed by For three decades, the United States has groups in the population that have been out had a secure strategic deterrent force. It still of work the longest and that most lack jobs the Soviet Union. Stated in other terms, does. As of mid-1976, the United States will skills. New types of employment must be de the United States maintains some 40 have some 8900 separate strategic nuclear veloped, as well as alternative job-creation strategic nuclear weapons per SOviet city weapons capable each of devastating targets structures, including public enterprises. of over 100,000 persons and the Soviet in any aggressor country. These 8900 strate Finally, we believe that in order to drive Union maintains some 17 per American gic nuclear weapons (bombs and misslle war home the devastating impact of unemploy city of over 100,000. In fact, the amount heads) are carried by a so-called TRIAD or ment and to mobilize opinion behind a full of nuclear overkill possessed by both the nuclear delivery vehicles. These include 1054 employment policy, the Congressional Budget United States and SOviet Union is so intercontinental ballistic missiles, 656 sea Act should be amended to provide for an launched ballistic missiles and 41 ballistic huge, and the economic savings from a missile submarines, and nearly 500 continen annual audit of the quality of life in Ameri reduction by both sides would so great, ca, of the social and psychological state of be tal strategic bombers. Beyond this awesome the American people. Such an annual report that the negotiation of such a 1·eduction force exists a fourth nuclear force which con would parallel the annual report on the should be a prime goal of our foreign tains many "tactical" fighter bombers capa state of the economy. Much has been written policy. In the meantime, strategic deter ble of attacking the Soviet Union, Eastern and spoken about the individual and social rent policy decisions, and related budget Europe, and the People's Republic of China, costs of unemployment and of the economic decisions, must revolve around the ques should an attack come from these sources. disorder in general. What is needed now is a tion of how to maintain effective deter In the debate over the kind of strategic more systematic accounting of the impact of rents at a reasonable cost and without forces to develop and maintain, there has economic conditions on individuals and on been controversy over several key issues. society, and the development of statistical undermining efforts to bring the strate These issues and some of the differing an indicators that adequately measure this im gic arms race under control. swers are outlined below: pact. In my prepared statement, I suggested Let us reView each of these questions in Mr. Chairman, we do not presume to have that, with no loss of security, the U.S. turn. The first is: all the answers. We firmly believe, however, strategic force budget for fiscal year 1977 1. How can changes in U.S. foreign policy that this nation cannot afford a budget that could be cut by $2.77 billion. The details effect changes in U.S. strategic forces? simply maintains the status quo and which in support of this conclusion are set forth The need for a strategic deterrent is not tolerates horrendous levels of unemployment, in the statement, which follows: particularly sensitive to changes in the for so detrimental to our national well-being. AN ALTERNATIVE LOOK AT U.S. SPENDING ON eign policy of the United States. If the u .s . We must learn the lessons of the past and adopted the role of a world policeman ex take meaningful initiatives to effectively re STRATEGIC FORGES IN FISCAL YEAR 1977 (By Representative JOHN F. SEIBERLING) tending its nuclear umbrella to even more solve the problems facing our country. The countries than is now the case, it is possible, Federal Budget is the instrument by which SPENDING FOR STRATEGIC FORCES, FiscAL but by no means probable, that it would c' Amer!can values are tested and, hopefully, YEAR 1977 cide to bulld and deploy a larger nuclear realized. We respectfully urge that our rec 'l'he Department of Defense is asking for a force. The one already in place is so aweso: ommendations be given careful considera 29 % increase in spending for strategic weap that it ought to protect any ally from attack tion as you formulate new budgetary priori ons from $7.3 billion in FY 76 to $9.4 billion if potential aggressors were reasonably sure ties in the days and weeks ahead. in FY77. 95% of this increase results from the U.S. would indeed come to the aid of recommendations for procurement of the the additional allies taken in under the um B-1 bomber, Trident submarine, and Trident brella. If the U.S. adopted a more modest AN ALTERNATIVE LOOK AT U.S. missiles. The remainder is accounted for by stance in the world such as moving to im SPENDING ON STRATEGIC Research and Development increases in the plement a pullback from mainland Asia and area of "counterforce" technology and crUise FORCES IN FISCAL YEAR 1977 a continued emphasis on defense and dete~· missile development. These expanded pro rence in Europe, it would still need a strong dessa, Minsk, Donetsk, also, it is argued, avoids the barbarism in of sea-launched missiles, or ABM defense Riga, Warsaw, Prague, Budapest, Kuybychev, herent in a decision to destroy mi111ons of around the more vulnerable ICBMs. This Volgograd, Sevastopol, Tashkent, and Baku if persons living in Soviet cities who would would have disasterous consequences for it attacked the United States, it would never be the innocent victims of their leader's SALT and would incite another round of take the risk. aggression and of American retaliation. strategic arms building in both camps. The Similarly it might be argued that the U.S. Most strategists who believe that a nuclear ultimate result would be more billions of dol would never launch such an attack on the deterrent force is a necessary evil in a hostile lars for more strategic weapons with no per Soviets (even if we were Inclined to take on world where others also possess such forces ceptible gain in national security. Thus, the an aggressive role, which we are not) 1! we will agree that the President should have high-accuracy new technologies asked for would lose New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, the option of not pushing all the buttons by the Pentagon such as the terminal MARV Dallas, St. Louis, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, in such a wartime situation. What many in weapons, the MX missiles system, the high Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cin the debate over counterforce weapons have er-yield MK12A warhead, and the high-ac cinnati, and Miami in the process. long ignored is the fact that the U.S. Presi curacy long range cruise missile may all be dent has long had the capabllity to send The United States and Soviet forces have counterproductive to the United States if de off small groups of bombers and/or missiles veloped. Billions of dollars may buy more long since amassed strategic weapons be against isolated military targets in the So yond what is needed for minimal deterrence. insecurity than security if invested in such viet Union, Eastern Europe, or China. SUch systems. Calculations done in the Pentagon in the selective countertorce capabilities have long 1960s indicated that as few as 400 one-mega been part of the U.S. strategic forces and 3. Do we need to match or exceed Soviet ton nuclear weapons exnloded on targets in would be available in a. war or a crisis. strategic forces? the Soviet Union could inflict, 60 million Since decision-makers act on perceptions deaths and would destroy at least 75% of Where :Mr. Schlesinger and Mr. Rumsfeld part with the critics of the new counterforce of reality as well as the ultimate reality it 9~11 Soviet industry.t Today, the 'C'nlted States self, some Pentagon leaders, such as former maintains some 40 strategic nuclear weapons doctrine and weapons proposals is in how extensively we should rely on counterforce Defense Secretary James Schlesinger, have per Soviet city of over 100,000 persons and argued that the U.S. must be preceived as the Soviet forces number 17 strategic nu doctrine, and how this should influence the kind of strategic forces we build and deploy. equal or superior to the Soviet Union in clear weanons per American city of over strategic forces in the Kremlin leaders eyes. 100,000 people.2 Clearly, both forces have The Pentagon has argued that this new se lective counterforce strategy will require: (1) A perception of American Inferiority, it has a whole new class of highly accurate ICBMs, been argued, might cause Soviet leaders to 1 Alain Enthoven and Wayne K. Smith, (2) extensive retraining of U.S. strategic commit aggression in a crisis which could "How Much Is Enough?," (New York, Harper nuclear forces In selective nuclear strike escalate into war. Thus, Pentagon leaders and Row, 1974, pp. 207-210. options, (3) more numerous strategic have argued that in all major indices of strategic power (nuclear weapons, accuracy, 2 Calculations are based on U.S. force load nuclear weapons to blanket all possible ings of 8900 strategic nuclear weapons and military targets In the Soviet Bloc. (4) delivery vehicles, throw-weight, reliabtllty, U.S.S.R. forceloading of 3500. There are 200 as announced nuclear strategy that the U.S. and megatonnage) the U.S. should maintain U.S. cities of 100,000 and 219 Soviet cities of stands ready to use nuclear weapons in a rough parity or real superiority. The Pen that magnitude. See Donald Rumsfeld., Sec sel~cted strike very early on in a confronta tagon catchphrase for this is maintaining retary of Defense, "Annual Report of the tion and war with the Soviets. This, Pentagon "essential equivalence.'' Department of Defense," FY 1977, Washing leaders argue, will enhance deterrence of war Critics of this new c6ncept of "essential ton, D.C., Jan. 27, 1976, p. 54. This gives 1976 with the Soviets by making our strategic equivalence" argue that matching the Soviets force loadings. forces even more credible. ln all phases of strategic forces is not neces- March 17, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6817 sary to deter attack by the U.S.S.R. Assyme gressor. Within the next year, some 550 of the strategic triad, but they are also the slow tries in the two forces, it is argued, do not those ICBMs will have a MIRV capability. est. ICBMs can traverse thousands of miles to mean that either is insuffi.cient to do the job 450 will be retained with their MRV. 54 older Soviet targets in 30 to 40 minutes. SLBMs it was designed to do, namely to guarantee Titan missiles still remain from the early can hit coastal targets with but minutes that the other side will suffer unacceptable sixties. All intercontinental ballistic missiles warning time. Yet bombers will take several social, economic, human, and military dam are under secure command and control and hours to reach their targets. Moreover, they, age if it launches an aggressive attack. The are buried in hardened concrete silos in re unlike the ICBMs and SLBMs are vulnerable Soviet force with its advantages in throw mote areas of the U.S. ICBM command and to the heavy shield of Soviet interceptors and ~eight, in megatonnage, and in numbers of control is considered superior to that for SAMs deployed in the U.S.S.R .. They are the delivery vehicles can deter or destroy the SLBMs and even for bombers. Any adversary least likely part of the triad to ( 1) survive United States. The U.S. strategic forces with seeking to destroy the entire ICBM force in and (2) pierce the active and passive de their advantages in numbers of nuclear weap a disarming attack would need to strike all fenses around Soviet targets. ons, missile accuracy. and MIRV technology of them within several minutes of the first Bombers are also expensive and consume can deter or destroy the Soviet Union. explosion, would need to hit each with pin enormous resources. They require highly Neither side has to be symmetrical to the point accuracy from hundreds and even skilled personnel and extensive opt!ra-tions other in order to carry out its st1·ategic func thousands of miles away, and would have to and maintenance investments. There is con tion. somehow hope that "fratricide effects" would siderable doubt whether they are cost effec Thus, "essential equivalence" opens the not prevent secondary missiles from destroy tive when compared to ICBMs and SLBMs door for ever more numerous deployment of ing silos where first missile shots had failed. either from the standpoint of mission effec nuclear weapons with no end point in sight. The probability of destroying all U.S. ICBMs tiveness or financial investment. Whatever the Soviets do, our hardliners in such a surprise attack is not high al Ironically, manned bombers may be saved argue, we must match them to maintain a though a significant portion may be de from being categorized as anachronisms by perception of equivalence. What is over stroyed as accuracies of Soviet missiles in coupling them with missiles. As a standoff looked is that the targets remain finite while crease. The obvious U.S. and Soviet counter platform for air-launched cruise missiles or the number of new weapons required under to such increases in accuracy might be to SRAMs the manned bomber may still retain such a doctrine may stretch out into an in put more ICBMs on "launch-on-warning" a vital strategic capability. The improve finity of new weapons produced in order to status, not a desireable situation due to the ments in cruise missiles and SRAMs offer match every new Soviet strategic weapons possibility of accidental war. the bomber a new life and renewed useful move. The increasing accuracies and reliabilities ness where it will not be required to test A more sensible approach than "essential of missiles on both sides makes a target kill itself close in against the increased inter equivalence" is to conclude that nuclear suf probability close to 1.0 a likely possibility for ceptor and concentrated SAMS surround ficiency and "assured destruction" doctrines u.s. missiles in the next decade. The Soviets ings many of its targets. make more sense than an endless matching are thought to lag in this technology but One of the key questions facing the U.S. of Soviet capabiUties. Once you can destroy should also master it in time. This has led in the near future is whether it needs to the other society and much of its military to the speculation that fixed-silo ICBMs may modernized its current manned bomber fleet torce one time over, you need add no further become more and more vulnerable to disarm of nearly 500-B-52s and FB-111s by produc strategic arms. The size of the forces on both ing attacks. This has led further to the spec ing 241 B-1 Bombers or a bomber equipped sides make it wildly implausible that the ulation that ICMBs will then have to be with long-range air-launched cruise mis leadership on either side can perceive any made mobile, or would have to be protected siles. Even the Air Force which has indi useable strategic advantages out of the fact with anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defenses. cated an eagerness for the B-1 admits that that the two forces are not mirror images of Or, some conclude, ICBMs must be aban the B-52s and FB-111s will provide an ade each other. They both contain such formid doned and the strategic forces will have to quate bomber force into the 1990s. This be able destructive power that they cannot be rely upon sea-launched missiles and bombers ing so, it is difficult to see why either the B-1 ignored. Different as they are, both forces will to provide the deterrent. Others argue that or the air-launched cruise missile should be deter. The attempt to match the Soviets in ICBMs could retain their value if put on produced at this time, except for purposes every category of strategic strength also has "launch-on-warning" status. of further research and development. another unfortunate result. It causes Penta Such developments as these can be fore Critics of the B-1 make the point that the gon planning to develop weapons not only to stalled, if U.S. and Soviet leaders recognize aircraft is the most expensive ever proposed match present but also projected future So clearly the fact that an attack on one element for mass production. The cost is now pro viet strategic weapons. This creates a self of the Triad, namely the ICBM force, would jected at $88 million per plane and has fullfilling prophecy whereby we build added still bring a devastating attack from the risen every year. They also reiterate that it weapons to offset weapons they are projected bomber and submarine forces. Moreover, the is not needed since present SAC forces can to be planning to build. This funding of U.S. presence of ICBMs would still draw resources do the job until the mid-1980s or later. weapons then provides further arguments for away that otherwise might be pitted by an They argue that this is the age of the missile hardliners in the Kremlin to argue for the adversary against our bombers and subma and that the bomber is of declining impor very weapons we predicted they might build. rines. Hence, the ICBM is likely to remain tance and rising cost. Moreover, they find Thus, our actions based on fear of their fu useful as a deterrent for some time to come, the extra bomb and missile capacity of the ture arms development help create that very especially when it is realized that "fratricide B-1 to be superfluous in an age of massive Soviet armament. It is this kind of dynamics effects" and the difficulty of achieving a high• nuclear overkill. The costs of the entire B-1 that help drive the strategic arms develop confidence high-accuracy simultaneous at fleet, some assert, should rather be spent on ment on both sides. tack on 1054 separate targets make it likely conventional forces where the military need 4. Do we need a Triad and, if so, must we that U.S. ICBMs will get off the pad in some is greatest or should be left out of the de continually modernize it? numbers even if attacked. fense budget altogether since an expenditure As mentioned at the onset, the U.S. main 6. Do we need manned bombers? If so, do of that magnitude has serious in:fiationary tains three acknowledged strategic forces and we need a new one now? repercussions. a fourth force, composed of many forward The bomber force is the most vulnerable From an economic standpoint the B-1 is based nuclear-loaded fighter bombers, which to attack if caught on the ground. However, especially questionable. It is highly pmbable can be used strategically against the Soviet it is likely that any war would be preceded that the skyrocketing price of the B-1 could homeland. Within the strategic "TRIAD" the by a crisis that would give ample time for .cause its early termination after a buy of U.S. maintains ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic the Strategic Air Command to disperse its perhaps 40 or 50 aircraft. This would have bombers. While each system has different bomber fieet of B-52s and FB-llls. During a serious dislocating effect in the aerospace capabilities and vulnerabilities, together they the Cuban Missile Crisis, SAC bombers were industry and could cause large layoffs of air provide an assured ability to destroy any a.g disoersed to over 40 civilian airfields as well craft workers who looked to the B-1 con gres or in a retaliatory st rike. While the as being kept at regular SAC airbases. Aided tract to supply jobs. Indeed, critics of the Triad is a useful mix of strategic systems by missile depression of Soviet or Chinese air B-1 argue that rather than creating numer to insure survivability of the deterrent force, defenses, it is likely that many of the manned ous jobs, the B-1 will cause a net job loss there is no necessity to goldplate all legs of bombers would be able to deliver their nu in the U.S. economy. Studies done by public the Triad. Continuous modernization of the clear megatonnage upon aggressor targets as -interest research groups and the U.S. Depart- bomber and ICBM and SLBM forces is not ordered. ment of Commerce indicate that more jobs necessary at the rapid rate that we are cur would be created if the B-1 money were in rently turning out new and improved models. Bombers can be used in selective strikes vested in other sectors of the economy.3 This leads to several questions about our and have the advautage of being capable of ICBM, bomber, and submarine forces. For recall if the leadership changes its mind in a See Marlon Anderson "The Empty Pork example: the midst of a crisis. They can also be moved barrel," Pirgim, East Lansing, Michigan, April 5. Should we downgrade mu· emphasis on to forward areas and dispersed as signals of 1975. See also a study by Roger Bezdek, "The t he increasingly vulnerable ICBM force? If serious intentions during crises. 1980 Economic Impact--Regional and Occu so, what should take its place, if anything? Despite these points in favor of retaining pational--of Compensated Shifts in Defense The 1,000 U.S. Minuteman intercontinental a manned bomber capability in the U.S. stra Spending," Journal of Regional Science, Vol. ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are the most ac tegic deterrent force, there is a serious ques 15, No. 2, 1975, Bezdek is the Chief, Industrial curate strategic systems in the U.S. arsenal tion about how important the manned GNP Branch, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the most likely to be able to penetrate bomber remains in an age of missiles. Bomb- U.S. Department of Commerce, washington, and destroy fixed military t argets of an ag- ers are not only the most vulnerable part of D.C. 6818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 Dropping the B-1 will save $1,049 million for the Trident Submarine in FY 77. This II missiles ought also to be foregone in the in FY 1977 and perhaps an additional $90 wlll save $1189.8 m1111ons in FY 77. interest of preserving some stablllty in the billion over the lifecycle of 244 B-1s. 8. What 1s the likely arms control impact c~ent strategic balance with the Soviet 7. Should we move more of our strategic of new u.s. strategic programs? . VnJ.on. MS, MARV, and Triden-t Il will merely forces out to sea? Is Trident the most cost New U.S. Strategic systems on the horizon force the Soviets to build new systems that effective strategic submarine option? include the MX ICBM program, the Air wlll doubtless incite U.S. strategic counter Undoubtedly, the most invulnerable part Launched Cruise Missile (LCM) , the Sea measures as well. It Is better to leave the of the strategic triad resides at sea with the Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM), the B-1 U.S.S.R. ICBM force relatively invulnerable 41 U.S. ballistic missile submarines, half o1 Bomber, the terminal and evader MaRV mis to prevent another cycle of frantic arms which are on station at a given time. The sile systems and the Trident I missile sys building Without achieving additional secu ten Polaris and 31 Poseidon boats will soon tem. Of these from an arms control point rity. The movement to mobile ICBMs, to new be joined by the first of the Trldent subma of view, the MX, ALCM, SLCM, and MaRV ABMs, or even to more sea-based strategic rines in the late 1970s. This undersea force systems are damaging to attempts to cap forces would be unfortunate from the stand has about 5000 strategic nuclear weapons and stop the strategic armaments race point of getting meaningful ceilings set at targetable upon adversary cities and fixed through a SALT agreement. In the case of SALT for all major strategic forces. A quanti sites. With the retrofitting of ten Poseidon each, they will make it harder to stop new tative and qualitative freeze and cutback submarines with the new Trident I missile, rounds of arms building once tested and into will be possible only when the invulner these boats and new Tridents will have a engineering development. ablllty of the respective deterrent forces is missile range of 4000 miles. This will increase The MX program contains at least three guaranteed. MX, MARV, and Trident u all SLBM ranges in the U.S. force by 2000 miles elements. It includes work on a more ac tend to increase the vulnerablllty on the So and will give the ballistic missile submarine curate missile system. It includes funds for Viets side and are counterproductive from an fleet 15 times more ocean to maneuver within development of miss1les with a greater ex arms control and disa.rmament perspective. in avoiding Soviet and other ASW forces.• plosive yield and throw-weight than the COUNTERFORCE WEAPONRY CUT RECOMMENDED Strategic submarine forces already were con Minuteman III. And, fin-ally, it contains sidered highly invulnerable to current ASW funds for development of a mobile land Since these new counterforce weapons will technology and this added range increases based ICBM. This latter part of the program be de-stabillzlng and wllllncite new rounds that degree of invulnerabillty immeasurably. could have very serious and damaging 1m in strategic arms building, I suggest that pacts on SALT negotiations. Moblle ICBMs the Congress delete all funding 1n FY 77 for The Polaris C-2 and the Poseidon C-3 mis the MX, MK12A Warheads, and NS-20 guld· siles are considered less accurate than the would be extremely dl11lcult to verify by "na tional technical means" (i.e. by spy satellite) ance system. This will save $159.2 million in Minuteman m of new MX missiles being FY77. designed or deployed on U.S. ICBMs. Sea and would be next to impossible to count accurately without on-site Inspection. These 9. How can we improve our national secu launched ballistic missiles are considered pri rity through SALT and halt the ever more marily to be counter-value or counter-city mobile ICBMs might be deployed under ground on tracks which run beneath multi expensive strategic arms race? weapons, ICBMs are considered to be in SALT to date has failed to stop the stra creasingly capable of counterforce targeting ple silo holes. Such a shell game could con fuse adversary military planners since they tegic arms race. At best it has led to a better and have superior command and control sys understanding of the U.S. and Soviet posi tems. However if the Navy receives the Trl· would not know which silo opening to tar get. At the same time, it would make veri tions by each side. It has begun a process, dent II, they will clearly have a counterforce but it has yet to halt any important aspect missile system. fication of the number of ICBMs next to 1m possible unless each silo counted as an ICBM of the arms race except ABM deployments. While decisions on the Trident II missile It has been convincingly argued that the are several years away, the necessity for such in an arms control treaty. Mobile ICBMs loaded on trucks or railway cars might be negotiations have not stopped the deploy counterforce SLBMs 1s dubious, especially ment of record numbers of nuclear weapons in view of the high cost of development and easily camouflaged or stored 1n garages and and that at most the negotiations and agree the possible destabillzlng effect of high ac moved at night. All of this would create ments to date have rechanneled the strategic curacy counterforce missiles. nightmares for the arms control community trying to negotiate meaningful and verifi arms race but not stopped the flow of new In fact, the continued high cost of Trident able limits on the numbers of strategic arms. Indeed, the high and permissive limits submarines makes their continued deploy weapons. set on launchers and MIRVs at Vladivostok ment a questionable investment. Some sci· In similar fashion the development of 1n late 1974 has acted to set higher force entifl.c and strategic experts argue that retro cruise missiles, especially the sea-launched limits than the milltary had then requested. fitting Poseidon submarines with Trident I variety, might make SALT verification im These ceilings thus became high planning misslles and then deploying the same system possible. Once tested, any industrialized state targets rather than firm ceilings. The talks on a Narwahl submarine would be more cost also produced the unfortunate "bargaining effective than investing billions more in the could mass produce and hide large quantities chip" argument whereby new weapons were huge Trident submarines. others have sug of cruise missiles, the numbers of which granted the milltary under the misguided gested building many eonventionally-pow· would not be verifiable by "national tech assumption that this would pre:sure the ered submarines armed with the Trident I nical means of inspection." other side into agreements at a faster rate mlSSlle. The Navy seem quite eager to con Since cruise missiles are now expected to be and on more favorable terms. This was found tinue deployment of the Trident system and one-fifth to one-tenth as costly as the to be untrue since all agreements to date so far no urging by critics has succeeded in equivalent ballistic missile, cruise missiles have permitted the bargaining chip systems getting them to carefully consider the alter could lead to a quantum leap in the number and left loopholes for new "chips" to be cre natives o1 the SSBX or SSBNX to Trident. of strategic warheads In the U.S. and Soviet ated to exploit. The negotiation of a thresh Such a study is obviously in order and might inventories. U.S. officials have predicted old testban in 1974 led to a race to increase well reduce the requirements of costs pro that as many as 21,000 SLCMs and ALCMs testing before the testing cutoff. SALT I was jected for a large Trident force. might be deployed 1n future years. The U.S. purchased at the price of promising Trident today has "only" 8900 strategic nuclear weap to the Navy among other things. Expanded Of all of the legs of the Triad, the sub ons and the U.S.S.R., 3500. marine system seems the most valuable and military hardware has been the price of get the least vulnerable. Moreover, no significant Once developed, cruise missile technology ting the military behind SALT agreements so ASW threat looms on the horizon. The in may spread and allow the near nuclear coun as to make the SALT agreements politically creases in range that will be secured by the tries to "go nuclear" on the cheap. Overall. safe for politicians. Trident I missile w111 make the force even cruise missiles have the potential to thwart A meaningful SALT agreement, one that less vulnerable to any ASW developments. any chance for a verifiable ceiling on U.S. served as a basis for arms reductions rather As bombers remain a marginal strategic and Soviet strategic nuclear weapons. At a than as a platform for new arms production force and as ICBMs become increasingly vul minimum, steps should be taken to ban would include: nerable. it is likely that the U.S. will depend strategic sea-launched cruise missile tests (1) a celling on all delivery vehicles and more and more upon the sea-based deterrent and development so as to preserve the op MIRVed launchers. for protection. This force when equipped tion of achieving a SALT limit which can (2) a ceiling on all nuclear bombs and with Trident I missiles should remain ade be verified adeCJ:uately. This can also spare warheads (force loadings). quate even without further introductions of the United States the necessity of eventually (3) a comprehensive test ban that included the Trident force in large numbers through erecting a thick air defense system against bans on peaceful as well as military tests of the next decade or more. Even if the other Soviet long-range cruise missiles. all kinds. legs of the U.S. strategic triad disappeared SLCM BUDGET CUT RECOMMENDED (4) a stringent limit on the development overnight, the sea-based deterrent would of qualitative strategic improvements such This leads me to the conclusion that the as MX, Trident II, ALCM, and SLCMs, and sumce. Recommended:. Deleting all funds Congress should delete all funds for the Sea the Russian equivalents. launched cruise missile In the FY 77 budget, This will save $369.2 million in FY 77. ( 5) an agreement not to develop systems • Testimony of Adm. Hyman Rickover, that cannot be verified by national means of Hearings on Military Posture, Seapower Sub NEW COUNTERFORCE WEAPONRY DE-STABILIZING verification such as mobile missiles, long committee, House Armed Services Committee, The counterforce accuracies that reside 1n range cruise missiles. and terminal MARV. March 17, 1975, p. 3657, Part 3 of 4 parts. the new MX, terminal MaRV, and Trident This agreement would probably have to in- JYJ arch 1 , , 19 1 6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 6819 elude a formal or tacit agreement not even likelihood that Government deficits are Problems at the post offices are nothing to test such systems to avoid the problem of bringing about a capital shortage-such new. In fact, it was the government's in the "clandestine cache" of weapons. ability to manage the mails th8!t led Con that full employment and a rapidly ris gress to put the system on a "business-like" (6) some llmlts on theater nuclear forces, ing living standard may no longer be pos especially those that have significant ranges basis in 1970 and direct the new agency to capable of hitting the homeland of U.S. or sible. This theme will be picked up on improve service, cut losses, increase workers' U.S.S.R. Friday at 9 a.m., ia 334 Cannon by the salaries and modernize facilities. But from This kind of agreement would then serve day's three witnesses: Henry Wallich the start those goals have been impossible a the baseline for further arms reductions. of the Federal Reserve System; James to reconcile. Some major management mis Needham, president of the New York takes and generous labor settlements have Stock Exchange; and Michael Evans of run up costs; soaring inflation and energy BALANCED BUDGET HEARINGS prices, unanticipated in 1970, have had a Chase Econometrics Associates. Mr. Wal devastating effect. According to the General ANNOUNCED lich will critique those who dismiss the Accounting Office, cost-of-living increases in will be stopped. He wants to close some order to provide accurate unbiased in Mr.· HANLEY. Mr. Speaker, I would small post offices and subsitute other types formation to DRO members on issues like to bring to the attention of the of service in rural areas; GAO has calculated facing the Congress. Representative House an excellent editorial printed in that phasing out 12,000 of the 18,000 small DAVID E. SATTERFIELD, ill, Democrat, of the "Washington Post" on March 17, est post offices could bring savings of $100 Virginia, is DRO chairman. 1976. The editors of that newspaper have million annually. Mr. Ballar is also promot noted the dilemma of the U.s. Postal ing clustered or curb-side delivery instead In carrying forward its DRO mandate, of door-to-door service in new housing de the Committee to Investigate a Balanced Service with respect to its massive velopments. Federal Budget was created to dete1mine budget deficit and declining incomes. He has even mentioned revising rates so the impact of deficits on all segments of They see the remedy as being additional that pre-sorted, standard-sized first-class the economy. Hearings will begin March funding for the USPS. They also note mail sent by bulk users would cost less than 23 at 9 a.m. in room 2118, Rayburn the contradiction of demands for im a hand-addressed birthday card. And so on. House Office Building, where expert wit proved service by those who ignore the But he fears that even 1! such drastic changes fundamental financial problems facing are made, the system may be unable to avoid nesses will discuss what is happening the spiral of rising costs, declining patron and what should be done about it. Arthur that institution. age and gradual decay that has already made Burns, Chairman of the Board of Gov.. As the following editorial indicates, other services-local bus systems, passenger emors, Federal Reserve System, will pre the time has come for the Congress to be trains, the old-style telegraph-bankrupt as sent informal remarks and will answer realistic and responsible. I agree. businesses. prepared questions at that time. on While we must encourage the USPS That points to the problem: the premise is March 24 at 9 a.m. in room 2118 Ray to promote efficiencies and increase pro wrong. The nation's postal system should ductivity, we must also impress upon be business-like, but it is not a business. It bum House Office Building, Kenneth is a basic public service that Americans rely Thygerson of the U.S. League of Savings them the clear public need for universal on heavily. Indeed, the services that matter and Loan Associations will tell us how mail service of good quality, easy access, most are often those that make least sense Federal deficits have contributed to dis and affordable cost. And if we truly feel in cost-accounting terms: service to indivi tress in the housing industry. He will be that the Postal Service performs a public duals, to small communities, to small busi followed by Dimitris Balatsos, Manufac service, then we must be willing to risk nesses and little publications. This does not turers Hanover Bank, who will show how the next logical step and act to fund, mean that, for instance, every rural post Federal deficits have influenced who got through the U.S. Treasury, if need be, office must be kept open forever if equivalent the operating expenses and deficit of this or better actual service can be provided an how much of the Nation's savings other way. It does mean that postal com resources. vital function of national commerce and munications have to be maintained; the There will also be two witnesses ap communication. mails simply must go through. PAYING FOR THE ?\!All pearing on Thursday, March 25, at 9 ~owever, in order to preserve the kind ot a.m., in room 334, Cannon House Office It may seem heretical for a Postma::;ter postal systems Americans expect, the pub Building. The leadoff witness, Geoffrey General to suggest that postal service as lic has to be willing to pay-in part as users Moore, National Bureau of Economic Americans know and love it "could become and in part as taxpayers. This is where the Research, is probably the Nation's fore obsolete." But Postmaster General Benja real problem arises because the nuinbers min F. Bailar said exactly that last week in are immense. According to GAO, if current most expert on business cycles. He will a gloomy speech in Detrol t. His message was services are maintained and the federal tell us whether our deficits have been not just that the era of ix-days-a-week, payment to the Postal Service stays at its making our economy's ups higher and its dom·-to-door mail deU•:ery is ending; he present $920 mlllion per year, the price of a downs lower. James Duesenberry, chair warned that the PoBtal Service may never be first-class stamp w1l1 rise to 23 cents by 1981. man of the Economics Departm.ent at economically wund even if drastic cutback On the other hand, if stamps remain at 13 Harvard Uni ersity, v:m diseus the 11 ,ervice l'\re 1~1ade. cents, the cost to the treasury co11ld rise to 6820 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-HOUSE March 17, 1976 $8.5 billion annually within 5 years. The most Mr. EviNS of Tennessee, for 5 minutes, S. 3052. An act to amend section 602 of acceptable arrangement probably involves today. the Agricultural Act of 1954; to the Com some rate increases, some streamlined serv mittee on Agriculture. ices and more public support-but detailed Mr. ALEXANDER, for 30 minutes, today. formulas are not going to be easy to devise. All in all, t his is the kind of problem that ENROLLED BILL SIGNED Congress is least happy with: one that af EXTENSION OF REMARKS fects every voter and interest group, and Mr. HAYS of Ohio, from the Commit costs far more than anybody likes to pay. So By unanimous consent, permission to tee on House Administration, reported far, most legislators have ducked. Last year revise and extend remarks was granted that that committee had examined and the House authorized greater subsidies, but to: found truly enrolled a bill of the House also voted to return the system's manage Mr. SEIBERLING, and to include ex of the following title, which was signed ment to Congress-a move that is not likely traneous matter, not·;vithstanding the by the Speaker: to solve anything. More recently, about 50 fact that it exceeds two pages of the H.R. 9570. An act to authorize the sale a.nd representatives went to court to save some CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and is estimated rw·al post offices, at least temporarily. We shipment incident to such sale of the chem hope that they will follow through by ad by the Public Printer to cost $1,144. ical subst ance carbonyl chloride by the De dressing the problem of who pays. That is, (The following Members (at the re partment of Defense. after all, what Mr. Bailar is basically getting quest of Mr. KAsTEN) and to include ex at, although in a somewhat backhanded traneous matter:) way. The postal system cannot just mud Mr. HEINZ. JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO dle along much longer; some hard decisions Mr. CONTE in two instances. THE PRESIDENT about services and subsidies need to be made. Mr. ROUSSELOT in three instances. Mr. HAYS of Ohio, from the Commit Mr. FINDLEY in two instances. tee on House Adm.inistration, reported LEAVE OF ABSENCE Mr. GRADISON. that that committee did on March 16, Mr. HYDE. 1976 present to the President, for his ap By unanimous consent, leave of ab Mr. RHODES. proval, a Joint Resolution of the House sence was granted to: Mr. VANDER JAGT. of the following title: Mr. VANIK, for March 17 and 18, on ac Mr. WYDLER. H.J. Res. 549. A joint resolution to approve count of committee hearing. Mr. SHRIVER. the "Covenant To Establish a Common Mrs. SULLIVAN Committee on Banking, Currency and Hous. By Mr. BROOKS (for himself and :Mr. By Mrs. S~ of Nebraska (for her ing. HORTON): . self, Mr. S.NY.DER, Mr. ScHULZE, Mr. By Mr. MOTI'L: H.R.. 12605. A bill to provide permanent KETCHUM, M,r. LUJAN, Mr. R"t?"NNELS, H.R. 12595. A bill to permit the payment of changes in laws necessary because of the Mr. MooRHEAD of California, Mr. interest on demand deposits which consist October-September fiscal year; to the Com MOLLOHAN, Mr. ECKHARDT, Mr. of public funds of the United States or of a. Inittee on Government Operations. ULLMAN, Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN, Mr. State or political subdivision or instrumen H.R. 12606. A bill to provide for the orderly OBEY, Mr. LuNDINE, Mr. MoNT tality of a State; to the Committee on Bank transition to the new October 1 to Septem GOMERY, Mr. GREEN, Mr. BALDUS, and ing, Currency and Housing. ber 30 fiscal year; to the Committee on Gov Mr. SISK): By Mr. O'HARA: ernment Operations. H . Con. Res. 587. Concurrent resolution H.R. 12596. A bill to amend the Fair Labor By Mr. FISH: with respect to post office closings; to the Standards Act of 1938 to repeal the provi H.R. 12607. A bill to amend the Small Busi Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. sions of that act permitting the employment ness Act to provide that determinations by By Mrs. FENWI