Rosebud/Treasure Counties 04/19/21

USDA, APHIS, PPQ Rangeland Suppression Program, 2021. Plant Protection Gary D. Adams State Plant Health Director and (406) 657-6282 Quarantine [email protected]

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USDA, APHIS PPQ Mission VS: Veterinary Services WS: Wildlife Services Safeguard Agriculture & Natural Resources AC: Care Ensure High Quality, Abundant & Varied Food Supply IES: Investigative & Enforcement Services Strengthen Marketability of U.S. Agriculture BRS: Biotechnology Regulatory Services PPQ: Plant Protection and Quarantine Contribute to Preservation of Global Environment

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Domestic Programs Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket

► Exotic Pest Surveys ► Survey ► Quarantine and eradication ► Technical Assistance ► Gypsy Moth/Japanese Beetle ► Biological Control ► Biotechnology ► Grasshopper & Mormon Cricket

► Suppression Programs – Border Protection treatments – Rangeland Protection treatments . Cost Share . RAATs

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1 Life Stages Life cycle

► Eggs

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1st Instar 2nd Instar 4-6 mm 6-8 mm

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3rd Instar 4th Instar 8-11mm (1 cm) 11-16 mm

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2 5th Instar Clearwinged grasshopper 16-23 mm

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3 4 Nymphal development: 26-40 days (~1 wk/instar)

Adult 5

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Adults Melanoplus sanguinipes Melanoplus dawsoni Migratory Grasshopper Dawson Grasshopper

Male Female Male Female 14-19mm 17-22 mm 20-26 mm 20-29 mm

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Dissosteira carolina (Linnaeus) Boopedon nubilum (Say) Carolina Grasshopper Ebony Grasshopper Male Female 29-32 mm 36-39 mm Male Female 22-22.5 mm 36-38 mm

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3 Free USDA grasshopper identification app Identification available in iPhone and Android app stores

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# Species Common Montana Species

Aeoloplides turnbulli (Thomas) Russianthistle grasshopper Melanoplus borealis (Fieber) Northern grasshopper Aeropedellus clavatus (Thomas) Clubhorned grasshopper Melanoplus bowditchi Scudder Sagebrush grasshopper ►There are more than 400 known species Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder) Whitewhiskered grasshopper Melanoplus bruneri Scudder Bruner spurthroated grasshopper Amphitornus coloradus (Thomas) Striped grasshopper Melanoplus confusus Scudder Pasture grasshopper Anabrus simplex Haldeman Mormon cricket Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) Dawson grasshopper of in the Western United Arphia conspersa Scudder Specklewinged grasshopper Melanoplus devastator Scudder Devastating grasshopper Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas) Redwinged grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) Differential grasshopper (Thomas) Bigheaded grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) Redlegged grasshopper States, only about two dozen are Scudder Whitecrossed grasshopper Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder Gladston grasshopper Boopedon nubilum (Say) Ebony grasshopper Melanoplus infantilis Scudder Little spurthroated grasshopper Brachystola magna (Girard) Plains lubber grasshopper Melanoplus keeleri (Thomas) Keeler grasshopper considered pest species capable of Bruneria brunnea (Thomas) Bruner slantfaced grasshopper Melanoplus lakinus (Scudder) Lakin grasshopper Camnula pellucida (Scudder) Clearwinged grasshopper Melanoplus occidentalis (Thomas) Flabellate grasshopper Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris) Meadow grasshopper Melanoplus packardii Scudder Packard grasshopper producing economic damage. Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer) Greenstriped grasshopper Melanoplus rugglesi Gurney Nevada sage grasshopper (Bruner) Crenulatewinged grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) Migratory grasshopper (Thomas) Spottedwinged grasshopper Mermiria bivittata (Serville) Twostriped slantfaced grasshopper Derotmema haydeni (Thomas) Hayden grasshopper Metator pardalinus (Saussure) Bluelegged grasshopper (Linnaeus) Carolina grasshopper Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder) Valley grasshopper Dissosteira longipennis (Thomas) High Plains grasshopper Opeia obscura (Thomas) Obscure grasshopper Encoptolophus costalis (Scudder) Dusky grasshopper Orphulella speciosa (Scudder) Slantfaced pasture grasshopper ►A few species are actually beneficial Eritettix simplex (Scudder) Velvetstriped grasshopper Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas)Fourspotted grasshopper Hadrotettix trifasciatus (Say) Threebanded grasshopper Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas)Largeheaded grasshopper Hesperotettix viridis (Thomas) Snakeweed grasshopper Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder) Brownspotted grasshopper because they eat undesirable plants. Hypochlora alba (Dodge) Cudweed grasshopper (Scudder) Mottled sand grasshopper Melanoplus alpinus Scudder Alpine grasshopper (Say) Orangelegged grasshopper Melanoplus angustipennis (Dodge) Narrowwinged sand grasshopper Trachyrhachys kiowa (Thomas) Kiowa grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) Twostriped grasshopper Xanthippus corallipes (Haldeman) Redshanked grasshopper

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Economic Montana Species Economic Montana Species

Aeoloplides turnbulli (Thomas) Russianthistle grasshopper Melanoplus borealis (Fieber) Northern grasshopper Aeropedellus clavatus (Thomas) Clubhorned grasshopper Melanoplus bowditchi Scudder Sagebrush grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder) Whitewhiskered grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder) Whitewhiskered grasshopper Melanoplus bruneri Scudder Bruner spurthroated grasshopper Amphitornus coloradus (Thomas) Striped grasshopper Melanoplus confusus Scudder Pasture grasshopper (Thomas) Anabrus simplex Haldeman Mormon cricket Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) Dawson grasshopper Aulocara elliotti Bigheaded grasshopper Arphia conspersa Scudder Specklewinged grasshopper Melanoplus devastator Scudder Devastating grasshopper Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas) Redwinged grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) Differential grasshopper Camnula pellucida (Scudder) Clearwinged grasshopper Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) Bigheaded grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) Redlegged grasshopper Aulocara femoratum Scudder Whitecrossed grasshopper Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder Gladston grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) Twostriped grasshopper Boopedon nubilum (Say) Ebony grasshopper Melanoplus infantilis Scudder Little spurthroated grasshopper Brachystola magna (Girard) Plains lubber grasshopper Melanoplus keeleri (Thomas) Keeler grasshopper Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) Dawson grasshopper Bruneria brunnea (Thomas) Bruner slantfaced grasshopper Melanoplus lakinus (Scudder) Lakin grasshopper Camnula pellucida (Scudder) Clearwinged grasshopper Melanoplus occidentalis (Thomas) Flabellate grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) Redlegged grasshopper Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris) Meadow grasshopper Melanoplus packardii Scudder Packard grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer) Greenstriped grasshopper Melanoplus rugglesi Gurney Nevada sage grasshopper Cordillacris crenulata (Bruner) Crenulatewinged grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) Migratory grasshopper Melanoplus infantilis (Scudder) Little spurthroated grasshopper Cordillacris occipitalis (Thomas) Spottedwinged grasshopper Mermiria bivittata (Serville) Twostriped slantfaced grasshopper Derotmema haydeni (Thomas) Hayden grasshopper Metator pardalinus (Saussure) Bluelegged grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) Migratory grasshopper Dissosteira carolina (Linnaeus) Carolina grasshopper Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder) Valley grasshopper Dissosteira longipennis (Thomas) High Plains grasshopper Opeia obscura (Thomas) Obscure grasshopper Opeia obscura (Thomas) Obscure grasshopper Encoptolophus costalis (Scudder) Dusky grasshopper Orphulella speciosa (Scudder) Slantfaced pasture grasshopper Eritettix simplex (Scudder) Velvetstriped grasshopper Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas)Fourspotted grasshopper Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum(Thomas) Fourspotted grasshopper Hadrotettix trifasciatus (Say) Threebanded grasshopper Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas)Largeheaded grasshopper Hesperotettix viridis (Thomas) Snakeweed grasshopper Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder) Brownspotted grasshopper (Thomas) Hypochlora alba (Dodge) Cudweed grasshopper Spharagemon collare (Scudder) Mottled sand grasshopper Phoetaliotes nebrascensis Largeheaded grasshopper Melanoplus alpinus Scudder Alpine grasshopper Spharagemon equale (Say) Orangelegged grasshopper Melanoplus angustipennis (Dodge) Narrowwinged sand grasshopper Trachyrhachys kiowa (Thomas) Kiowa grasshopper Trachyrhachys kiowa (Thomas) Kiowa grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) Twostriped grasshopper Xanthippus corallipes (Haldeman) Redshanked grasshopper

Anabrus simplex (Haldeman) Mormon cricket 23 24

4 Species May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Surveys Early Mid late Early Mid late Early Mid late Early Mid late Early Mid late Early Mid late

Ageneotettix deorum ► Nymphal surveys Aulocara elliotti

► Delimitation Camnula pellucida

Melanoplus infantilis ► Pre Treatment Trachyrhachys kiowa

Melanoplus dawsoni ► Post Treatment Phoetaliotes nebrasciensis

► Adult Arphia conspersa

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Conducting Surveys How much do they eat?

►Visualize a square foot ahead of you on range ►Walk toward imaginary Ft2 ►Count # GHs that jump out ►Repeat 18 times ►Divide total by 2

►Gives total GH/yd2 ©AVL2005 A grasshopper can eat about its own weight or destroy up to 6 times its own weight of vegetation daily

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Do I treat? ►Decision Support Software . CARMA ►Do I manage by self? http://www.sdvc.uwyo.edu/grasshopper/carma.htm

►> 8 grasshoppers per yd2 ►Do I ask USDA for assistance? ►> 15 grasshoppers per yd2 . Authorized by Plant Protection Act. ►Is there grass to save? (drought) ►Should I just buy hay? ►Can I wait for mother nature?

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5 Control Alternatives for PPQ No Action

►No Action ►Non economic levels of grasshoppers

►Insecticide Applications at ►Environmental Factors Conventional Rates and Complete Area Alternatives ►Threatened or Endangered Species Factors ►Reduced Agent Area Treatments (RAATS) Alternative . Modified RAATS

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Insecticides Malathion

►Malathion ►Short Residual ►Carbaryl . Days . Liquid ►Mode of Action: . Bait . ChE inhibitor . Contact ►Diflubenzuron: Dimilin . Ingestion ►Chlorantraniliprole: Prevathon ►Available ►Cost

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Carbaryl Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) ►Residual . Week(s) ►Long Residual ►Mode of Action: ►Mode of Action: . ChE inhibitor . Chitin inhibitor . Ingestion . Ingestion . Contact ► specific ►Available ►Must be used before adult stage ►Liquid and bait formulations $200-$300/gallon . 5% Carbaryl bran bait . $1.00-$2.00/pound

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6 Chlorantraniliprole (Prevethon) Insecticide Applications at Conventional ► Long Residual Rates and Complete Area Alternatives ► Mode of Action: Anthranilic diamide . Inhibits feeding ► ► Pros: Malathion: . 8 fl oz (0.62 lb a.i.)/acre . Safety (No caution word) . Ingestion and contact . Works on nymphs and adults ►Carbaryl: . Liquid: 16 fl oz (0.5 a.i.)/acre ► Cons: . Bait: 10 lbs (0.50 lb a.i.) 5% bait/acre . Unfamiliar (added to 2019 EIS) . Cost is unknown ►Diflubenzuron . Availability unknown . 1 fl oz (0.016 lb a.i.)/acre . Not currently labeled 37 38

1980’s Treatment strategies

• Very large areas

• Large planes

• Blanket treatments

• Malathion was chemical of choice

• Less environmental awareness

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2000’s Treatment strategies

• New EIS - 2002 • More environmentally sound • NEPA regulations • Smaller planes • Better navigation/guidance systems • Better chemical choices • RAATs

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7 Reduced Agent and Area Treatments (RAATs) Conventional/Blanket/100% • Basically skip swathing

• GH mortality in treated swaths

• GHs move from non-treated to treated swaths RAATs • More predacious and parasitoids survive

• Birds and predators continue naturally feeding on GHs

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RAATs Example Reduced Agent and Area Treatments (RAATs) • Skip distance greatly depends on the chemical used

• Low residual = less skip Treated (50%) Treated Untreated (50%) Untreated • Longer residual = wider skip (within 100 ft 100 ft limitations)

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Reduced Agent Area Treatments Reduced Agent Area Treatments (RAATS) Alternative (RAATS) Alternative

►Malathion: ►Not standardized: . 4 fl oz (0.31 lb a.i.)/acre . Determined on a case by case basis ►Carbaryl: ►Aerial . Liquid: 8 fl oz (0.25 lb a.i.)/acre . Bait: 10 lbs (0.50 lb a.i.) 2% bait/acre . Malathion: 80% coverage . Carbaryl: 50% coverage ►Diflubenzuron . Dimilin: 50% coverage . Dimilin: 0.75 fl oz (0.012 lb a.i.)/acre

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8 MODIFIED ATV-RAATs: Reduced Agent Area Treatments (RAATS) Alternative

►Maintain conventional rate ►Skip swaths.

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Boomless nozzle spray Boom Buster nozzles pattern

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Practical? Apply the Magic of RAATs

Could you protect 160 to 320 acres in one day?

(It would take 32 tank loads to blanket treat 160 acres with a Model 140 nozzle)

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9 Aerial RAATs – 50% Coverage ATV-RAATs 20% Coverage Average daily grasshopper movement is approximately 10 feet. Conservatively, if you only spray one to two tank

<5d> loads per hour (treating only 5-10 acres, but protecting 25-50 acres) over an 8 hour day you could protect 200 to 400 acres! With a lower volume nozzle, the protected area increases to a full section per day.

Blanket Kill Zone Blanket Kill Not the correct tool for a 10,000 acre block. No Kill Zone RAAT-ioactive Zone RAAT-ioactive RAAT-ioactive Zone RAAT-ioactive However, the low cost makes it attractive for 100 ft 100 ft treating smaller infestations.

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2003 Recommendations to get satisfactory control with ATV-RAATs

► Working hypothesis: . Percent coverage should equal grasshopper BAIT / BRAN density (50% coverage should work in even extreme infestations) ► Use at least 1 oz. of Dimilin 2L per treated acre . 1 qt. of carbaryl or malathion 57 EC per acre

► Example: . If you have 40 grasshoppers/sq. yd. you need 40% coverage. . If your ATV sprays out a 15 ft. swath then 15 ft./40% means spraying a swath every 37.5 feet

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Bran Spreaders Bran Spreaders

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10 Bran Spreaders: ATV Bran Spreaders: Pickup

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Match Bran to Spreader Bran formulations

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Bran Acceptance Mormon crickets Species Sensitive (>55% control)

►Control is expected to average about 70% ►Worst-case and best-case scenarios will be about 55% and 85%, respectively

. Melanoplus foedus . Ageneotettix deorum . Melanoplus infantilis* . Anabrus simplex . Melanoplus occidentalis* . Aulocara elliotti . Melanoplus packardii* . Camnula pellucida . Hadrotettix trifasciatus . Melanoplus sanguinipes . Melanoplus bivittatus* . Spharagemon equale . Melanoplus confuses . Stenobothrus brunneus . Melanoplus dawsoni . Mermiria bivittata*

*These species are not likely to suffer best-case scenario levels of control

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11 Vulnerable Nonsusceptible (30% to 55% control) (<30-% control)

►Control is expected to average about 42% ►Control is expected to average about 15% ►Worst-case and best-case scenarios will be ►Worst-case and best-case scenarios will be about 12% and 72%, respectively about 0% and 30%, respectively . Aulocara femoratum* . Aeropedellus clavatus . Eritettix simplex . Amphitornus coloradus . Melanoplus femurrubrum . Cordillacris crenulata . Oedaloenotus enigma . Cordallacris occipitalis . Opeia obscura . Hesperotettix viridis . Phoetaliotes nebrascensis . Metator pardalinus . Psoloessa delicatula . Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum* . Trachyrhachys kiowa

*These species are not likely to suffer best-case scenario levels of control *These species are not likely to suffer best-case scenario levels of control

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USDA, APHIS, PPQ Program Surveys

►Surveys ► Nymphal

► Delimiting

►Technical Assistance ► Pre-Treatment

► Post-Treatment ►Treatment Programs ► Adult/Forecast

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Technical Assistance

►Presentations

►Meetings

►Field assistance

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13 Treatment Programs Border Treatments

►Plant Protection Act of 2000. ►Federally-Administered Land Adjacent to Private Agricultural Land ►GH/MCs moving Fed → Private . Border Treatments ►Written Request from Federal Land Manger ►PPQ treat ¼ to ½ mile buffer . Rangeland Treatments . Aerial Contractor . PPQ Ground ►Contingent on Availability of Funds

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Rangeland Treatments Rangeland Treatments the most important slide of this presentation. ►Letter(s) of Request from all parties ►10,000 Acres Minimum ►Cooperative Agreement(s) Signed ►Rangeland only ►Estimated Funds in Secured Account . 20% cropland (paid by landowner) (Groups) ►PPQ Cost Share ►Maps of all . 100% Federal/Trust land. ownership/exclusions/boundaries. . 50% State land. ►Sensitive sites/environmental considerations . 33% Private land. ►Planning early ►16.15% indirect charges. ►PPQ will contract with aerial applicator . (1-3 weeks) IDIQ may help with that. 81 82

2020 Costs What’s it gonna cost? ►Primarily determined by Contractor Price ►Available and Competitive bids by contractors. ►$1.78 - $2.60/protected acre YOUR Cost. ►Size of block ►% coverage/% exclusions. ►No guarantees. ►Ferry Distances ►Airport Location ►Water Sources ►Rates applied. ►Etc. 83 84

14 National Environmental Policy Act Endangered Species Act (NEPA) ESA

►Final Environmental Impact ►USFWS: Section 7 Consultations Statement (FEIS) – 2019. ►Mitigation Measures ►Site Specific Environmental . Buffers Assessments (EAs) . Treatment Alternatives ►Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)

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Environmental Monitoring PPQ vs Do it yourself ►PPQ Funding ►Water . Needed requests/ estimates 12/18 ►Quality Control ►Contracting ►Land-ownership. ►Other, as needed. ►Local applicators? ►NEPA/ESA requirements

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Summary Going

►Plan now ►Survey Early ►Weigh your alternatives ►Don’t wait until……………

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15 Going

Gone

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Gary D. Adams State Plant Health Director-Montana (406) 657-6282 (406) 431 6531 (cell) [email protected]

Taelor Anderson - Billings [email protected]

Joey Esilva – Helena [email protected] 406 449 5210

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