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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 72-27,057 LU, Hsiao Tung, 1922- THE VERB-VERB CONSTRUCTION IN MANDARIN CHINESE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Language and Literature, linguistics University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1972 Hsiao Tung Lu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN' MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE VERB-VERB CONSTRUCTION IN MANDARIN CHINESE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Hsiao Tung Lut B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by f f ) Adviser Department of Linguistics PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to Professor Arnold M. Zwicky, Chairman of my Supervisory Committee, for his teaching, encouragement, criticism, and advice at each step of my graduate work over the past two years, without which I would have never completed my graduate work at Columbus, Ohio. I am also greatly indebted to the other committee members, Professors Michael Geis, David Stampe, Gaberell Drachman, for their comments on this dissertation as well as for thier teaching and the inspiration which they gave me in their courses and on many other occasions. My hearty thanks also are due to other members in the Department of Linguistics, the Ohio State University, particularly to Professors Use Lehiste, and Catherine Callaghan for their instructions and guidance. My gratitude also goes to two Professors who have already left the Ohio State University. To Uiliiam S-Y. Wang for his offering me a research position at the Ohio State University in 1964 to study Chinese syntax. Without this initial help, my dream of studying linguistics further would probably have never been realized. To Charles J. Fillmore, I owe a special debt. It is he who worked out a Ph. D. program for me, allowing me to take courses at Summer Linguistic Institutes, while serving as my former adviser. His sub­ sequent help rendered to me in many respects can hardly be emphasized too much. ii My gratitude also goes to Professor Henry W. Hoge, Chairman of the Department of Modern languages, the Florida State University, where I had been a faculty member since 196?, for giving me permission to go to the Ohio State University in order to complete my Ph. D. course work and comprehensive examinations. Finally, I want to thank my wife Ruth C-N. Lu for all her encourage­ ment and help at every stage of my graduate work, without which I would have never been able to come thus far. iii VITA August 13, 1922 . , Born - Chekiang, China 1951 ............. B.A. Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 1952-1955 .......... Teaching Assistant, Department of English, Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 1956 ........ M.A. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1956-1960 .......... Instructor, Department of English, Department of English, Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 1960-196^ ...... Associate Professor, Department of English, Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 196^-65 ....... Research Associate, Department of Linguistics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965-1967 . Assistant Professor, the George Washington University, Washington D. C. 1967- Assistant Professor, the Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida PUBLICATIONS Syntactic Structures by Chomsky (Chinese Version), the Hong-Kong University Press, Hong Kong (1966) Co-authors William S-Y. Wang Emphatic Stress and Contrast Stress, POLA, the Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, Ohio (1965 ) A Study of Intelligibility in Whispered Chinese, Speech Nomographs, Vol. XXXVI, Nov. 1969 Co-author: Anthony Holbrook i v TABLE OP CONTENTS Chapter Page I Introduction 1 II The Classification of the V-V Construction in Mandarin 14 III The V-V Construction with a Direction Word as Its Second Member 19 IV The V-V Construction with the Second Member an Intentive or Resultative Complement 70 V Pour Other Types of V-V Constructions 98 VI Conclusion I38 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introductory In Mandarin Chinese the surface predicate phrase of a sen­ tence often consists of a Verb-Verb (hereafter V-V) construction^: that is, two verbs in a sequence. The question then arises: Are the V-V constructions transformationally derived or do they exist in deep structure? If they are transformationally derived, we want to find out what semantic classes of verbs can be combined-- in other words, what sort of semantic constraints will have to be observed in the application of those transformations which put them in a sequence as their surface realizations. We. also want to see if any correlation can be found between the semantic classes and aspects of the syntactic behavior of their members. It is hoped that this study will shed some light on or add some under­ standing into the still-puzzling relationship between syntax and semantics in general, and the V-V construction in Mandarin in particular. The study proposed here is similar to the one that Lees (i960) made on English nominal compounds, in that we both try to account for a certain surface structure which apparently has a variety of underlying representations. However, this study differs from Lees', at least, in the following two important aspects. First, Lees 1 2 intended his classification of English nominal compounds to "be "based entirely on the underlying syntactic relations between the members of the compounds, thus neglecting the semantic properties of the lexical items involved. In this study of Mandarin V-V constructions, the classification of the constructions is based not only on the underlying syntactic relations of the members of the constructions, but also on the semantic properties of the lexical items involved. For example, if a class of lexical items possessing a shared feature can cooccur with some other items, the shared feature often constitutes a semantic constraint res­ ponsible for the well-formedness of the output after the appli­ cation of certain transformations. The details of this will be discussed in the next chapter. Second, while Lees takes the position that all the nominal compounds in English are transfor­ mationally derived, I will claim in this study that some V-V constructions in Mandarin are to be derived by transformational rules governed by certain semantic constraints, that others are not so productive, and that still others must be treated as idioms. 1.2 Previous Works and Their Problems It is generally agreed among Chinese linguists that the sys­ tematic study of Chinese grammar began with the publication of v s / v Ma Jian Zhong's Ma Shi Wen Tong toward the end of last century. Before that, studies in Chinese linguistics had been mainly con­ cerned with sound changes, tone changes, and their respective 3 historical developments. From 1930 °n, however, a considerable amount of material dealing with a wide range of problems in Chinese / n \j y — syntax has been produced by scholars like Wang Li, Li Jln-xi, . / V/ / \ N / \ Gao Ming-kai, Lu Shu-xiang, and especially byChao Yuen-ren, William S-Y. Wang, Anne Hashimoto, Earl Rand, and Chang-hsi Chu in their recent works. Among the numerous materials available, the works of Chao (1968) and Hashimoto (1964, 1965, 1966) are relevant to the present study. Though Chao's work has come out more recently, his view reflects that of American structuralists, so it will be discussed first. Hashimoto's paper on Resultative Verbs in Mandarin was first written after the earliest transfor­ mational theory and then revised on the basis of the Aspects... model. I will discuss only her revised versions (1965, 1966). Chao terms the construction in question 'Verb-Complement (V-R) 2 Compounds.' He first lists three formal features of V-R Compounds to distinguish them from other compounds. These axe phonological features, expandability, and occurrence of -le after complements.