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BAŞLIK SAYFASI ROMA ERKEN İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİ’NDE PAMPHYLIA ŞEHİRCİLİĞİ - Iulius Claudiuslar ve Flaviuslar Dönemi - Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ozan ÇAKMAK Eskişehir, 2018 ROMA ERKEN İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİ’NDE PAMPHYLIA ŞEHİRCİLİĞİ - Iulius Claudiuslar ve Flaviuslar Dönemi - Ozan ÇAKMAK YÜKSEK LİSANS YETERLİLİK TEZİ Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Feriştah ALANYALI Eskişehir Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Haziran, 2018 ÖZET ROMA ERKEN İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİ’NDE PAMPHYLİA ŞEHİRCİLİĞİ: Iulius Claudiuslar ve Flaviuslar Dönemi Ozan ÇAKMAK Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Haziran, 2018 Prof. Dr. Feriştah SOYKAL ALANYALI Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi, Hellenistik karakterli Küçük Asya kentleri için siyasi, sosyal ve dini anlamda dönüm noktası olan önemli bir süreci temsil etmektedir. Bu sürecin henüz başında, Erken İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde şehircilik faaliyetlerinin gelişiminde Romanizasyon ve İmparator Kültü gibi olgular önemli rol oynamıştır. Pax Romana’nın getirdiği barış ve refah ortamıyla birlikte kentler, imparatorluk ideolojisini yansıtan yapılar ile donatılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Pamphylia Bölgesi’nde gerçekleşen kazı ve araştırmalar ışığında Julius – Claudiuslar ve Flaviuslar Dönemi’ne tarihlenen yapılar bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmalarda söz konusu yapıların yalnızca kent bazında ele alınıp bir bütün halinde incelenmemiş olması, önemli bir eksikliktir. Bu çalışmada, Perge, Side, Lyrbe ve Attaleia kentlerindeki on farklı yapı incelenerek dönemin siyasi koşulları ile birlikte bölgenin şehircilik anlayışı üzerine tespitler yapılmıştır. İncelenen kamusal, anıtsal ve dini mimari örneklerinin ana hatlarıyla Hellenistik Dönem özellikleri barındırdığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte Pamphylia’ya özgün formlar sunan Roma etkili yapıların da şehircilik faaliyetleri içerisinde yer bulduğu anlaşılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Pamphylia, Roma Mimarlığı, Şehircilik, Romanizasyon iii ABSTRACT PAMPHYLIA URBANISM IN ROMAN EARLY IMPERIAL PERIOD: Period of Julio Claudian and Flavian Dynasties Ozan ÇAKMAK Department of Archaeology Anadolu University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, June, 2018 Prof. Dr. Feriştah SOYKAL ALANYALI Roman Imperial Period represents an important political, social and religious turning point for Asia Minor cities with Hellenistic character. At the very beginning of this process, during Early Imperial Period, important facts such as Romanization and Emperor Cult played an important role in the development of urbanist activities. Along with the peaceful and prosperous atmosphere brought by Pax Romana, cities were started to be decorated with constructions reflecting the ideology of emperorship. Within the scope of this study, under the light of excavations and researches that took place in Pamphylia Region, constructions belonging to the period of Julio Claudian and Flavian are evaluated from a holistic perspective. In the researches that took place until today, the mentioned constructions not being taken on the basis of cities and not being evaluated from a holistic approach is an important lack. In the study, by evaluating ten different constructions from Perge, Side, Lyrbe and Attaleia, confirmations were made on understanding of unbanism in the region together with the political conditions of the period. The evaluated public, monumental and religious architectural examples generally show to carry characteristics of Hellenistic Period. Together with this, Roman effected constructions presenting authentic forms of Pamphylia are also understood to find place within the urbanist activities. Key Words: Pamphylia, Roman Architecture, Urbanism, Romanization iv ÖNSÖZ Anadolu’nun güneyinde, bugünkü adıyla Antalya ilinin düzlük sahil kesiminde yer alan bölge Antikçağ’da Pamphylia adını taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Pamphylia Bölgesi’nde Roma Erken İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenen yapı örnekleri bütüncül bir değerlendirme ile ele alınmıştır. Çalışma konusunun belirlenmesinden itibaren yardımını ve desteğini esirgemeyen tez danışmanım ve değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Feriştah Soykal ALANYALI’ya teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca lisans ve yüksek lisans eğitimim süresince her konuda bilgisine başvurabildiğim değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Sabri ALANYALI’ya çok teşekkür ederim. Lisans eğitimimden bu yana desteklerini her daim hissettiğim, üzerimde büyük emekleri olan Anadolu Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü’ndeki tüm hocalarıma teşekkür ederim. Arazi çalışmaları ve kaynaklara erişim aşamalarında büyük yardımları dokunan, yapıcı önerileri ile bu çalışmaya anlam katan Arş. Gör. Adem YURTSEVER’e ayrıca teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışmayı burs ile destekleyen ve kütüphane imkanlarından yararlanmamı sağlayan Suna – İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne (AKMED) teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Tezimin her aşamasında öneri ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Doç.Dr. Harun ÜRER ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Sarp ALATEPELİ’ye, çalışmanın düzenleme aşamasında yardımcı olan Arş. Gör. Besime YÜCEL’e katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim. Kaynaklara erişim ve metin düzenleme aşamalarında yardımcı olan, desteğini her daim hissettiğim Yasemin SERBEST’e sabır ve anlayışından ötürü teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmamla yakından ilgilenen, her daim maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen aileme sonsuz teşekkür ederim. v vi İÇİNDEKİLER BAŞLIK SAYFASI .......................................................................................................... i JÜRİ VE ENSTİTÜ ONAYI .......................................................................................... ii ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................ v ETİK İLKE VE KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANNAMESİ ............................ vi İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. vii GÖRSELLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... x TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... xiii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ........................................................................................... xiv GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. PAMPHYLIA ŞEHİRCİLİĞİNİ ETKİLEYEN TEMEL UNSURLAR ............... 5 1.1. Pax Romana ve Romanizasyon ........................................................................... 5 1.2. Pamphylia Bölgesi’ndeki Euergetesler ve Euergesia Faaliyetleri ................. 11 1.3. Pamphylia Bölgesi ve Çevresi Yol Güzergâhları............................................. 16 1.4. Roma İmparator Kültü ...................................................................................... 22 1.4.1. İmparator Kültünün Tarihsel Gelişimi ..................................................... 22 1.4.2. İmparator Kültü ve Şehircilik .................................................................... 31 2. ROMA ERKEN İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİNDE PAMPHYLIA KENTLERİNDE İNŞA FAALİYETLERİ ................................................................. 38 2.1. Perge .................................................................................................................... 38 2.1.1. Hellenistik Güney Kent Kapısı ve Oval Avlu ............................................ 38 2.1.1.1. Kuleler .................................................................................................... 40 2.1.1.2. Kemerli kapı .......................................................................................... 41 2.1.1.3. Oval avlu ................................................................................................ 44 vii 2.1.1.4. Değerlendirme ....................................................................................... 49 2.1.2. Cornutus Palaestrası ................................................................................... 52 2.1.3. Demetrios – Apollonios Takı ...................................................................... 56 2.1.4. Perge Güney Hamam .................................................................................. 61 2.1.5. Perge’nin Roma Erken İmparatorluk Dönemi Şehirciliği ...................... 70 2.2. Side ...................................................................................................................... 80 2.2.1. Side Kent Surları ve Kapıları ..................................................................... 81 2.2.1.1. Surlar ..................................................................................................... 81 2.2.1.2. Ana Kent Kapısı .................................................................................... 82 2.2.1.3. Doğu Kapısı ........................................................................................... 83 2.2.2. Dionysos (?) Tapınağı .................................................................................. 87 2.2.3. Bouleterion (?) ( Müze Alanında Yer Alan Yarım Daire Planlı Yapı) ... 94 2.2.4. Vespasianus Anıtı ........................................................................................ 96 2.2.5. Side’nin Roma
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    22 2019 ISSN 1301-2746 ADALYA The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (OFFPRINT) AThe AnnualD of theA Koç UniversityLY Suna A& İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED) Adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in the A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) and CC/A&H (Current Contents / Arts & Humanities) Adalya is also indexed in the Social Sciences and Humanities Database of TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR index and EBSCO. Mode of publication Worldwide periodical Publisher certificate number 18318 ISSN 1301-2746 Publisher management Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer / İstanbul Publisher Umran Savaş İnan, President, on behalf of Koç University Editor-in-chief Oğuz Tekin Editor Tarkan Kahya Assistant Editor Arif Yacı English copyediting Michael D. Sheridan Mark Wilson Editorial Advisory Board (Members serve for a period of five years) Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek, Koç University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Akdeniz University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Charlotte Roueché, Emerita, King’s College London (2019-2023) Prof. Dr. Edhem Eldem, Boğaziçi University / Collège de France (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan, Emeritus, Istanbul University (2016-2020) Prof. Dr. C. Brian Rose, University of Pennsylvania (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Christof Schuler, DAI München (2017-2021) Prof. Dr. R. R. R. Smith, University of Oxford (2016-2020) © Koç University AKMED, 2019 Production Zero Production Ltd. Abdullah Sok. No. 17 Taksim 34433 İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 • Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 [email protected]; www.zerobooksonline.com Printing Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San.
  • The Routes 56–57 (Phellos – Kyaneai – Myra)

    The Routes 56–57 (Phellos – Kyaneai – Myra)

    GEPHYRA 10 2013 94–105 Fatih ONUR∗ – Mehmet OKTAN∗∗ Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (12): The routes 56–57 (Phellos – Kyaneai – Myra) Abstract: In the field survey of the Stadiasmus Patarensis (SP) in 2010, the route Phellos, Kyaneai and Myra was investigated. The Tabula Peutingeriana shows a route from Patara to Antiphellos then to Korydalla and Phaselis, while the SP doesn’t mention Anthiphellos, but Kyaneai and Myra. These routes (RT 56 and 57) lead from Phellos to Myra, via Çukurbağ – Başlıca – Bağlıca – Yavu (Kyaneai) – Davazlar – Mıhlıpınar Pass – Çakalbayat – Eğridere – Sura. In the first part between Çukurbağ and Bağlıca there are also several roads leading from the main road to the harbour set- tlements. The remains of the road from Phellos to Kyaneai survived only near Köletepesi and in Bağlıca. This is because the modern road follows this same route. But several rock cut tombs, sar- cophagi, other building remains, such as a tower near Kyaneai along the modern road, indicate the ancient road passed nearby. The oracle seat of Apollon Thyrkseus on the Yavu plain can be consid- ered a marker for a road passing in ancient time through the plain. But travellers coming from East to Kyaneai would have used another road, that between the north of Kyaneai and the main road near Nadarlar. The road from Kyaneai to Myra should have begun from the road running from the eastern necropolis of Kyaneai eastwards, while there is also another road leading from northeast of Kyaneai on the south-eastern slope of Ümmü Dağı providing another option. From the Yavu plain to Davazlar no remains survive.