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La Référence Au Vietnam Et L'émergence Des Gauches Radicales CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication La référence au Vietnam et l’émergence des gauches radicales au Liban, 1962-1976 Laure Guirguis To cite this version: Laure Guirguis. La référence au Vietnam et l’émergence des gauches radicales au Liban, 1962-1976. Monde(s). Histoire, Espaces, Relations, Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2018, pp.223-242. 10.3917/mond1.182.0223. hal-02327787 HAL Id: hal-02327787 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02327787 Submitted on 23 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes LA RÉFÉRENCE AU VIETNAM ET L’ÉMERGENCE DES GAUCHES RADICALES AU LIBAN, 1962-1976 Laure Guirguis Presses universitaires de Rennes | « Monde(s) » 2018/2 N° 14 | pages 223 à 242 ISSN 2261-6268 ISBN 9782753575776 Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://www.cairn.info/revue-mondes-2018-2-page-223.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Presses universitaires de Rennes. © Presses universitaires de Rennes. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes La référence au Vietnam et l’émergence des gauches radicales au Liban, 1962-1976 Laure Guirguis Central European University, Budapest – IREMAM-AMU Résumé Abstract Les gauches radicales au Liban naissent au cours Modes of Reference to Vietnam and the Rise of des années 1960-1970 des processus de radicali- Radical Left in Lebanon, 1962-1976 sation et de marxisation des courants panarabes. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Radical Left in Elles adoptent une posture critique à l’égard de Lebanon took shape through its critical stance l’URSS, des PC arabes et du parti communiste liba- towards the Lebanese Communist Party, the USSR, nais et s’inscrivent dans des dynamiques contes- and pan-Arab movements, and was embedded in tataires transnationales. Pour dégager les jeux de transnational protest networks. I propose to explore tensions et de convergences entre la formation d’un the modes of reference to Vietnam in order to deci- univers transnational orienté par des espérances pher the interplay of tensions and convergences - between the redefinition of strategic challenges and tégiques, cet article propose d’analyser les modes the reframing of a transnational universe of mea- derévolutionnaires référence au etVietnam. la redéfinition Nous montrerons des enjeux comstra- ning, oriented by revolutionary hopes. I show how ment les références multiples à ce modèle loin- the multifarious references to this distant model are tain agissent aussi bien dans les recompositions de at play in both the transformations in the militant landscape and the reconfiguration of meanings and sens et de valeurs. la scène militante que dans la reconfiguration du values. Mots-clefs : Histoire transnationale – gauches Keywords: Transnational History – Arab Left – New arabes – nouvelles gauches – révolution – violence. Left – Revolution – Violence. monde(s), no 14, novembre 2018, p. 223-242 Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes Laure Guirguis es « nouvelles gauches » (al-yassar al-jadid) ouvrières et la contestation étudiante de la Lau Liban se forgent dans l’expérience de France de 1968, ainsi que l’émergence de la la défaite et de la désorientation. Si l’ara- New Left dans le monde anglophone. Certains bisme, dans sa version nassérienne et dans d’entre eux participent à ces mouvements une moindre mesure baathiste, reste le cou- - rant anti-impérialiste dominant au cours des tions militantes ou des parcours académiques, années 1950, l’échec de la République arabe tissentcontestataires des liens en variés Europe et pluset, au ou fil moins des circula étroits unie (RAU, 1958-1961) indique dès 1961 l’es- avec des militants, des organisations, et des partis de gauche en dehors du monde arabe. La défaite arabe face à Israël (1967) conforte Au Liban, comme en Europe et aux États-Unis, unesoufflement partie dedu laprojet génération politique militante d’unité arabe.active dans les années 1940-1950 dans le sentiment « La coupure, qui sépare cette Nouvelle Gauche de la gauche tout court, se fait sur les grands de désillusion à l’égard des régimes arabes, enjeux du moment […]. L’orientation cognitive si ce n’est de tout projet d’émancipation poli- nouvelle que les intellectuels de la Nouvelle tique et sociale. En revanche, conjuguée à la Gauche opposent aux partisans de la gauche multiplication des interventions américaines traditionnelle s’organise autour d’une nouvelle dans le monde, elle précipite les processus interprétation de la théorie marxiste, d’une de radicalisation d’une génération militante autre vision de la société socialiste à venir, d’une perspective stratégique et organisation- plus jeune qu’anime un sentiment d’urgence révolutionnaire. En réponse au désarroi pro- nouveaux acteurs du changement2. » voqué par les échecs successifs des stratégies nelle renouvelée et, enfin, de l’identification de régionales dans les années 1960, ces « orphe- Longtemps, les études arabes sont pourtant lins1 » des courants panarabes ou des partis restées en retrait du champ de recherche sur communistes se tournent vers les modèles les Global Sixties révolutionnaires chinois, vietnamien, algérien, années 1990, la volonté de mieux saisir les alors que, depuis la fin des et cubain, mais aussi vers les marges dissi- 3 dentes du parti communiste italien (PCI) ou 1960 un « moment critique global » s’était dynamiques historiques qui firent des années le Mouvement des droits civiques aux États- accompagnée d’un renouvellement des Unis. Ils suivent avec passion les mobilisations 2 Ingrid Gilcher-Holtey, « La contribution des intellec- tuels de la Nouvelle Gauche à la définition du sens de Mai 68 », in Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, Robert Frank, 1 Ahmad Beydoun, « Liban socialiste. Conditions d’émer- Marie-Françoise Lévy, Michelle Zancarini-Fournel (dir.), gence et cheminement d’un groupe de jeunes militants Les années 68. Le temps de la contestation, Paris, “gauchistes” dans le Liban des années 1960 », com- Éditions Complexe, 2000, p. 89-90. munication au colloque Générations arabes, Fondation Hugot du Collège de France et Fondation Moulay 3 Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest. Global Revolution and Hicham, Paris, juin 2012. Texte non publié, communi- the Rise of Detente (Harvard: Harvard University Press, qué par l’auteur. 2003). 224 Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes Document téléchargé depuis www.cairn.info - Central European University 193.225.200.93 25/11/2018 00h11. © Presses universitaires de Rennes La référence au Vietnam et l’émergence des gauches radicales au Liban, 1962-1976 approches et des questions. La recherche l’écart persiste entre une histoire diploma- sur les mouvements contestataires, les espé- tique qui tend à subordonner les transforma- rances révolutionnaires et les transforma- tions symboliques et discursives aux enjeux tions des subjectivités politiques avait porté stratégiques6, et une histoire intellectuelle et l’attention sur les circulations militantes une anthropologie politique qui privilégient transnationales et élargi le champ d’obser- l’étude des trajectoires intellectuelles et mili- vation aux pays du tiers-monde4. Stimulés tantes individuelles7. par l’état de l’art et de l’historiographie aussi Dans un premier temps, l’attention sera por- bien que par le désir de mieux comprendre tée sur le Vietnam comme modèle révolu- les transformations sociales et politiques tionnaire de guerre du peuple. Par-delà les actuelles,
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