Running Multiple Candidates and Dividing the Vote under the Single Non-Transferable Vote System: Evidence from Japan’s Upper House Elections Forthcoming in Asian Policy and Politics Naofumi Fujimura Kobe University
[email protected] Abstract: Political parties seek to make optimal nominations of candidates to maximize the number of seats they may win. In a multi-member district with a single non-transferable vote (SNTV) electoral system, parties need to run the optimal number of candidates in each electoral district. If too many or too few candidates are run, they may lose seats they might otherwise have won. In this situation, district-level party organizations face a collective action problem: they do not have the incentive to run multiple candidates for fear of losing all seats, despite needing to do so in order for the party to win a majority of seats in a legislature. This study examines the factors that enable parties to run multiple candidates in SNTV districts, and shows that parties undertake this action when they are able to divide the vote between party candidates on the basis of geography in the case of Japan. Keywords: Candidate Nomination; Electoral Coordination; Intraparty Competition; SNTV; Japan 1 Introduction The collective goals of political parties and the individual goals of party legislators are sometimes incompatible (Cox & McCubbins, 1993). Parties are typically faced with collective action problems in which the self-interested behavior of party legislators or subgroups can undermine the party’s collective goals in the processes of elections, policymaking, and political management. Parties tend to be confronted with these problems when nominating candidates (Baker & Scheiner, 2004; Browne & Patterson, 1999; Cox & Rosenbluth, 1994, 1996; Nemoto, Pekkanen, & Krauss, 2014; Reed, 2009).