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A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation

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A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol A handbook of chemical manipulation Williams, Charles Greville London, 1857 Contents urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:2-3808 vii CONTENTS . Section I . Gas-furnace page 28 Gas sand-bath 29 Experimental Laboratory page l Bunsen’s burner 29 Oil- and spirit-lamps . 30 Section II . Circular spirit-lamps . 31 Stoneware wick-holders . 31 Furnaces . Berzelius’s lamp 32 Athanor 10 Crucible jacket 32 Brande’s Table-furnace . 11 Furnace -rings 11 Section IV . Supports for furnace-bars 12 Hood of furnace 12 Blowpipe Apparatus . Sand-pots 13 Combustion-furnace for tube Black’s blowpipe 33 operations 14 Wollaston’s ditto 34 Luhme’s furnace 15 Cronstedt’s ditto 34 Sefstrom’s blast-furnace . 16 Blowpipe-lamp 34 Staffordshire coke as fuel 17 Continuous blast kept up . 36 Platinum crucibles protected . 18 Oxidizing and reducing flame . 36 Precautions with blast-furnace . 18 Supports for substances before Wind -furnace for various opera¬ the blowpipe 37 tions 19 Platinum wire and spoons . 38 Furnace -bars for wind-furnace . 19 Handle for ditto 39 Fused products, precautions in Removal of fused mass from wire making 20 and spoons 39 Chauffer (sheet-iron) . 21 Platinum foil 40 Cupelling furnace 22 Clay supports 40 Muffle 23 Forceps 41 Cupel mould 23 Self-acting blowpipes . 41 Maximum heat, position of, in Table blowpipes 43 furnaces 24 Large sand-bath 24 Section Y . Section III . Baths. Lamps. Spirit-bath 45 Argand gas-burner . 25 Water - and oil-baths . 46 Mixed air and gas-lamp . 26 Table of boiling-points of satu¬ Remington's burner . 27 rated solutions of various salts 49 Beale’s burner 27 Kemp’s gas-regulator . 49 viii CONTENTS. Section YI . Section IX . Heat Measurers. Specific Gravity. Specific gravity in general page 83 Construction of thermometerspage 51 of solids 83 Examination of thermometers . 54 of substancesin grains . 84 Thermometersgraduated on stem 56 tube apparatus for taking . 85 Varieties of thermometers . 57 of solids lighter than water 86 Leslie’s differentialthermometer 58 of substances soluble in water 87 Melloni’s thermo-electric multi¬ of liquids 87 plier 58 bottle 88 Self-registering thermometers . 58 at standard temperature . 89 Daniell's pyrometer . 59 Hydrometers 90 Wedgwood’s ditto 59 Urinometer 91 Regnault’s air-thermometer . 60 Twaddell’s scale 91 Beaume’s, Cartier’s, Gay-Lus¬ sac’sand Tralles’ hydrometers 91 Section YU . Hydrometers for hot climates . 92 Nicholson’s hydrometer . 92 Operations preparatory to Specific gravity bottle dried . 93 Weighing. Perforated stoppers to be avoided 93 States in which substances are Vapour densities 94 as check on analytical results 95 to be weighed 65 Dumas’ method of taking . 95 Crucibles cooled 66 balloons for 96 Desiccating media 66 balloons for, dried . 96 Watch -glasses 67 balloons for, the point made 96 Ignition of precipitates . 67 quantity of fluid to be used 96 Apparatus to contain substances fluid inserted in balloon . 97 while being weighed . 71 fusible solids inserted . 97 Counterpoises 72 nature of bath for . 97 supports for balloon . 97 bath heated 98 Section VIII . balloon inserted in bath . 99 The Balance . balloon sealed . 99 volume of vapour ascertained 100 Proofs of good instrument . 73 residual air ascertained . 100 Robinson’s balance . 75 formula for calculation of . 101 Determination of platinum and fusible metal baths for . 101 silver in organic compounds . 75 Table of density of acetic aeid at Error caused by hook-ends . 76 varying temperatures . 101 Rider for balance 76 Vapour densities under dimi¬ Oertling’s balances 77 nished pressures 102 Weights 78 Gay-Lussac’smethod of de¬ Method of weighing . 78 termining . 102 Double weighing 79 Formula for calculation of, Weighing of bulky apparatus . 80 at various pressures . 104 Weighing of deliquescent sub¬ Densities of gases, Regnault’s stances 81 method of determining . 105 Crucibles, &c. cooled before balloons weighed . 105 weighing 82 balloons balanced . 106 Substances which emit corrosive balloons exhausted . 107 vapours weighed . 82 barometric manometer . 108 Weighing gases 82 Frankland &Kolbe’smethod 110 CONTENTS. ix Section X . Filters , weight of . page 138 shape of 139 Solution. estimation of ash . 139 folded 139 Varieties of solvents . 2)a9e 11- cut 141 Solvents selected 113 weighed 141 Apparatus for solution . 116 supported 141 Test-tubes, flasks, retorts . 116 G-melin’s washing-bottle . 142 Capsules 117 Berzelius’s ditto 142 Beakers 118 Wash -water tested 143 Infusion , decoction, percolation 119 Continuous wasliing of precipi¬ Payen’sapparatus for continuous tates 143 distillation 120 by inverted flask . 143 Transference of fluids . 121 by Gay-Lussac’s method . 144 Pouring down a rod . 121 by Berzelius’s method . 145 Transference of solids into flasks 122 by double siphon . 146 Solubility modified by presence Double filter 147 of organic matter . 122 Quadrants of tin for cutting cir¬ Separation of bodies by differ¬ cular filters 148 ence of solubility in certain Splashing avoided 148 menstrua 123 Clearness of filtrate observed . 148 Non-miscible fluids separated by Section XI . filtration 148 Calico filters 148 Precipitation. Filtration of corrosive liquids . 148 at high temperatures . 150 Precipitation induced by lieat . 124 of volatile liquids . 151 by gases 125 of small quantities . 151 in analysis 126 out of contact of air . 152 influence of heat on . 127 special instances of . 128 of organic bodies . 129 Section XIII . electro-chemical . 130 incomplete, how remedied 130 Supports for Apparatus. state of solution altered pre¬ vious to 131 Supports for filtration . 153 for pulverization . 155 retarded by organic matter 131 for thermometers . 155 Action of certain reagents . 130 Wire triangle 156 Lime as a precipitant . 133 156 Precipitation facilitated by heat 134 Supports for evaporation . of valuable substances . 135 Table support 157 fractional 135 Support for reduction-tube . 157 Sefstrom’s holder 157 apparatus for 135 Wooden vice 158 Retort -stands 159 Section XII . Test-tube holder 159 Tripod stand 159 Filtration and Washing of Vertical support 160 Precipitates. Supports for burettes . 161 Grahn’s cylinder-holder . 161 Precipitates washed by decanta- Blocks 162 tion 137 Supports for U-tubes . 163 Filtration in general . 138 Support for thermometer and Filtering -paper 138 vapour-flask 163 X CONTENTS. Section XIV . Section XYI . Disintegration. Pressnre-Tube Operations. General remarks . page 1G4 Pestles and mortars of various Pressure-tubes heated . page 189 kinds 164 constructed 190 Reduction of substances to pow¬ labelled 190 der 165 Bath for pressure-tubes kept at Pestle in one piece 166 constant level 191 Mortars tested and preserved . 166 Precautions in operations with Refractory silicates pulverized . 167 pressure-tubes 191 Agate mortar 168 Pressure-tubes opened . 192 Agate mortar examined . 169 Substitutes for pressure-tubes . 193 Agate mortar used in blowpipe operations 169 Iron mortar 169 Section XVII . Pulverization of camphor and Evaporation. chloride of ammonium . 170 Metals obtained in powder . 170 Evaporation over naked fire . 194 Diamond mortar 170 Bayeux and Meissen dishes . 195 Necessity for stirring . 196 Section XV . Access of dust prevented . 197 Evaporation over desiccating Crucibles and Operations at media 198 High.Temperatures. Precautions in drying substances 199 Cornish crucibles 171 171 English crucibles Section XVIII . Skittle-pots 172 Hessian crucibles 173 Distillation. Blue-pots 173 Porcelain crucibles 174 Alembic 202 Platinum crucibles 175 Retorts 203 Platinum capsules 176 Substances added during distil¬ Precautions in using platinum lation 204 vessels 177 Receivers 205 Gold crucibles 178 Substitutes for retorts . 206 Silver crucibles 178 Tube-retorts 207 Iron crucibles 178 Distillation with tube-retorts . 209 General remarks on crucible Alembics, tube condenser, com¬ operations 178 mon still 211 Crucible tongs 179 Distillation with common still . 213 Terms used to denote high tem¬ Concussiveebullition . 214 peratures 179 Worm cleaned 215 Charcoal crucibles 179 Precautions in distilling with Crucibles heated 180 retorts 216 Crucible operations, special cases 182 Liebig’s condenser 217 Reductions in platinum and por¬ Adapters 218 celain crucibles 185 Adapters used as condensers . 219 Operations at high temperatures Distillation of very volatile fluids 220 in tubes 185 Adapters cooled 221 Gun-barrels 186 Fractional distillation . 221 Reductions in tubes . 187 Special cases of distillation . 226 Tubes luted 188 Distillation of sulphuric acid . 227 Illustrations of processes in tubes 188 of hydrofluoric acid . 227 CONTENTS. XI Preparation of hydrochloric Decomposition induced by ten¬ acid page 229 dency to crystallize . page 253 Distillation of fluids which ex¬ Water of crystallization . 253 plode at 212° 230 Water mechanically contained Distillation of mercury . 230 between layers of crystals . 254 Distillation in a current of hy¬ Crystallization from alcohol and drogen 231 mixtures of alcohol and water 254 Distillation of spontaneouslyin¬ Crystallization of substances flammable fluids 232 equally soluble in hot and Fluids requiring digestion pre¬ cold water 255 vious to distillation . 233 Slow cooling of solutions to be Stoneware still 234 crystallized 255 Chloride-of-calcium bath . 235 Vibration prevented during cry¬ Destructive distillation . 235 stallization 255 Distillation of wood and coal . 236 Removal of resinous and oily Apparatus for destructive distil¬ impurities from organic bodies 255 lation 237 Variations in tendency
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