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A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation

A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation

Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol

A handbook of chemical manipulation

Williams, Charles Greville

London, 1857

Index

urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:2-3808 INDEX .

Acid, acetic, 507 ; vapour density of, Acid, pyrogallic, 506 ; sublimation at various temperatures, 101; of, 246. as , 113. pyromeconic, 506. amides, 505. ricinoleic, 526. anthranilic , 500. rosolic, 501 (note), apophyllic, 513. salicylic, 506. brunolic, 501 (note), succinic, production of, from campholic, 500. asparagine, 502. camphoric, 502. sulphuric, as solvent, 113; di¬ carbolic, 506 ; tested for, 275. stillation of, 226. carbonic, preparation of, 284 ; sulphurous, removed from for¬ collected by displacement, mic acid, 233 ; prepared, 293. 303 ; determined by weight, tantalic, 477. 344. trichloracetic, 507. chloracetic, 507. trinitrocresylic, 501. cholic, 508. trinitrophenic , 508. comenic, 506. valerianic, stoneware for formic, preparation of, 233. of, 234. gallic, 506. Acids, anhydrous , monobasic, 508 ; hippuric , 499. decomposition of, by metals, hvdriodic, action of, on silver, 509. 481. conjugated, 504. hydrochloric, as solvent, 113 ; derived from the animal king¬ preparation of, 229 ; (gas) dom, 498. prepared , 295. formed by treatment of organic hydrocyanic, stoneware still for substances with nitric acid, distillation of, 234. 501. hydrofluoric, as solvent, 113; ! general remarks on organic, 507; preparation of, 227. roduced by treating organic ilmenic, true nature of, 477. odies with oxidizing agents, lactic, 499 ; transformation of, 500 ; produced by destructive into butyric acid, 503. distillation, 505. malic, 497 ; conversion of, into solubility of metals in, 481 ; vo¬ succinic and acetic acids. lumetric determination of,266. 503. vegetable(fixed), examined, 496. meconic, 506. volatile, examined, 495. muriatic (gas), prepared, 295. Adapters, 218 ; used as condensers, nitric, as solvent, 113. 219 ; cooled, 221. nitrococcussic, 502. Adhesion of precipitates to places nitrophenic, 508. touched by stirring rod, • nitrous, prepared, 295. 128. phenic, 508. Agate mortar, 168; examined, 169. prussic, stoneware still for di¬ Agitation assists precipitation, 128. stillation of, 234. An.’, current of, sublimation in, 570 INDEX.

247 ; residual, in balloon de¬ Apparatus for precipitation, 135. termined , 100. for destructive distillation, 238- Air-pumps, 457. 240. Air-, GO. for electrolysis, 427. Alcohol, benzoic, 527. Argand gas-burner, 25. caprylic, 526. Arsenic, sublimation of, 248. melissic, 526. Asbestos filters, 149. precipitation by, 128; as solvent, Ash of filters estimated, 70. 116. Aspirator used for , 345, Alcohols, 524. 397. homologous with phenol, 501 Assay balances, 78. (note), Athanor, 10. radicals of the, 534. Atomic weight of non-metallic bodies Aldehyde ammonia, 530. determined, 468 ; of metals, Aldehydes, 525. 486. formed on hydrogen type, 529. Azobenzole, 533. sources from which obtained,530. derivatives of, 530. Balance, 73. , 202, 211 ; iron, 238 ; stone¬ assay, 78 ; centre of gravity of, ware, 239 ; made in copper by 74 ; equality of arms of, 79. the electrotype, 432. for densities of gases, 105; ful¬ beak made at obtuse angle, 240. crum of,74 ; index,position of, hot-air bath for, 239. 77. Alkalies filtered, 152; precipitation Oertling’s, 77. by, 128; volumetric determi¬ parallelism of knife-edges of, 74. nation of, 269, 275. proofs of good instrument , 73. Alkalimeter, Schuster’s. 71; French , “riders” for, 76. 265. Robinson’s, 75. Alkaline solutions as solvent, 115. weights for, 78. Alkaloids, animal, 513. with hook-and-eye ends, 75, 76. cinchona, 510. Balances, kinds of, 76. organic, 510 ; salts of, 512 ; ge¬ Balloons for vapour densities, 90 ; neral remarks on, 523. supported, 97 ; sealed, 99 ; of opium, 511. cooled for gas densities, 107. vegetable, 510. Barometer, 450. formed by destructive distilla¬ Barometric manometer, 108. tion, 521. Baryta, nitrate of, precipitated by ni¬ Alumina, alkaline solutions as sol¬ tric acid, 125 ; precipitation vent for, 115. by, 125. Aluminium, action of nitric acid on. salts, 129. 482. Bases from the animal kingdom, 513. Ammonia collected by displacement, produced by decomposition of the cyanic andcyanurie ethers, Ammonium, cldoride of, pulverized, 515 ; produced by action of 170. ammonia on hydriodic ethers, Angles of crystals measured, 452. 517. Aniline, 500. Basins, heated, 121 ; evaporating, Antimony, precipitation of, by water, 195; sublimation in, 245. 131 ; by sulphuretted hydro¬ Bath, sand, heated by gas, 29. gen, 131. ether, 45. Apparatus to contain substances water or oil, 45- 48. while being weighed, 71. water, porcelain, 46 ; copper, 46. for obtaining electric spark in steam, Ure’s, 47 ; large, 48. damp rooms, 548. water, simple, 48. IKDEX. 571

Bath, ehloride-of-calcium, for still, Bromide of silver (fused) removed 234. from capsules, 130. Baths, 45—49: for vapour densities, Bromine determined volumetrically, 97, 101. 271. Battery, Bunsen’s, 425. Bulbs blown, 410. Daniell’s, 424. for fluid combustions, 370. Grove’s, 422. “ Bumping” during distillation. Smee’s, 418. 214. Battery gas prepared, 427. Bunsen’s battery, 425. Bayeux evaporating basins, 195. burner, 29. Beale’s gas furnace, 340. method of determining nitrogen, Bee-hive shelf, 297. 384. Benzidine, 533. , Binks’, 263. Benzoic alcohol, 527. Guy-Lussac’s, 262. Benzole, as solvent, 115, 260 ; as sol¬ Mohr's, 262. vent for the purpose of cry¬ , supported, 160. stallization, 260 ; crystalliza¬ Burner , Remington’s, 27. tion of, 259. Argand, 25. series, obtained from coaltar,531. Bunsen’s, 29. Berzelius’s tube for continuous wash¬ gas and ah’ 26- 30. ing, 145. washing-, 142. Cadmium precipitated by zinc, 130 ; Bichloride of naphthaline crystallized, Stromeyer’s discovery of, 471. Calico filters, 148. Binding-screw for Smee’s battery, Calomel converted into biniodide of 420 ; connexions, 426. mercury, 131. Binitrobenzole, 533. Campholic acid, 500. Binks’ burette, 263. Camphor, conversion of, into cam¬ Biniodide of mercury sublimed,247. phoric acid, 502. Bismuth, crystallization of, 258. pulverized, 170. Bitter almond oil, 527. Caoutchouc-tubes made, 437. Black’s blowpipe, 33. Capillary tubes made, 409, Blast lamps, 41. Capryl, 536. Bleaching of coloured crystals, 259. Caprylene, 536. Blowpipe, Black’s, 33. Capsules, 174. apparatus, 33. for solution, 117. Wollaston’s, 34. Carbolic acid tested for, 275. Cronstedt’s, 34. Carbonate of potash, impurities in, lamp, 35. 278 ; determined by weight, supports for substances before,37. 341. forceps, 40 ; wire with platinum Carbonic acid as precipitant , 183 ; points, 40. preparation of, 284 ; uses of, self-acting, 41. 286 ; collected by displace¬ table, 43. ment, 303. Blue flame, 26- 29. Cement for and metal for tem¬ Blue-pots, 22, 173. peratures up to 212°, 548. Boghead , Centre of gravity of balance, 74. of naphtha from, 223. Cerium, 492. Boiling-point of fluids for vapour Champagne knot, 449. densities, 97. , 179. Boiling-points of saturated solutions Chauffer, 21. of salts, 49. Chinoline, 512. Bottle, compression, for filling bu¬ Chloride of ammonium, pulverized, rettes, 267. 170. 572 INDEX,

Chloride-of-calcium bath for stone- Copper turnings for organic analysis, ware still, 235. 358. -of-calcium-tube, 351. vessels made by electrotype, Chloride of silver (fused) removed 432. from capsules, 130. Cork-borers, 439. of zinc (fused) prepared, 133. Corks, 439 ; for combustions, 354. Chlorine determined volumetrically, Cornish crucibles, 171. 271 ; prepared,292 ; collected Counterpoises for crucibles, 72. by displacement, 302 ; action Creatine, 513. of, on metallic oxides, 485. Creatinine, 514. Chloroform as solvent, 115. Cronstedt’s blowpipe, 34. Cliromate of lead, with, jacket, 32. 349. operations,20 ; general remarks Chrysene crystallized, 260. on, 178. Clay-supports, 40. Crucibles, counterpoised, 72. Closing of tubes, 408. and operations at high tempera¬ Coal, destructive distillation of, 236. tures, 171, 540. Coal oil, substances separated from, Cornish, 171. 123. Hessian, 173. Cobalt separated from nickel, 132. black-lead, 173. Coliobation over sodium, &c., 244. porcelain, 173. , Staffordshire, 17. platinum , 175. specific gravity of, under differ¬ gold, 178. ent circumstances, 457. silver, 178. Collection and retention of gas, 295. iron, 178. Collidine, 512. charcoal, 179 ; heated, 181 ; Coloured crystals bleached, 259. luted, 182; reductions in, precipitates observed, 127. 185. Combustion with cliromate of lead, sublimation in, 249. 349 ; of substances free from Crystallization as means of purifica¬ nitrogen, 360. tion, 250. of substances containing nitro¬ fractional, separation by, 252. gen, 367. of platinum and silver salts, 252. of , 369. in vacuo, over sulphuric acid, tubes selected, 356 ; tubes made, 252. 357. double decomposition by, 253. furnace, 359. water of, 253. Compression bottle for filling burettes, from mixtures of alcohol and 267. water, 254. , 547. of substances equally soluble Concussive ebullition, 214. in hot and cold water, 255. of very volatile fluids, vibration prevented during, 255. 220, 243. of substances contaminated by , Liebig’s, 217. resinous matters, 255. Condensers, adapters used as, 219. of bodies belonging to homo¬ Conhydine, 514. logous series, 255. Coniine, 515. special instances of, 257. Connectors for stopcocks, 446. impeded by presence of resinous Connexions and binding screws, matter, 258. 426. modified by presence of foreign Continuous filtration, 144. matters, 258. Copper, oxide of, the precipitation at high temperatures, 258. retarded by presence of or¬ of bismuth, 258. ganic matter, 123. of sulphur, 258. INDEX. 573

Crystallization of benzole, 259 ; of Distillation in alembic, 202. substances from solutions in in , 203. benzole, 200. receivers for, 205. of chrysene, 260. in tube apparatus, 207. of bichloride of naphthaline , in common still, 212 ; precau¬ 2G0. tions in, 216. Crystals, large, formed, 251 ; perfect, of bodies of high boiling-point, formed, 251 ; large, obtained 216 ; of very volatile fluids. by slow cooling, 252. 220. water contained between layers fractional, 221. of, 254. special cases of, 226. (coloured), bleached, 259. of mercury, 230. (angles of) measured, 452. in current of hydrogen, 230. Cupboards, 5. of spontaneously inflammable Cupelling furnace, 22. fluids, 231. Cupel-mould, 23. destructive, 235. Cyanic and cyanuric ethers, produc¬ under diminished pressure, tion of bases from, 515. 240. Cyanogen prepared, 294. with double-headed still, 242 ; with very small retorts, 242. Damp substances (tendency of, to Double filter, 147. decompose,when heated), 200. Double-headed still, distillation with, rooms, electric spark obtained 242. in, 548. Drying in vacuo, 457. Dampers, 11, 18, 24. of precipitates, 66. Dangerous substances pulverized, Dust, ingress of, prevented during 167. evaporation, 197. Daniell’s battery, 424. Decantation, washing by, 137. Ebullition (concussive), 214. Decanting apparatus , simple, 547. Electric spark obtained in damp Decoction, 119. rooms, 548. Decrepitation avoided, 183. Electrical manipulation , 416. Desiccating media (evaporation over), Electrolysis, apparatus for, 427. 198. Electrophorus , 417. Desk, 3. Electrotype, 430. Destructive distillation, 235. Elements, general considerations on, of coal, 236. 489. of indigo, 236. Equality of arms of balance, 89. of , 236. Error of meniscus determined, 343. apparatus for, 237. Ether , acetic, 528. formation of alkalies by, 521. methyl-ethylie, 527. Determination of vapour-densities at phenylic, 527. varying pressures, 542. as solvent, 115. Diamond, glass cut by, 402. Ethers , 527. mortar , 170. compound, 528. Didymium , 492. Ethyl , iodide of, 528. Differential thermometer, 58. j Ethylate of potash, 528. Digester, porcelain, 174. , Gruy-Lussac’s, 339. Diminished pressure, distillation Mitscherlich’s, 339. under , 240. Ure’s, 340. Dirty apparatus, 7. exploded, 342. Disintegration, 164. Bunsen’s, 342. Displacement, gases collected by,302. . 307 ; exploded, 338, Distillation , 202., 340, 342. INDEX .

Evaporation , supports for, 156. Formula for weight of known vo¬ over naked fire, 194. lume of air at any tempe¬ on furnace-rings, 194. rature and pressure, 104. basins for, 195. Fractional precipitation, 135. in flasks, 197. distillation, 221 ; small dust prevented from entering for, 224. vessels during , 197. crystallization, separation by, over desiccating media, 198. 252. Experimental , 1 to 9. Frankland and Ward ’s gas-analyzing apparatus , 332. Fatty acids separated, 135. Fresenius and Will ’s apparatus for Piles, glass cut by, 402. carbonates, 346. Filter , double, 147. Fulcrum of balance, 74. drier , 46. Furnace , Braude's table, 11. ribbed, 140. rings, 11. stand, 4. bars, 12, 19; bars supported, 12. Filter -ash, estimated, 70. combustion, 14, 350. Filtering papers, 138; cut, 139 ; ashes Luhme’s, 15. in, estimated, 139. Sefstrom’s blast, 16. Filters , calico, 148. wind, 19. flannel, 149. lamp, 28. folded, 139, 148. Fused mass removed from platinum glass, sand, and asbestos, 149. crucible, 177. supported, 141 : weighed, 141. Fusible metal baths for vapour den¬ tow, 149. sity, 101. Filtrate , brightness of, ascertained, solids, combustion of, 373. 148. Filtration at high temperatures, 15. Galvanic manipulation , 416. and washing of precipitates, 137. Gas pipes, 3. through various media, 138. lamps, 25- 30. continuous, 144. lamp, Argand, 25. of small quantities of fluid, 151; blue flame, 26—29. of volatile fluids, 151. regulator, 49. out of contact of air, 152. apparatus , supports for, 161. supports for, 153. manipulation , 279. Fir -wood, as test for pyrrol, &c., 275. collected and retained, 295. Flame, blue, 26 ; oxidizing, 36 ; re¬ jars , 299. ducing, 37. analysing apparatus (Frankland Flannel bags, 149. and Ward ’s), 322 ; (Reg- Flasks for solution, 117. nault ’s), 324. requiring heat, 121. furnaces for organic analysis, placed in hot sand bath, 122. 389. substances introduced, 122. made, 411. evaporations in, 197. Gases, weighed, 82. coated with copper, 431. density of, 105; by Regnault’s Fluids , specific gravity of, 87 ; va¬ method, 105; by Frankland pour density of, 97. and Kolbe’s method, 110. separated by filtration, 148. as precipitants, 131. volatile, condensed, 220. collected by displacement, 302. combustion of, 369, 377. solution of, 305. Forceps (blowpipe), 40. transferred at pneumatic trough, Forge for high temperatures, 539. 314 ; manipulated over mer¬ Formula for vapour density by Du¬ cury, 316 ; pipettes for trans¬ mas’ method, 101. ferring, 322. INDEX. 575

Gases containing carbon analysed by Hydrogen, distillation in current of, the method of ultimate organic 230. analysis, 378. preparation of, 286, 288 ; re¬ Gasometer, 310. ductions by, 287 ; uses of, Gay-Lussac’s burette, 262. 288. washing apparatus , 144. lamp, 289 General remarks on crucible opera¬ uses of, in taking vapour den¬ tions, 178. sities, 288. Gerhardt 's anhydrous acids, 508. Hydrometer , Twaddell’s, 90. Glass balloons weighed, 105. Beaume’s, 90. cutting, 402. Sykes’s, 91. filters, 148. Cartier’s, 90. working, 399. Tralles’, 91. Globes (exhausted) filled with gas, Prussian , 91. 447. Bolley’s paper on, 91 (note). Gmelin’s washing-bottle, 142. Hydrometer , Nicholson’s, 92. Gold, 492 ; obtained in powder, 170 ; Hyposulphite of soda prepared, 294. precipitated by sulphate of iron, 134; residues worked up, Ignition of precipitates, 67 ; of plati¬ 184 ; salts ignited, 183. num salts, 71 ; of oxide of cop¬ crucibles, 178. per, 182. Goniometer, 451. Index of balance, position of, 77. Graduation of tubes, 440. Indigo , sublimed, 247. Gravity, specific. See specific gravity. Infusion , 119. Grease applied to lips of beakers, &c., Iodide of lead, 131. 121. Iodine, sublimation of, 245. Grove’s battery, 422. Iridium , 492. Guaiaciun as test, 275. Iron mortar , 169. Gim-barrel, nitrogen determinations pot for destructive distillation . made in, 382. 238 alembic, 238. Haiiy’s goniometer, 452. Isomorphism of perchlorate and per¬ Heat measurers, 51. manganate of potash, 483. Hessian crucibles, sublimation in, 249. Jacket, crucible, 32. High temperatures, crystallization at, 258. Kerr’s tube receiver, 303. Hippuric acid, 499. Kinate of lime, 129. Hofmann ’s gas furnace, 390. Kinic acid produced from lime salt, Holder for platinum -wires, 39. 129. Holes pierced in glass. 404. Knife-edges of balance, 74. Hood, 4. Knots tied, 448. Hoops, wooden, for sieves, &c., 7. Hot -air bath for , 239. Laboratory, plan of, 549. Hydriodic ether, action of ammonia Lamp, Argand gas, 25. on, 517. gas, 26, 28. Hydrocarbons, 531, 534 ; separated, for high temperatures, 537. 123 ; homologous with ole¬ mixed gas and air, 26. fiant gas, 534. Remington’s, 27. Hydrochloric acid, preparation of, Bunsen’s, 29. Beale’s, 27. gas prepared , 215. circular spirit, 31. Hydrofluoric acid, preparation of, Berzelius’s spirit, 32. 227. for sand-bath, 29. 576 INDEX .

Lamp furnace, 28. Mortars, various, 164; tested, 166 ; blowpipe, 35. preserved, 166; cleaned, 167. blast, 42. agate, 168; examined, 169. Russian blast, 42. iron, 169. Lanthanium , 492. Muffle, 23. Laurent ’s mode of analyzing organic Multiplier , thermo-electric, 58. substances in current of oxy¬ Murexide, 499 (note). gen, 375. Muriatic acid gas prepared , 295. Lead, 492 ; obtained in powder, 170. : Naphthaline , 536 ; sublimation of, iodide of, 131. | 245. papers, 274. j Neutral bodies, processes and re¬ Lead salts, 129. actions connected with, 524. Lepidine, 512. ! Neutralization of solutions before Liebig’s condenser, 217. precipitation, 129. Lime salts, 129. Nickel separated from cobalt, 132. as precipitant , 133. Nitrate of baryta precipitated by syrup, 266. nitric acid, 125. Lines divided into equal parts, 544. Nitric acid precipitates nitrate of Liquids, specific gravity of, 87. baryta, 125. Litmus papers, 274. Nitrite of potash made, 20. Logwood, 275. Nitrobenzole, 533 ; reduced by prot - Luting for crucibles, 182. acetate of iron, 134 ; reduced by sulphide of ammonia, 134. Mariotte’s law, variations from, 104. Nitrogen bulbs, Horsford’s, 380. Maximum heat of furnace, 24. Kemp’s, 381. Measurement of angles of crystals, determined by Will and Yar- 452. rentrap ’s method, 380 ; by Meissen ware evaporating basins, Liebig’s method, 383 ; by 195. Bunsen’s method, 384 ; by Meniscus, error of, determined , 343. Dumas’s absolute method, Mercurial receiver (Cooper’s), 320. 387. trough, place for, 9. determinations made in gun- troughs, 317- 19. barrel, 382. Mercury, distillation of, 230. Nitrous acid prepared, 295. biniodide of, 131. Non-metallic bodies studied, 465. sublimed, 247. elements, action of, on metallic Metallic groups, 491. oxides, 484. screws made, 436. Metals, chemical properties of, 475 ; Oertling’s balances, 77. determination of atomic Operations preparatory to weighing, weights of, 486. 65. obtained in powder, 170. previous to all organic analyses. oxidation of, 476-480. 360. physical properties of, 473-475. Organic acids produced from lead, solubility of, in acids, 481 baryta, lime, or silver-salts, tenacity of, 475. 129. Methylamine, 516. analysis, manipulation con¬ Minium , action of acids on, 483. nected with, 348. Miscellaneous operations, 433. bodies, apparatus for extracting Mohr’s burette, 262. the soluble constituents of, Molybdenum, atomic weight and 126. specific gravity of, 493. researches, processes, and reac¬ Mortar , steel,for diamonds, &e., 170. tions used in, 493. IJfDEX. 577

Osmium, 492. Precipitation in general, 124. Oxidation (processes of) in inor¬ of titanic acid by heat, 124. ganic research, 466. modified by temperature , 124. Oxide of copper, ignited, 182. Oxides, peculiarities of various, 483. of nitrate of baryta by nitric Oxidizing flame, 36. acid, 125. Oxygen, 291 ; prepared, 292. as means of separating bodies. 125. Palladium , 492. of more than one substance hi Parnell ’s apparatus, 344. the same portion of fluid, Percolation, apparatus for, 119. 125. Pestles, 166. exact, 126. Phosphate of yttria , 128. coloured, observed, 127. Phosphoric acid, tendency of, to ac¬ assisted by agitation, 128. company metallic oxides in by alcohol, 128; by alkalies, 128; precipitation , 128. by sulphuretted hydrogen, Phosphuret of iron mistaken by Berg¬ 129 ; by carbonic acid, 133; man for a new metal, 472. by lime, 133. Piercing holes in glass, 404, 405, 407. Precipitation , electro-chemical, 130. Piperidine , 512. of gold by sulphate of iron, 134. Piperine , 512. fractional, 135. Pipettes for transferring gases, 322. apparatus for, 135. made, 400, 411. Pressure-tube operations, 189. Plantamour ’s ebullition-, 150. Pressure-tubes heated, 189, 191; Platinized silver, 419. made, 190; labelled, 190; en¬ Platinum , 492. closed in iron tubes,191;open¬ spoons, 38. ed, 192; substitutes for, 193. wire, 38 ; holder, 39. Processes and reactions employed in capsules, 176. researches, remarks on, 463. crucibles, 175; cooled, 66, 177 ; Pulverization, 164; supports for, 155; sublimation in, 245. of refractory substances, 167; residues worked up, 184. of chloride of ammonium, salts ignited, 76, 183; crystal¬ 170; of camphor, 170; of lized, 252. gold, 170; of lead, 170; of Pneumatic trough, 296 ; place for, 9. tin , 170. Point of vapour-flask broken under Pure salts necessary in testing, 125. mercury, 99. Pyridine , 512. Porcelain digester, 174. Pyrogallic acid, sand-bath for, 24 ; crucibles, 173; sublimation in, sublimation of, 246. 245. Pyrometer , Daniell's, 59. Potash apparatus , 350, 376 ; sup¬ Woodward’s, 59. ported, 163. Pyrotechnical knot, 448. carbonate of, impurities in, 278. Pyrrol , 512 ; tested for, 236, 275. sebate of, 526. benzoate of, 527. Receiver, mercurial (Cooper’s), 320. Potassium-alcohol, 528. Receivers, 205. Pouring down a rod, 121. (tube), 208. Precipitants carried down by preci¬ Reducing agents, action of, on nitro¬ pitates, 128. compounds, 519. selected, 135. flame, 37. Precipitates , dried, 66 ; ignition of, Reduction of oxides to lower states of 67 ; added in excess, 126 ; oxidation, 479. valuable, preserved, 127 ; col¬ by hydrogen in crucibles, 185; lected on weighed filters, 139. in tubes, 187. 2 C 578 INDEX.

Reduction-tube supported, 157. Soda, sulphite of, prepared, 294. Regnault’s gas-analysing apparatus , Soldering, 438. 324. Solids, fusible (combustion of), 171. Regulator for gas, 49. specific gravity of, 83. Remington’s gas-burner, 27. Solubility of substances modified, 122. Research, term defined, 463. Solution, 112; objects of, 112; ap¬ Residual air in balloon determined, paratus for, 116. 100. test-tubes for, 117. Resinous matters, crystalline sub¬ flasks for, 117. stances purified from, 255. capsules for, 117. Retort and receiver for solution, 117. retort and receiver for, 117- distillation with, 203. beakers for, 118. and receiver in one piece, 414. of gases, 305. for fraction distillation, 224. Solutions neutralized before being Retort -stands, 7, 159. precipitated, 129. Retorts, substitutes for, 206. applied, 113. (tube), 207. Special cases of distillation , 226. Rhodium, 492. Specific gravity in general, 83. Rider for balance, 76. of solids, 83 ; of solids in grains, Rings for furnace, 11, 19. 84 ; of soluble solids, 87 ; of Russian blast-furnace, 42. solids lighter than water, 87. Ruthenium , 492. of liquids, 87 ; of liquids at standard temperatures, 89. Safety-tube, 305 ; made, 413. tube apparatus, 86. Salts,boiling-points of solutions of,49. bottle, 88 ; Regnault’s, 89 ; Sand-bath, Luhme’s, 15 ; large, 24 ; dried, 93 ; for minute quan¬ gas-furnace for heating 29. tities, 93 ; with perforated pots, 13. , 88, 93. Scissors, 3. bottle with thermometer, 93. Screws, metallic, made, 436. of vapours and gases, 94 ; de¬ wooden, made, 435. termined by Dumas’ method, Sefstrom’s holder, 157. 95. Self-acting blowpipes, 41. of gases, 105; determined by Self-registering thermometer, 58. Regnault’s method, 105; bal¬ Shears, 3. loons for, 105; balance for, Shelves, 5. 105. Sieves, 7. Frankland and Kolbe’s method Silicates fused in platinum vessels,177. of determining, 110. Silver, 492 ; determined volumetri- Specimens, 5. cally, 272, 276 ; fused chlo¬ Spirit -lamps, 30 ; common, 30 ; cir¬ ride or bromide of, removed cular wick, 31 ; Berzelius’s, from capsules, 130. 31. platinized, 419. Spontaneously inflammable fluids precipitated by copper, 130. distilled, 231. residues worked up, 184. Spoons, platinum , 38. salts, 129; crystallized, 252. Spring-, glass cut by, 402. Simple decanting apparatus, 547. Staffordshire coke, 17. Skittle-pot, 171. Steam-bath, Ure’s, 47. Skylight, 5. Still, common, 212. Small press for squeezing fluids out for destructive distillation, 545. of preparations, 548. Stoneware still, 234 ; cbloride-of-cal- Sniee’s battery, 418. cium bath for, 234. Soda, hyposulpliite of, prepared, Stopcock (three-way), 379. 294. Stopcocks, 444. INDEX. 579

Stromeyer ’s discoTery of cadmium , Tartaric acid, influence of, on metal¬ 471. lic precipitation, 131. Sublimation, 245 ; in basins, 245 ; Test-, 136. in porcelain crucibles, 245 ; in papers, 273. platinum crucibles, 245 ; in tube-holder, 159. current of air, 247 ; in tubes, tubes, 116. 248; in Hessian crucibles,249. Thalia, true nature of, 472. of iodine, 245 ; of naphthaline Thermo-electric multiplier , 58. and pyrogallic acid, 246 ; of Thermometer engraved on stem, 56. readily fusible substances, Leslie’s differential, 58. 247 ; of indigo, 247 ; of bin- self-registering, 58. iodide of mercury, 247 ; of ah', 60. arsenic, 248. , 51-64 ; constructed, Substances difficultly combustible, 51 ; examined, 55 ; supported, burnt , 374. 155. Substances containing sulphur ana¬ Thialdine, 530. lysed, 376. Thorina, 128, 472. Substitutes for retorts, 206. Three-way stopcock, 379. Suction-tubes, 346, 352 ; made, 412. Tin obtained in powder, 170. Sulphate of lime, solubility of, in¬ Tongs for crucibles, 178. fluenced by presence of organic Tools required in laboratory, 434. matter , 123. Tow-filters, 149. of soda, prepared, 294. Transference of gases at pneumatic Sulphur , analysis of substances con¬ trough, 314. taining, 376. Transferring pipettes, 322. crystallization of, 258. Trays for combustion of fusible solids, Sulphuretted hydrogen, precipitation 373._ by, 129; remarks on, 279 ; Triangle, wire, 156. preparation of. 280 ; uses of, , 160. 279. Troughs, mercurial, 317. apparatus , Kemp’s, 281. Tube-box, 8. Sulphuric acid, distillation of, 226. rack, 8. Sulphurous acid, prepared, 293 ; re¬ experiments at high tempera¬ moved from formic, 233. tures, 186. Support for reduction -tube, 157. retorts and receivers, 207, 211, vertical, 160. 243. for thermometer and vapour- to contain substance for organic flask, 163. analysis, 353. Supports for substances before blow¬ Tubes, sublimation in, 248. pipe, 37. (safety), 305. for vapour flasks, 97, 98, 163. bent, 400 ; closed, 408. for apparatus , 153. caoutchouc, made, 437. for filtration, 153. graduated , 440. for pulverization, 155. Tungsten, atomic weight and specific for thermometers, 155. gravity of, 493. for evaporation, 156. Turmeric papers, 274. for burettes, 160. as solvent, 116. for gas apparatus , 161. for U-tubes, 546. Uranium determined volumetrically, 272. Table blowpipes, 43 ; Ilerapath ’s, 43. Urea determined volumetrically, 272. support, 157. Urinometers, 91. Tables, 552. U-tubes supported, 163. Tantalic acid, 477. used in combustions, 396. 580 INDEX.

U-tubes made, 413. Wasliing-bottle, Gmelin’s, 142. Berzelius’s, 142. Vanadiate of lead, nitric solution of, various, required , 143. precipitated by sulphuretted Wasliing by decantation, 137. hydrogen, 133. continuous apparatus for, 143. Vanadium , 470. Watch -glasses, 67. Vapour-chamber, 5. Water -bath, 5. Vapoiu-densities in general, 94. Water -baths, 45. of organic substances calculated porcelain, 46. from their formulae, 94. copper, 46. as check on analysis, 94. square, 46. for determining boiling-point, large flat, 48. 95. simple, 48. determined , Dumas’method, 95. Water between layers of the crystals balloons for, 95. of saltpetre, 20. Vapour-densities of acetic acid at va¬ removed from vapour flask, 100. rious temperatures, 101. of crystallization, 253. at diminished pressures, 101. contained between layers of cry¬ at varying pressures, 102, 542. stals, 254. Gay-Lussac’s method of deter¬ Weighed quantities introduced into mining, 103. flasks, 122. Vapour-flask, supports for, 97, 98, filters, precipitates collected on, 163. 139. Vapour-volume determined, 469. Weighing, operations preparatory to, Varrentrap and Will ’smode of deter¬ 65. mining nitrogen, 380. systematic, 78 ; double, 79 ; Varying pressures, vapour-densities of bulky apparatus, 80 ; of at, 104, 542. hot vessels to be avoided, 82 ; Vegetable matters, apparatus for ex¬ gases, 82 ; balloon for vapour hausting the soluble consti¬ densities, 99. tuents of, 120. Weights for balance, 78. Vertical support, 160. Windows, 2. Vibration prevented during crystal¬ Wire , platinum , 38 ; holder for, 39 ; lization, 255. triangle, 156. Vice, 3 ; wooden, 158. Wollaston’^ goniometer, 453. Volatile acids examined, 494. Wooden screws made, 435. fluids analysed, 377 ; condensed, vice, 158. 220, 234, 243 ; filtered, 151. Wood spirit as solvent, 115. Volumetric manipulation , 261. Worm for , 215. determination of acids, 266 ; of cleaned, 215. alkalies, 269, 275 ; of bro¬ stoneware, 234 ; protection of mine, 271, 277 ; of chlorine, spout of, 234. uranium , urea, silver, 272. methods in general, 271. Yttria , subphosphate of, 128, 472. Volumes read off, 343. Vulcanized tubing, 2. Zinc, precipitated, 130. chloride of, prepared white, 133. Washing-bottle used, 122.

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