A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation
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Extractables and Leachables Extraction Techniques
expert analytical testing Extractables and Leachables Extraction Techniques Second Edition A collection of articles designed to help improve your knowledge and skills. TABLE OF CONTENTS P.03 INTRODUCTION P.04 SONICATION P.05 REFLUX P.07 SOXHLET P.10 SEALED VESSEL P.11 PRESSURISED SOLVENT EXTRACTION P.14 MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION P.16 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE) P.19 OVEN EXTRACTION P.22 LIQUID EXTRACTION SURFACE ANALYSIS (LESA) P.24 DIRECT ANALYSIS IN REAL-TIME (DART) & DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONISATION (DESI) P.27 HEADSPACE P.29 THERMAL DESORPTION P.30 SUMMARY P.31 CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION In extractable and leachable studies there are a range of extraction techniques that can be used to either produce a solution for further analytical study or directly analyse the materials. A selection of the most common extraction techniques are listed in Table 1. Each of the techniques will then be discussed, detailing what is involved to set up the equipment, the advantages and disadvantages as well as some of the limitations of each technique. The primary aim of any extractable study is the acceptance or rejection of a given material. The acceptance or rejection can only be achieved with knowledge. This can be achieved by a number of ways, including; understanding of the materials likely composition, manufacturers information and the definitive testing. In all aspects of extractable testing it is important to remember that the extraction is not so vigorous as to deform or degrade the material which would likely produce extractables that will not be observed as leachables. Extractables are potential leachables, it is the leachables that the patient is exposed to and are of toxicological concern. -
The Destructive Distillation of Pine Sawdust
Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1903 The destructive distillation of pine sawdust Frederick Hauenstein Herbert Arno Roesler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Hauenstein, Frederick and Roesler, Herbert Arno, "The destructive distillation of pine sawdust" (1903). Bachelors Theses. 238. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/238 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOR THE - ttl ~d IN SUBJECT, ••The Destructive Distillation of P ine Sawdust:• F . HAUENSTEIN AND H . A. ROESLER. CLASS OF 1903. DISTILLATION In pine of the South, the operation of m.ills to immense quanti waste , such and sawdust.. The sawdust especially, is no practical in vast am,ounte; very difficult to the camp .. s :ls to util the be of commercial .. folloWing extraction turpentine .. of the acid th soda and treat- products .. t .. the t.he turpentine to in cells between , or by tissues to alcohol, a soap which a commercial t this would us too the rd:- hydrochloric was through supposition being that it d form & pinene hydro- which produced~ But instead the hydrochl , a dark unl<:nown compound was The fourth experiment, however, brought out a number of possibilities, a few of Which have been worked up. -
Science Catalogue
Science Catalogue Gurudutt Shaleya Sahitya Shop No 6, 8 & 9 DSK Chintamani Complex Pune – 411030 Phone: (020) 64006566 09372646566; 07030456566; 08600044877 09822815360; 07030756566 Email: [email protected] Website: www.guruduttshaleyasaahitya.com General Lab Equipment 1-25 This category comprises of Complete range of General Lab products used in Educational departments worldwide i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Biology Educational Lab Products. Analytical Lab Equipment 26-34 Browse through this category for extensive range of Research Lab Products like Spectrophotometers, Centrifuge Machines, Lab Balances & Scales, Incubators & Ovens, pH meters, Testing Kits, Autoclaves, Laminar Air Flow Cabinet and Fume Hoods etc. used extensively in Research Labs in Universities, Quality Control Labs in various Industries around the globe. Lab Glassware (Borosilicate) 35-39 Laboratory Glassware made from High Quality Borosilicate 3.3, Packed well in die cut boxes in durable packaging. Also includes Laboratory Apparatuses/ Equipments like Distillation/Digestion Apparatus, Rotary Evaporators etc. Quartz & Silica Labware also available. Microscopes, Accessories & Cameras 40-43 Wide Range of High Quality Microscopes from Research Biological to Metallurgical, Polarizing and Stereozoom Microscopes. We can even customize microscopes as per customer requirements/tender specifications. Laboratory Plasticware 44-47 With stringent quality control we have been exporting high quality Laboratory Plasticware made from best quality raw material like Beakers, Cylinders, -
Improved Automatic Steam Distillation Combined with Oscillation-Type
Lachenmeier et al. SpringerPlus (2015) 4:783 DOI 10.1186/s40064-015-1574-6 METHODOLOGY Open Access Improved automatic steam distillation combined with oscillation‑type densimetry for determining alcoholic strength in spirits and liqueurs Dirk W. Lachenmeier1* , Leander Plato1, Manuela Suessmann1, Matthew Di Carmine2, Bjoern Krueger3, Armin Kukuck3 and Markus Kranz3 Abstract The determination of the alcoholic strength in spirits and liqueurs is required to control the labelling of alcoholic bev- erages. The reference methodology prescribes a distillation step followed by densimetric measurement. The classic distillation using a Vigreux rectifying column and a West condenser is time consuming and error-prone, especially for liqueurs that may have problems with entrainment and charring. For this reason, this methodology suggests the use of an automated steam distillation device as alternative. The novel instrument comprises an increased steam power, a redesigned geometry of the condenser and a larger cooling coil with controllable flow, compared to previously available devices. Method optimization applying D-optimal and central composite designs showed significant influ- ence of sample volume, distillation time and coolant flow, while other investigated parameters such as steam power, receiver volume, or the use of pipettes or flasks for sample measurement did not significantly influence the results. The method validation was conducted using the following settings: steam power 70 %, sample volume 25 mL trans- ferred using pipettes, receiver volume 50 mL, coolant flow 7 L/min, and distillation time as long as possible just below the calibration mark. For four different liqueurs covering the typical range of these products between 15 and 35 % vol, the method showed an adequate precision, with relative standard deviations below 0.4 % (intraday) and below 0.6 % (interday). -
Hardwood-Distillation Industry
HARDWOOD-DISTILLATION INDUSTRY No. 738 Revised February 1956 41. /0111111 110 111111111111111111 t I 1, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY FOREST SERVICE MADISON 5, WISCONSIN. In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin 1 HARDWOOD-DISTILLATION INDUSTRY— By EDWARD BEGLINGER, Chemical Engineer 2 Forest Products Laboratory, — Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture The major portion of wood distillation products in the United States is obtained from forest and mill residues, chiefly beech, birch, maple, oak, and ash. Marketing of the natural byproducts recovered has been concerned traditionally with outlets for acetic acid, methanol, and charcoal. Large and lower cost production of acetic acid and methanol from other sources has severely curtailed markets formerly available to the distillation in- dustry, and has in turn created operational conditions generally unfavor- able to many of the smaller and more marginal plants. Increased demand for charcoal, which is recovered in the largest amount as a plant product, now provides a compensating factor for more favorable plant operation. The present hardwood-distillation industry includes six byproduct-recovery plants. With the exception of one smaller plant manufacturing primarily a specialty product, all have modern facilities for direct byproduct re- covery. Changing economic conditions during the past 25 years, including such factors as progressively increasing raw material, equipment, and labor costs, and lack of adequate markets for methanol and acetic acid, have caused the number of plants to be reduced from about 50 in the mid- thirties to the 6 now operating. In addition to this group, a few oven plants formerly practicing full recovery have retained the carbonizing equipment and produce only charcoal. -
Petrochemical
PETROCHEMICAL Designed from ASTM specifications, petrochemical glassware from Kimble® is intended for use with standard ASTM test methods. Petrochemical apparatus includes distillation flasks, centrifuge tubes, and glassware unique for testing petroleum products. ons precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions preci lassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware ons precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions prec on glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassw olutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions on glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions www.kimblechase.com solutions precision g l l l l l l l l l l l l l PETROCHEMICAL 2 CONTENT CATEGORIES PAGE(S) ADAPTERS 3 BEVEL-SEAL™ ASTM METHODS 19 Search Catalog by ASTM Methods BEAKERS 3 Low Form Griffin, -
216175321.Pdf
Nanostructured Ni2P as an Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Eric J. Popczun,1 James R. McKone,2 Carlos G. Read,1 Adam J. Biacchi,1 Alex M. Wiltrout,1 Nathan S. Lewis,2* Raymond E. Schaak1* 1 Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. 2 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. Materials and Methods Chemicals and Materials. Nickel(II) 2,4-pentanedionate [95%, Ni(acac)2] (Alfa-Aesar) and tri-n- octylphosphine [tech. 85%, P(C8H16)3, Lot #ROY7AGE] (TCI America), as well as oleylamine [tech. 70%, C18H37N, Lot #BCBG1298V], 1-octadecene [tech. 90%, C18H36, Lot #MKBH2370V], titanium foil [99.7%, 0.25 mm thickness], sulfuric acid [99.999%], and Nafion-117 solution [5% in a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols and water] (Sigma-Aldrich),were used as received. High-quality colloidal Ag paint was purchased from SPI Supplies. Two-part epoxy [HYSOL 9460] was purchased from McMaster-Carr, and Nafion was purchased from FuelCellStore.com. Synthesis of Ni2P nanoparticles. Caution: Because this procedure involves the high-temperature decomposition of a phosphine that can liberate phosphorus, this reaction should be considered as highly corrosive and flammable, and therefore should only be carried out by appropriately trained personnel using rigorously air-free conditions. Ni(acac)2 (250 mg, 0.98 mmol) was added to a 50-mL three-necked, round bottom flask containing a borosilicate stir bar. The flask was also equipped with a thermometer adapter, thermometer, Liebig condenser, and rubber septum. Prior to sealing the flask, 1-octadecene (4.5 mL, 14.1 mmol), oleylamine (6.4 mL, 19.5 mmol), and tri-n-octylphosphine (2 mL, 4.4 mmol) were added to the vessel. -
Diagrams Subject: Chemistry Year 10 Autumn Term—C2.1 Purity An
Section A: Key Vocabulary Subject: Chemistry Year 10 Autumn Term—C2.1 Purity and Separating Mixtures Tier 3 vocabulary Definition Relative atomic The mean mass of an atom of an element Section B: Microscopes Section C: Diagrams mass (Ar) compared to 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom. Relative formula The mean mass of a unit of a substance Relative formula mass and Empirical formulae Filtration and Crystallisation mass (Mr) compared to 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom. Empirical formula Formula showing the simplest whole- Calculating relative formula mass (e.g. H2O) : (n) number ratio of the atoms of each element 1. Write down Ar values of elements in the compound (this in a compound. Pure substance Consisting of just one type of element or is the larger of the two numbers next to (n) compound. An elements symbol): H = 1.0, O = 16.0 Filtrate (n) Liquid that passes through the filter during filtration. 2. Work out the number of atoms of each element: • Filtration separates any insoluble substances Residue (n) Insoluble material left in the filter paper H = 2, O = 1 from a liquid/solvent. during filtration. 3. Multiply the number of each atom by its Ar value and • Crystallisation separates a solute from a Saturated A solution containing the maximum mass of add these together: Mr = (2 x 1.0) + (1 x 16.0) = 18.0 solution. solution (n) solute possible at a given temperature. Liebig condenser Apparatus that can cool and condense a Simple and Fractional distillation (n) substance. Calculating an empirical formula (e.g. -
( 463 ) XXXII. on the Products of the Destructive Distillation of Animal
( 463 ) XXXII. On the Products of the Destructive Distillation of Animal Substances. Part I. By THOMAS ANDERSON, Esq., M.D. (Read 3d April 1848.) In April 1846, I communicated to the Royal Society a paper on a new organic base, to which I gave the name of Picoline, and which occurs in coal-tar, asso- ciated with the Pyrrol, Kyanol, and Leukol of RUNGE. In that paper I pointed out that the properties of picoline resembled, in many respects, those of a base which UNVERDORBEN had previously extracted from DIPPEL'S animal oil, and described under the name of Odorine; and more especially mentioned their solubility in water, and property of forming crystallisable salts with chloride of gold, as cha- racters in which these substances approximated very closely to one another. And further, I detailed a few experiments on the odorine of UNVEBDORBEN extracted from DIPPEL'S oil, with the view of ascertaining whether or not they were ac- tually identical, but on too small a scale to admit of a definite solution of the question. These observations, coupled with the doubts which had been expressed by some chemists, and more especially by REICHENBACH, as to the existence of the bases described by UNVERDORBEN, induced me to take up the whole subject of the pro- ducts of the destructive distillation of animal substances, which has not yet been investigated in a manner suited to the requirements of modern chemistry. In fact, UNVERDORBEN is the only person who has examined them at all, and his experiments, contained in the 8th and 11th volumes of POGGENDORF'S Annalen, constitute the whole amount of our knowledge on the subject; and his observa- tions, though valuable, and containing perhaps as much as could easily be deter- mined at the time he wrote, are crude and imperfect, when we come to compare them with those which the present state of the science demands. -
Origin and Resources of World Oil Shale Deposits - John R
COAL, OIL SHALE, NATURAL BITUMEN, HEAVY OIL AND PEAT – Vol. II - Origin and Resources of World Oil Shale Deposits - John R. Dyni ORIGIN AND RESOURCES OF WORLD OIL SHALE DEPOSITS John R. Dyni US Geological Survey, Denver, USA Keywords: Algae, Alum Shale, Australia, bacteria, bitumen, bituminite, Botryococcus, Brazil, Canada, cannel coal, China, depositional environments, destructive distillation, Devonian oil shale, Estonia, Fischer assay, Fushun deposit, Green River Formation, hydroretorting, Iratí Formation, Israel, Jordan, kukersite, lamosite, Maoming deposit, marinite, metals, mineralogy, oil shale, origin of oil shale, types of oil shale, organic matter, retort, Russia, solid hydrocarbons, sulfate reduction, Sweden, tasmanite, Tasmanites, thermal maturity, torbanite, uranium, world resources. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition of Oil Shale 3. Origin of Organic Matter 4. Oil Shale Types 5. Thermal Maturity 6. Recoverable Resources 7. Determining the Grade of Oil Shale 8. Resource Evaluation 9. Descriptions of Selected Deposits 9.1 Australia 9.2 Brazil 9.2.1 Paraiba Valley 9.2.2 Irati Formation 9.3 Canada 9.4 China 9.4.1 Fushun 9.4.2 Maoming 9.5 Estonia 9.6 Israel 9.7 Jordan 9.8 Russia 9.9 SwedenUNESCO – EOLSS 9.10 United States 9.10.1 Green RiverSAMPLE Formation CHAPTERS 9.10.2 Eastern Devonian Oil Shale 10. World Resources 11. Future of Oil Shale Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) COAL, OIL SHALE, NATURAL BITUMEN, HEAVY OIL AND PEAT – Vol. II - Origin and Resources of World Oil Shale Deposits - John R. Dyni Oil shale is a fine-grained organic-rich sedimentary rock that can produce substantial amounts of oil and combustible gas upon destructive distillation. -
Building a Still at Low Cost Riku
Building a still at low cost Riku Building a still at low cost Practical guide for building gadgets + few new ideas. Version 0.7-02.02.2005 By Riku – [email protected] v0.7-02.02.2005 web download 1 Building a still at low cost Riku Introduction....................................................................................................................................3 A still..............................................................................................................................................4 How to make a cheap boiler............................................................................................................5 Pot still heads/condensers................................................................................................................9 Water-cooled:..............................................................................................................................9 Air-cooled:................................................................................................................................12 Reflux stills...................................................................................................................................14 Columns....................................................................................................................................14 Size of a column – size does matter...........................................................................................14 Packing.....................................................................................................................................15 -
A Handbook of Chemical Manipulation
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol A handbook of chemical manipulation Williams, Charles Greville London, 1857 Contents urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:2-3808 vii CONTENTS . Section I . Gas-furnace page 28 Gas sand-bath 29 Experimental Laboratory page l Bunsen’s burner 29 Oil- and spirit-lamps . 30 Section II . Circular spirit-lamps . 31 Stoneware wick-holders . 31 Furnaces . Berzelius’s lamp 32 Athanor 10 Crucible jacket 32 Brande’s Table-furnace . 11 Furnace -rings 11 Section IV . Supports for furnace-bars 12 Hood of furnace 12 Blowpipe Apparatus . Sand-pots 13 Combustion-furnace for tube Black’s blowpipe 33 operations 14 Wollaston’s ditto 34 Luhme’s furnace 15 Cronstedt’s ditto 34 Sefstrom’s blast-furnace . 16 Blowpipe-lamp 34 Staffordshire coke as fuel 17 Continuous blast kept up . 36 Platinum crucibles protected . 18 Oxidizing and reducing flame . 36 Precautions with blast-furnace . 18 Supports for substances before Wind -furnace for various opera¬ the blowpipe 37 tions 19 Platinum wire and spoons . 38 Furnace -bars for wind-furnace . 19 Handle for ditto 39 Fused products, precautions in Removal of fused mass from wire making 20 and spoons 39 Chauffer (sheet-iron) . 21 Platinum foil 40 Cupelling furnace 22 Clay supports 40 Muffle 23 Forceps 41 Cupel mould 23 Self-acting blowpipes . 41 Maximum heat, position of, in Table blowpipes 43 furnaces 24 Large sand-bath 24 Section Y . Section III . Baths. Lamps. Spirit-bath 45 Argand gas-burner . 25 Water - and oil-baths . 46 Mixed air and gas-lamp . 26 Table of boiling-points of satu¬ Remington's burner .