Improving the Heat Transfer Rate of Ac Condenser by Optimizing Material
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Extractables and Leachables Extraction Techniques
expert analytical testing Extractables and Leachables Extraction Techniques Second Edition A collection of articles designed to help improve your knowledge and skills. TABLE OF CONTENTS P.03 INTRODUCTION P.04 SONICATION P.05 REFLUX P.07 SOXHLET P.10 SEALED VESSEL P.11 PRESSURISED SOLVENT EXTRACTION P.14 MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION P.16 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE) P.19 OVEN EXTRACTION P.22 LIQUID EXTRACTION SURFACE ANALYSIS (LESA) P.24 DIRECT ANALYSIS IN REAL-TIME (DART) & DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONISATION (DESI) P.27 HEADSPACE P.29 THERMAL DESORPTION P.30 SUMMARY P.31 CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION In extractable and leachable studies there are a range of extraction techniques that can be used to either produce a solution for further analytical study or directly analyse the materials. A selection of the most common extraction techniques are listed in Table 1. Each of the techniques will then be discussed, detailing what is involved to set up the equipment, the advantages and disadvantages as well as some of the limitations of each technique. The primary aim of any extractable study is the acceptance or rejection of a given material. The acceptance or rejection can only be achieved with knowledge. This can be achieved by a number of ways, including; understanding of the materials likely composition, manufacturers information and the definitive testing. In all aspects of extractable testing it is important to remember that the extraction is not so vigorous as to deform or degrade the material which would likely produce extractables that will not be observed as leachables. Extractables are potential leachables, it is the leachables that the patient is exposed to and are of toxicological concern. -
Single Pass Cooling Systems
A Sustainable Alternative to Single Pass Cooling Systems Amorette Getty, PhD Co-Director, LabRATS What is Single Pass Cooling? ● Used for distillation/reflux condensers, ice maker condensers, autoclaves, cage washers… ● Use a continuous flow of water from faucet to sewer o 0.25-2 gallons per minute, o up to 1,000,000 gallons of water/year if left on continuously Single Pass Cooling: Support ● “U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ranked the elimination of single-pass cooling systems #4 on its list of top ten water management techniques” -Steve Buratto, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry department NOT Just a Sustainability Issue! California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI) flood in a second-floor laboratory in July, 2014. Water ran at ~1-2 gallons per minute for 6-10 hours, overflowing into a ground floor electron microscopy lab CNSI Flood Losses ● $ 2.2 Million in custom built research equipment ● Research shutdown for 4 months ● over 200 hours of staff time ● Insurance no longer covering this type of incident again Campus Responses to the Incident • CNSI ban on single pass cooling systems • TGIF grant financial incentive for optional change of single replacement systems • Chemistry and Material Research Laboratory (MRL) • Additional Grants being sought • Conversation at Campus and UC-level to regulate and replace these types of systems. Seeking Allies… ● “The replacement of single-pass cooling systems with closed-loop and water free systems would save water and represent a major advance in the sustainability efforts of the campus.” -Steve Buratto, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry department Barriers to Replacement ● “...major obstacle to replacing the single-pass cooling systems with closed-loop and water- free systems is cost. -
Science Catalogue
Science Catalogue Gurudutt Shaleya Sahitya Shop No 6, 8 & 9 DSK Chintamani Complex Pune – 411030 Phone: (020) 64006566 09372646566; 07030456566; 08600044877 09822815360; 07030756566 Email: [email protected] Website: www.guruduttshaleyasaahitya.com General Lab Equipment 1-25 This category comprises of Complete range of General Lab products used in Educational departments worldwide i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Biology Educational Lab Products. Analytical Lab Equipment 26-34 Browse through this category for extensive range of Research Lab Products like Spectrophotometers, Centrifuge Machines, Lab Balances & Scales, Incubators & Ovens, pH meters, Testing Kits, Autoclaves, Laminar Air Flow Cabinet and Fume Hoods etc. used extensively in Research Labs in Universities, Quality Control Labs in various Industries around the globe. Lab Glassware (Borosilicate) 35-39 Laboratory Glassware made from High Quality Borosilicate 3.3, Packed well in die cut boxes in durable packaging. Also includes Laboratory Apparatuses/ Equipments like Distillation/Digestion Apparatus, Rotary Evaporators etc. Quartz & Silica Labware also available. Microscopes, Accessories & Cameras 40-43 Wide Range of High Quality Microscopes from Research Biological to Metallurgical, Polarizing and Stereozoom Microscopes. We can even customize microscopes as per customer requirements/tender specifications. Laboratory Plasticware 44-47 With stringent quality control we have been exporting high quality Laboratory Plasticware made from best quality raw material like Beakers, Cylinders, -
Improved Automatic Steam Distillation Combined with Oscillation-Type
Lachenmeier et al. SpringerPlus (2015) 4:783 DOI 10.1186/s40064-015-1574-6 METHODOLOGY Open Access Improved automatic steam distillation combined with oscillation‑type densimetry for determining alcoholic strength in spirits and liqueurs Dirk W. Lachenmeier1* , Leander Plato1, Manuela Suessmann1, Matthew Di Carmine2, Bjoern Krueger3, Armin Kukuck3 and Markus Kranz3 Abstract The determination of the alcoholic strength in spirits and liqueurs is required to control the labelling of alcoholic bev- erages. The reference methodology prescribes a distillation step followed by densimetric measurement. The classic distillation using a Vigreux rectifying column and a West condenser is time consuming and error-prone, especially for liqueurs that may have problems with entrainment and charring. For this reason, this methodology suggests the use of an automated steam distillation device as alternative. The novel instrument comprises an increased steam power, a redesigned geometry of the condenser and a larger cooling coil with controllable flow, compared to previously available devices. Method optimization applying D-optimal and central composite designs showed significant influ- ence of sample volume, distillation time and coolant flow, while other investigated parameters such as steam power, receiver volume, or the use of pipettes or flasks for sample measurement did not significantly influence the results. The method validation was conducted using the following settings: steam power 70 %, sample volume 25 mL trans- ferred using pipettes, receiver volume 50 mL, coolant flow 7 L/min, and distillation time as long as possible just below the calibration mark. For four different liqueurs covering the typical range of these products between 15 and 35 % vol, the method showed an adequate precision, with relative standard deviations below 0.4 % (intraday) and below 0.6 % (interday). -
22 Bull. Hist. Chem. 8 (1990)
22 Bull. Hist. Chem. 8 (1990) 15 nntn Cn r fr l 4 0 tllOt f th r h npntd nrpt ltd n th brr f th trl St f nnlvn n thr prt nd ntn ntl 1 At 1791 1 frn 7 p 17 AS nntn t h 3 At 179 brr Cpn f hldlph 8Gztt f th Untd Stt Wdnd 3 l 1793 h ntr nnnnt rprdd n W Ml "njn h Cht"Ch 1953 37-77 h pn pr dtd 1 l 179 nd nd b Gr Whntn th frt ptnt d n th Untd Stt S M ntr h rt US tnt" Ar rt Invnt hn 199 6(2 1- 19 ttrfld ttr fnjn h Arn hl- phl St l rntn 1951 pp 7 9 20h drl Gztt 1793 (20 Sptbr Qtd n Ml rfrn 1 1 W Ml rfrn 1 pp 7-75 William D. Williams is Professor of Chemistry at Harding r brt tr University, Searcy, Al? 72143. He collects and studies early American chemistry texts. Wyndham D. Miles. 24 Walker their British cultural heritage. To do this, they turned to the Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, is winner of the 1971 schools (3). This might explain why the Virginia assembly Dexter Award and is currently in the process of completing the took time in May, 1780 - during a period when their highest second volume of his biographical dictionary. "American priority was the threat of British invasion following the fall of Chemists and Chemical Engineers". Charleston - to charter the establishment of Transylvania Seminary, which would serve as a spearhead of learning in the wilderness (1). -
Petrochemical
PETROCHEMICAL Designed from ASTM specifications, petrochemical glassware from Kimble® is intended for use with standard ASTM test methods. Petrochemical apparatus includes distillation flasks, centrifuge tubes, and glassware unique for testing petroleum products. ons precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions preci lassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware ons precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions prec on glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassw olutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions on glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions precision glassware solutions www.kimblechase.com solutions precision g l l l l l l l l l l l l l PETROCHEMICAL 2 CONTENT CATEGORIES PAGE(S) ADAPTERS 3 BEVEL-SEAL™ ASTM METHODS 19 Search Catalog by ASTM Methods BEAKERS 3 Low Form Griffin, -
216175321.Pdf
Nanostructured Ni2P as an Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Eric J. Popczun,1 James R. McKone,2 Carlos G. Read,1 Adam J. Biacchi,1 Alex M. Wiltrout,1 Nathan S. Lewis,2* Raymond E. Schaak1* 1 Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. 2 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. Materials and Methods Chemicals and Materials. Nickel(II) 2,4-pentanedionate [95%, Ni(acac)2] (Alfa-Aesar) and tri-n- octylphosphine [tech. 85%, P(C8H16)3, Lot #ROY7AGE] (TCI America), as well as oleylamine [tech. 70%, C18H37N, Lot #BCBG1298V], 1-octadecene [tech. 90%, C18H36, Lot #MKBH2370V], titanium foil [99.7%, 0.25 mm thickness], sulfuric acid [99.999%], and Nafion-117 solution [5% in a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols and water] (Sigma-Aldrich),were used as received. High-quality colloidal Ag paint was purchased from SPI Supplies. Two-part epoxy [HYSOL 9460] was purchased from McMaster-Carr, and Nafion was purchased from FuelCellStore.com. Synthesis of Ni2P nanoparticles. Caution: Because this procedure involves the high-temperature decomposition of a phosphine that can liberate phosphorus, this reaction should be considered as highly corrosive and flammable, and therefore should only be carried out by appropriately trained personnel using rigorously air-free conditions. Ni(acac)2 (250 mg, 0.98 mmol) was added to a 50-mL three-necked, round bottom flask containing a borosilicate stir bar. The flask was also equipped with a thermometer adapter, thermometer, Liebig condenser, and rubber septum. Prior to sealing the flask, 1-octadecene (4.5 mL, 14.1 mmol), oleylamine (6.4 mL, 19.5 mmol), and tri-n-octylphosphine (2 mL, 4.4 mmol) were added to the vessel. -
HORIZONTAL BOTTLE COOLER EBC Series Model: EBC50
Project Name: HORIZONTAL BOTTLE COOLER Project Location: Model #: Quantity: Available Warehouse: EBC Series Model: EBC50 Refrigeration System ∙ Side mounted, self-contained and fully detachable Blizzard R290 condensing unit uses environmentally friendly, EPA-compliant R290 refrigerant with zero (0) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and three (3) Global Warming Potential (GWP). Blizzard R290 is easily replaceable and requires no on-site brazing. ∙ Electronically commutated (ECM) fan motors achieve rapid cooling with less energy consumption. ∙ Full-length air duct system ensures optimal circulation of cold air. ∙ Time-initiated and temperature-terminated auto defrost cycle for seamless operation. ∙ Large capacity, corrosion-resistant condenser and evaporator coils. ∙ Self-maintaining, energy-efficient condensate drain pan requires no external drains or electric heaters. ∙ High performance, auto-reverse condenser fan motor supports compressor ventilation and condenser coil cleaning. Refer to owner’s manual for full maintenance instructions. ∙ Pre-wired and ready to plug, 115V/60Hz/1Ph, NEMA 5-15P. Cabinet Construction ∙ Heavy duty stainless steel countertop and rails with textured laminate, black vinyl exterior. ∙ Open spaced interior with no walls between compartments. ∙ Galvanized steel interior. ∙ 1 3/4" thick high density polyurethane insulation. ∙ Built-in caster thread receptacles for all models. Lighting ∙ Shielded LED bar lighting with on/off switch provides bright, high color illumination at lower heat output. Bottle Cap Opener ∙ Front mounted bottle cap opener and cap catcher are removable for ease of cleaning. Lids ∙ Heavy duty stainless steel exterior and galvanized steel interior. ∙ 3/4" thick high density polyurethane insulation. ∙ Removable ratchet locks keep your items safe from theft. Shelving ∙ Horizontal epoxy coated, steel wire shelves for bottom air circulation (see table for quantity). -
LSC- DTS Laboratory Sample Condenser
Quality System Certified ISO 9001 LSC-DTS Sample Condenser Rev.2.doc Page 1 of 1 LSC- DTS Laboratory Sample Condenser LSC- DTS Laboratory Sample Condenser This LSC unit range of stainless steel tube shaft sterile heat exchangers with Double Tube Sheet (DTS) have been designed to allow Clean Steam (CS) and Water For Injection (WFI) samples to be taken quickly and easly whilst mantaining a sterile testing environment. LSC are ideal to be mounted at the sampling point and can be operated with either mains or chilled water as the cooling medium. Availability of aseptic sample valve allow fine control of sample flow during testing The LSC can be sterilised in situ-on-line, thus ensuring continuity of samples regardless of testing frequency, ideal for fluids in pharmaceutical and purity systems applications. Typical applications: Steam sampling In-line conductivity monitoring Point of use cooling Feature offered by the unit include: AISI 316L (1.4404) stainless steel construction Double Tube Sheet (DTS) Meets FDA and 3A specifications Full material traceability Self draining design Compact, easy to install Fully sterilisable/autoclavable Sample Condenser operation The medium to be condensed/cooled passes throught the tube side. Typically a regulating valve will be used to throttle the sample medium flow. Cooling water is channelled countercurrent inside the shell in order to ensure maximum efficiency. The heat energy of the sample medium is absorbed by the flowing cooling water, resulting in a drop in the sample temperature. Where steam is the sample medium, the cooling water will firstly absorb the steam’s latent heat content, condensing it back to water. -
Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Reactions That Form Carbon-Carbon Bonds Are Among the Most Useful to the Synthetic Organic Chemist
1 Experiment 12: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are among the most useful to the synthetic organic chemist. In 1912, Victor Grignard received the Nobel prize in chemistry for his discovery of a new series of reactions that result in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. A Grignard synthesis first involves the preparation of an organomagnesium reagent via the reaction of an alkyl bromide with magnesium metal: δ– δ+ R Br + Mg R MgBr The resulting “Grignard reagent” acts as both a good nucleophile and a strong base. Its nucleophilic character allows it to react with the electrophilic carbon in a carbonyl group, thus forming the carbon-carbon bond. Its basic property means that it will react with acidic compounds, such as carboxylic acids, phenols, thiols and even alcohols and water; therefore, reaction conditions must be free from acids and strictly anhydrous. Grignard reagents will also react with oxygen to form hydroperoxides, thus they are highly unstable when exposed to the atmosphere and are generally not isolated from solution. For a variety of reasons, anhydrous diethyl ether is the solvent of choice for carrying out a Grignard synthesis. Vapors from the highly volatile solvent help to prevent oxygen from reaching the reaction solution. In addition, evidence suggests that the ether molecules actually coordinate with and help stabilize the Grignard reagent: Et Et O R Mg Br O Et Et The magnesium metal used in the synthesis contains a layer of oxide on the surface that prevents it from reacting with the alkyl bromide. The pieces of metal must be gently scratched while in the ether solution to expose fresh surface area so that the reaction can commence. -
Diagrams Subject: Chemistry Year 10 Autumn Term—C2.1 Purity An
Section A: Key Vocabulary Subject: Chemistry Year 10 Autumn Term—C2.1 Purity and Separating Mixtures Tier 3 vocabulary Definition Relative atomic The mean mass of an atom of an element Section B: Microscopes Section C: Diagrams mass (Ar) compared to 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom. Relative formula The mean mass of a unit of a substance Relative formula mass and Empirical formulae Filtration and Crystallisation mass (Mr) compared to 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom. Empirical formula Formula showing the simplest whole- Calculating relative formula mass (e.g. H2O) : (n) number ratio of the atoms of each element 1. Write down Ar values of elements in the compound (this in a compound. Pure substance Consisting of just one type of element or is the larger of the two numbers next to (n) compound. An elements symbol): H = 1.0, O = 16.0 Filtrate (n) Liquid that passes through the filter during filtration. 2. Work out the number of atoms of each element: • Filtration separates any insoluble substances Residue (n) Insoluble material left in the filter paper H = 2, O = 1 from a liquid/solvent. during filtration. 3. Multiply the number of each atom by its Ar value and • Crystallisation separates a solute from a Saturated A solution containing the maximum mass of add these together: Mr = (2 x 1.0) + (1 x 16.0) = 18.0 solution. solution (n) solute possible at a given temperature. Liebig condenser Apparatus that can cool and condense a Simple and Fractional distillation (n) substance. Calculating an empirical formula (e.g. -
CHEM 344 Distillation of Liquid Mixtures
CHEM 344 Distillation of liquid mixtures 1. Distillation basics The vaporization of a liquid and condensation of the resulting vapor is the basis of distillation. Organic liquids containing small amounts (<15%) of impurities or non-volatile substances are easily purified by simple distillation, as are liquid mixtures where the difference in boiling point of the components is >70 oC. Fractional distillation is more useful for separating mixtures of liquids where the boiling points of the components differ by <70 oC (see later). A typical simple distillation setup is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a flask containing the liquid to be distilled, an adapter to hold a thermometer and to connect the flask to a water-cooled condenser, and a flask to hold the condensed liquid (the distillate). Figure 1: Apparatus for a simple distillation. 1.1 The distillation flask The distillation flask is a round-bottom flask. The liquid to be distilled should fill the distillation flask to ~50-60% of its capacity. To promote even heating of the liquid, a boiling chip or a magnetic stir bar is added before heat is applied to the distillation flask. The irregular chips provide sites for bubbles of vapor to form, or alternatively the liquid is agitated with the magnetic stirrer as it is being heated. Never add a boiling chip or a stir bar to a hot liquid! Doing so can cause a seemingly calm liquid to boil suddenly and violently. 1 1.2 The distilling adapter The adapter connects the distillation flask, the condenser, and the thermometer. This type of adapter is often referred to as a distillation head.