Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03840-0 — Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects Lynn Hollen Lees Index More Information

Index

Abdul Majid bin Zainuddin, 154, 289 anti-colonialism, 204, 249, 298, 301, 303, Abdul Rahman, 20 306, 313 Abdullah bin Abdul Kadi, 141 Anti-Enemy (Japanese) Backing Up Abdullah, Raja, 101 Societies, 268, 305, 308 Abdullah, Sultan of Kedah, 1, 10, Anti-Japanese Salvation Associations, 305 17, 22 Anti-Opium Movement, 161, 162, 163 Abdullah, Sultan of Perak, 18, 19 Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Abu Bakar, Sultan of Johore, 119, 208 Society, 183 Adas, Michael, 200 Anti-Slavery Society, 55 administration, local, 38, 118, See also Arokiasamy, s/o Soosai, 323 governance: municipal Arumgan, Karthigesu, 181 African National Congress, 304 Asian Estate Owners Association, 181 Agent of the Government of India, 240 associations agricultural imperialism, 189 Chinese, 329 agricultural show, 154 clan and surname, 260 agriculture, 23, 30 multi-ethnic, 151, 153, 154, 161, 163 export, 178 service, 261 industrial, 99 voluntary, 243, 260 Ahmadiyya movement, 302 Ayer Tawar estate, 201 Ainsworth, Leopold, 181, 184, 198, 199, 207 Baba Chinese. See Straits Chinese Aikin, Reverend Hamilton, 289 Badan Warisan Malaysia, 319 Alexander, J.G., 162 Bagan Serai, 109 Al-Imam, 233 Baker, Alan, 203 All Malaya Muslim Missionary Society, Balan, Moses, 322 302 Balestier, Joseph, 25 Alliance Party, 313 Ban An T’ai, 274 Alor Star, 107, 124 banishment, 305 American Methodist Episcopal Banishment Act, 164 Mission, 209 Baring and Co, 28 Amrith, Sunil, 6 Batu Gajah, 105, 141 Andaya, Barbara Watson, xii, 2 celebrations, 287 Andaya, Leonard, 290 Batu Kawan, 24, 30, 98, 102 Anderson School, 148, 230 cemeteries, 329 Anderson, Clare, 42 estate, 25, 32, 52, 56, 61, 64, Anderson, Ian, 320 71, 75, 86, 92, 93 Anderson, Sir John, 168 Begbie, P. J., 22 Anglo-Chinese Bengali Mosque, 244 deﬁnition of, 282 Bengalis, 58 Anglo-Chinese Club, 151, 154 Benton, Lauren, 4 Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 17, 22 Berkeley, Hubert, 86, 294 Antah, Raja of Sungei Ujung, 292 Bintang Timor, 151, 225

347

348 Index

Bintara Luar, Dato, 225 Burgess, Anthony, 325 Birch, J. W. W., 19, 316, 327 burial grounds, 113 Bird, Isabella, 110, 129 Burke, Peter, 321 Bissell, William, 323 Burton, Antoinette, 4 Bose, Sugata, 6, 298 Butcher, John, 150 Bosma, Ulbe, 139 Butterworth, 109, 119 botanic gardens, 174 Byram estate, 71, 86, 88, 207 Boustead & Co, 178 Boy Scouts, 229, 243, 246, 322 Cairo, 233 boycotts, 299 Calcutta, 37, 46 Braddell, Roland St John, 321 Caldecott, Andrew, 251 Bremen, Jan, 189 Caledonia estate, 29, 30, 35, 70, 71, 80, 88, bridges, 37 91, 92, 177, 179, 330 Britain, 29, 32 Cannadine, David, 155 attitudes to race, 138 Cantonese, 274, 275 civil society, 163, 260 capital, 34 government, 10, 121, 162 capitalism, colonial, 178 political protests, 162, 268 Cardosa, Elizabeth, 319 political rights, 9 Carter, Marina, 44 social organization, 156 Casement, Roger, 182 British Broadcasting Corporation, 238 censorship, 224 British Commonwealth of Nations, census, 58, 102, 106, 107, 138, 148, 310, 314 210, 221 British Empire, 4, 16, 310, 311, 314 procedures, 227 ideology of, 155 Central Indian Association of Malaya, 307 opinion of, 322 centralization, 313 British Malaya, 11, 61, 167 ceremonies, royal, 291, 293, 294 censuses, 106, 107 Ceylon Association, 152 civil society, 140, 261 Ceylon National Congress, 303 government, 2, 193, 203, 262 Chahaya Pulao Penang, 224 languages, 220 Chamber of Commerce literacy, 221, 222, 227 Chettiar, 307 opium revenues, 131 Chinese, 245, 256 political loyalties, 278, 284 Singapore, 256 social organization, 139, 213, 231 Chamberlain, Joseph, 283 towns, 89, 108, 242 Chan Kang Swi, 243 violence, 327 Chen So Lan, 162 wealth, 171 Cheong Hoon Teng Temple, 243 British Nationality Act of 1948, 279 chettiars, 143, 215, 240, 286 British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act Chew Joo Leong, 329 of 1914, 279 Chia Ying Association, 245 British North Borneo Company, 4 Chiang Kai Shek, 299 British Protected Persons, 281 children, 80 British subjects, 279, 280, 283, 323 Chin Teik Boon, 207 Britishness, 285 Chinese, 24, 60, 101, 103, 130, 161, performative, 287 See also Teochew, Hakka, Hokkien brothels, 113, 129, 132, 133, 268, 269, 327 cemeteries, 328 brotherhoods, 77, 104, 117, 126, 128, 129, Europeans’ views of, 185 131, 314, See also Ghee Hin, Ghee immigration, 103, 104 Hok, Hai San, secret societies labourers, 28, 43, 49, 54, 76, 85 Triads, 271, 272, 275, 276 languages, 220 budgets, 111 occupations, 58, 69, 104, 106 Bukit Mertajam, 60, 102, 103, 109 planters, 98, 215 bungalows, 66, 68, See also housing revenue farmers, 39 bureaucracy, 119, 120 Straits, 234, 235, 240

Index 349

Chinese Advisory Board, 256, 278 Contagious Diseases Acts, 132, 268 Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 282 contract labourers, 28, 46, 47, 50, 51, 65, Chinese Christian Association, 225, 74, 98, 183, 200, 310, See also coolies, 234 indenture, unfree labour Chivatean, 62 contract, breach of, 62, 92 cholera, 75, 76, 89, 121, 195 Controller of Labour, 186, 214 Chopard, Joseph, 206 Convent Light Street, 146 Chuah Guat Eng, 325 Convent School, Ipoh, 229 Chulias, 143 convicts, 22 Chung Hwa School, 135 coolies, 46, 55, 58, 76, 91, 197, See also Chung Keng Kwee, 104, 117, 131, 152 contract labourers, labourers, Chung Shan Association, 245 indenture unfree labour Chung Thye Phin, 160 treatment, 93, 98, 199 churches, 116, 144 views of, 198 Churchill, Winston, 308 Cosmopolitan Club, 244 cinema, 238 cosmopolitanism, 16, 149, 219, 248, citizenship, 161, 261, 313 312, 324 Australian and Canadian, 10 and empire, 279, 310, 323 British, 279 and middle classes, 231, 314 Chinese, 235, 281 definition, 140 civil service, 118, 120 in Tagore’s thought, 298 civil society, 140, 142, 165, 250, 261, multi-ethnic, 11 277, 300 urban, 7, 154, 243 definition, 219 Cowan, William, 65, 209 multi-ethnic, 109, 152, 155, 219, 314 credit-ticket system, 49 role of clubs, 150, 260 crime, 262, 264, 265 urban, 137, 161, 164, 242, 311, 312 gambling, 267 women in, 243 petty, 265, 266 civil war, 291 rates, 262 Clarke, Sir Andrew, 18, 96, 101, 315 street, 270 Clementi, Sir Cecil, 168 theft, 265 Clifford, Hugh, 168, 248, 289 culture clothing, 72, 85, 180, 238, 240, commercial, 218, 219, 236, 242 291, 292 consumer, 240 clubs, 116, 135, 150, 158, 160, 242 plantation, 66 Dalley, John, 276 urban, 153, 161, 181 Davidson, J. W., 248 Cohn, Bernard, 10 Davies, Mrs. E. V., 244 Colonial Office, 18, 37, 50, 89, 96, 122, death rates. See mortality 176, 259, 281 debt, 46, 47, 48, 86, 127, 184, 215 colonialism, 2, 47, 100, 310, 312, 326 state, 167 and coercion, 327 debt bondage, 132, 269, 291 and English language, 231 Demerara, 52 definition, 8, 42 demonstrations, 267 in Malaya, 134 depression, 176, 182, 251 memories of, 331 desertion, 47, 88, 90, 92, 192, 200, 327 plantation, 84, 95, 99, 190 Diamond Jubilee. See festivals, Jubilee colonization, 11 diaspora Comber, Leon F., 325 Hadrami, 301 Confucian Revival Movement, 249 diet, 74 Congo Reform Association, 182 direct rule, 4, 8 Congress of Indian Associations of discipline, 57, 89, 197, 198, 311, 327 Malaya, 246 diseases, 75, 96, 132, 195, See also cholera, consumer culture, 238 malaria consumption, 39, 113, 180, 211 venereal, 269

350 Index

dispensaries, 196 Fiji, 46 divide and rule, 139, See also sovereignty, ﬁnes, 91, 92 layered Foo Choo Choon, 145, 209, 210 Dobby, E. H, 113 Foochow, 145, 209, 211, 212, 213 doctors, 74, 96, 162 football, 153, 154, 290 Donadieu, Joseph, 26 Foreign Ofﬁce, 281, 282, 283 Duncan, Chesney, 224 foremen, 72, 76, 77, 87, 88, 92, 175 Duncan, William, 52, 177, 217 Foucault, Michel, 124 Dutch, 2 Free Press, 225 Freemasonry, 153, 260, 273 East India Company, Dutch, 21 Furnivall, John, 6, 139 East India Company, English, 1, 3, 10, 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 37, 40, 122, 144, gambling, 39, 129, 267, 272 244, 315 Ganapathipillay, Nagamuthu, 181 economic development, 42, 102, 105, 130, Gandhi, Mohandas, 302, 303 140, 167, 174 gender, 57, 78 education, 149, 211, See also schools Genuine Islam, 302 English language, 146, 147, 229, George Town, 122, 317, See also Penang 230, 234 streetscape, 318 secondary, 145, 228, 230 Ghadar, 295 Edward VII, 29, 294 Ghee Hin, 104, 128, 272 Ellerton Club, 154 Ghee Hok, 128, 273 Embi Bin Hashim, 330 Ghosh, Amitav, 325 Emergency, 313 Girl’s Friendly Band, 244 emigration, 43, 48, 50, 52, 214, 216 Gladwell, Malcolm, 31 Chinese, 76 globalization, 6, 295 Hadrami, 301 Gopalan, P.V., 289 Indian, 95 Gopeng, 104 sex ratios, 184 governance, 16, 39, 89, 119, 202 Emigration Act of 1877, 45 colonial, 19, 37, 38, 95, 100, 118, 120, empire, 23 125, 131, 312 Empire Day, 229, 287, 322 imperial, 65, 118, 295 English language, 316, See also education: municipal, 120, 121, 250, 251, 254, English language 256, 271 equality, 160, 288, 311 styles, 56, 213 rhetoric of, 314 Governor of the Straits Settlements, 42, 51, social, 288, 289 79, 93, 95, 96, 97, 117, 128, 167, Eurasian Association, 152, 256 283, 309 Eurasians, 69, 70 Grey, Sir Edward, 281 Evans, William, 51, 156 guerrilla war, 313, 330 exports, 171, 176 Guillemard, Laurence, 256 Gullick, J. M, 137 factories, 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 66, 83 Federal Council of the Federated Malay Habermas, Jürgen, 150 States, 136, 167 Hadrami, 301 Federated Malay States, 40, 112 Hai San, 104, 131 administration, 120 Haiti, 8 central administration, 167 Hakka, 101, 104, 108, education, 147 117, 135, 245 population, 109 Halbwachs, Maurice, 320 Ferrier, Captain Hay, 38 Han Chin Pet Soo, 135, 161 festivals, 113, 142, 156, 157, 158, See also Han Suyin, 324, 325 Jubilee Hand, John, 257 royal, 284, 285, 286 Hare, G. T., 96, 132, 209

Index 351

Harper, T. N., 7, 224, 277 Indian Immigration Agent, 73, 201 Hathaway, H.J., 50 Indian Immigration Fund, 183, 184 headmen, 49, 77, 85, 98, 117, 119, 128, Indian Immigration Ordinance of 133, 143, 208, 213, 271 1904, 190 Heaven and Earth Society, 274 Indian Muslim Association, 152 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 142 Indian National Congress, 298, Henrietta estate, 187 302, 303 heritage, 319, 328 Indian, The, 236, 297 High Commissioner of the Federated Indians, 43, 58, See also Sikhs, Tamils Malay States, 167 emigration, 50, 214 Hindu Advisory Board, 256 labourers, 28, 92, 191, 306 Hinduism, 237 merchants, 115 Hirschman, Charles, 139 middle classes, 150, 159, 227, Ho Thean Fook, 145 228, 240 Ho Yuk Phooi, 126 urban residence, 105 Ho, Enseng, 6 indirect rule, 4, 8, 19, 111, 117, 118, 120, Hogg, Quintin, 81 156, 165, 168, 169, 253, 271, 276, Hok Tio Kheng, 275 290, 294, 296, 314, 316 Hokkien, 108, 116, 243, 274, 275, 278 influence of India, 118 Hong Kong, 37 Indo-Ceylonese Association, 243 honours, chivalric, 284, 294, 300 inequality, 173, 199, 217, 250 Horley, Rev. W. E., 146, 159, 209, 229 ethnic, 331 Horsman, Edward, 26, 29, 60, 62 information flows, 36, 224, 226 political career, 28 infrastructure, 37, 66, See also roads, Horsman, I. D., 26 bridges, railway hospitals, 38, 82, 89, 95, 103, 260 Inspector of Schools, Perak, 149 plantation, 74, 97, 193 Institute for Medical Research, 196 housing, 65, 66, 71, 96, 113, 179, intermarriage, 57, 80 180, 194 International Labour Organization, standards, 193 193, 204 Huay Kuan association, 278 investment, 34 Hunter, J.A., 262 Ipoh, 108, 135, 146, 163 hybridity, 7, 140, 242 associations, 260 public meeting in, 261 Idris Shah, Sultan of Perak, 293 unemployed workers, 251 immigrants IpohWorld, 320 Chinese, 108 Iversen, Werner Michael, 179, 194, 200 immigration, 1, 3, 11, 24, 43, 56, 184, 209, 274, 280, 301 jails, 112 Immigration Ordinance of 1876, 87, 91 James, George T., 236, 324 Immigration Ordinance of 1884, 186 Japan, 169 imperialism, 8, 9, 169, 181 invasion by, 308 Incorporated Society of Planters, 180 occupation of Malaya by, 329 indenture, 42, 45, 48, 50, 51, 56, 73, 89, 90, Java, 17 93, 98, 99, 182, 190 Javanese, 54, 71 Caribbean and South Pacific areas, 43 Europeans’ views of, 185 ending, 191 Jawi Peranakan, 57, 149, 225 Indian, 54 Jeddah, 54 international regulation of, 56, 87 Jennings, Jack, 251 opposition to, 191 Johore, 168, 213 India, 50, 118 joint stock companies, 207 government of, 186, 187 Jubilee of 1887, 156 Indian and Ceylonese Ladies Club, 244 Jubilee of 1897, 157, 292 Indian Association, 152, 237 Jubilee of 1936, 284 Indian Immigration Act of 1883, 45 jubilee organizers, 287

352 Index

justice of the peace, 38, 51, 131, labour depot, 50 243, 300 labour market, 126 Labour Ordinance of 1877, 51 Kampar, 108, 158, 163, 226 labourers, 29, 42, 59, 86, 92, 143, celebrations, 284, 285, 287 See also coolies, indentured Kamunting, 129 labourers, unfree labour kang, 208, 213 budgets, 187 kangany. See foreman Chinese, 175, 183 Kapitan China, 101, 104, 116, 117, 127, complaints by, 97, 192, 201 131, 152 contract violations, 63, 64 Kapitan Kling Mosque, 244, 318 ethnicities, 184 Kassim Ali Monsoor, 296 Indian, 75, 97 Kaum Muda, 233 mobilization, 306 Kedah, 107, 115, 131, 167 numbers, 88, 184, 185 Kelab Truna (Youth Club), 245 plantation, 57, 72, 73, 90 Kelantan, 168 response to work regimes, 200 kerajaan, 291 urban, 125 Khal Torabully, 326 wages and living costs, 47 Khaliafat-i-Usmania, 302 welfare, 193 Khalifat movement, 301 Labour Code of 1912, 192 Khan, Rahman, 73 Labour Code of 1923, 186 Khaw Boo Aun, 24, 32, 100, 127, Labour Commission of 1890, 47, 128, 131 48, 52, 55, 56, 58, 71, 77, Khaw Loh Hup, 24 94, 98 Khoo Kongsi, 152 Labour Department, 192, 193, 202 Khoo Salma Nasution, 143 Labour Research Department, 176 Khoo Tiang Poh, 318 Lamb, J., 52, 56, 69 Kidd, Major G. M, 251 land King Edward VII School, 116 policies and rights, 40, 41 King George V, 284 purchases, 206 King George VI, 285 language domains, 220 Kinta Gymkhana Club, 153 Lat Pau, 223 Kinta valley, 105, 125 law Klang, 106, 298 labour codes, 90, 190, 193, 196 Klang District Indian Union, 307 municipal, 123, 264 Klings, 58, 59, 82, 83, See also Tamil law courts, 103, 191 knowledge, 35 Law Siak Hong, xii Koh Lay Huan, 116 League against Imperialism, 304 Koh Seang Tatt, 77 League of Nations, 169, 204 kongsi, 77, 86 Lee Soon Ho, 287 Kratoska, Paul, 309 Legislative Council of the Straits Kuala Kangsar, 109, 110 Settlements, 57, 235, 256 celebrations, 294 Leith, Sir George, 37 Kuala Kangsar Plantation Group, 181 Lembaga Melayu, 225 Kuala Lumpur, 101, 124, 133, 216 Leong Fee, 135, 145, 160 housing, 253 Leuring, Dr H. L. E., 209 rallies, 297 Levine, Philippa, 132, 260 Kuala Lumpur Indian Association, liberalism, 56, 161, 232, 233, 244 243, 250 Kualah Trengganu, 115 library, 115 Kuomintang, 299, 300 Light, Francis, 1, 21, 116, 130 Kwok Soo Kha, 126 Lim Boon Keng, Dr, 162, 234, 235, 299, 300, 301 labour brokers, 54 Lim Seng Hooi, 224 labour contracts, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 98 Lim, Katherine, 115

Index 353

Lima Belas estate, 179, 196, Malayan Indian Congress, 313 198, 200 Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army, 309 Ling Ching Mi, 209 Malayan Union, 313, 317 literacy, 148, 149, 231 Malays, 11 English language, 227, 228 and Japanese, 313 rates, 227 ceremonies, 292 statistics, 221 deﬁnition, 290, 291 urban, 222 European views of, 23, 58, 185 Liu A Sao, 329 occupations, 106, 149 loans, 127 traditions, 292 local government. See administration, local Malaysia, 314 Local Government Act of 1894, 122 colonial heritage, 316 Lockard, Craig, 117 Malaysian Chinese Association, 317 Locke, John, 43 managers, 41, 55, 175, 217, 310 lodging houses, 49 and violence, 56, 96, 198, 201 Loh Piang Wong, 323 assistant, 53, 59, 188 London Missionary Society, 141 budgets, 180 Long Ja’afar, 104 housing, 66, 194 Lornie, James, 248 salaries, 179 Lotus Club, 244 social life, 68, 69 Low, Sir Hugh, 118 treatment of workers, 89, 90, 92, 197 Low, James, 22, 23, 24, 102 use of law courts, 92 Low, Thomson, 93 Mandailings, 101, 104, 113, 121 Lowe, Bishop Titus, 229 Manderson, Lenore, 124 loyalism, 234, 237, 250, 286, 290, markets, 113, 115 299, 314 and consumption, 238 commodity, 37, 178 Macaulay, Thomas B., 229 Markham, Sir Clements, 174 MacDonald, Sir Claude, 283 marriage, 45, 79 MacDougall, J., 91, 93 master and servant laws, 63 Madras, 44, 50 Mat Salleh, 316 madrasas, 149 Matieu, C., 185 magistrate, 62 Mauritius, 44, 73, 94 Maharaja Lela, 316 McKeown, Adam, 43 Majlis, 223, 232 Melaka, 2, 3, 21, 22, 37, 40, 70, 122 Makepeace, William, 225 dutch control of, 22 Malakoff Estate, 96 memory, 13, 320, 323, 324 malaria, 85, 195, 196 Methodist Episcopal Mission, 145 Malaria Action Board, 196 Methodists, 146, 209 Malay Administrative Service, 257 middle classes, 39, 70, 138, 142, 144, 148, Malay language, 57, 76, 148, 220, 225, 150, 161, 164, 204, 206, 208, 213, 234, 290 231, 236, 237, 240, 311, 314 Malay Mail, 164 midwives, 80, 184 Malaya military forces, 19 plans for uniﬁcation, 168 Mill, John Stuart, 9 Malaya Tribune, 226 Milner, Anthony C., 226 Malayan Chinese Association, 313 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 302 Malayan Civil Service, 57, 168, 181, missionaries, 208, 220 252, 256 modernity, 231, 232, 236, 237, 240, 243, Malayan Communist Party, 305, 306, 309 250, 292, 311 membership, 307 Mohamed Eunos bin Abdullah, 225 Malayan Communist Youth, 305 Mohamed Eusoff bin Mohd. Eusoff, 249 Malayan General Labour Union, 305, Mohamed Ibrahim, 106 307, 308 Mohamed Taib bin Mohamed, 320 Malayan Indian Association, 307 Mohamed Zain bin Ramjan, 330

354 Index

Mohammedan Advisory Board, 256 North Kinta Sanitary Board, 123 Mohd. Eunos bin Abdullah, 232 nostalgia, 321, 322, 323 Morel, E.D., 182 Nova Scotia estate, 66 Morrison, Arthur, 12, 52, 90 mortality, 75, 80, 184, 195, 196 O’Sullivan, A. W., 119 infant, 80 Old House Museum, Taiping, 319 mosques, 113, 116, 143 open societies, 129, 134 Metcalf, Thomas, 6 opium, 39, 129, 131, 161, Muar, 112 162, 163, 327 Muhammad Abduh, 233, 303 smuggling, 274 Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siqqidi, 302 oral history, 13, 14, 322 Muhammed Iqbal, 302 Ord, Sir Harry, 79, 95 multi-cultural society, 1, 6 ornamentalism, 155 Muniammah, 202, 330 Orwell, George, 151 Municipal Commission, Singapore, 256, Ottoman empire, 296, 301 258, 259 overseers, 71, 96, 97, 98, See also foremen Municipal Corporations Act of 1882, 122 municipal government, 120, 122, Padmore, George, 304 125, 253 Pahang War, 20 Münzenberg, Willi, 304 Pamdasa, P. C., 243 Murray, Captain P. J., 291 Panevelu, Natesan, 206 Musa, Mahani, 273 Pangkor Treaty of 1874, 18, 118, 315 Muslim Club, 152 Pan-Islam, 302 Mydeen Kutty Mydeen, 200 Papan, 104, 112, 113, 121, 123, 151 Parit Buntar, 115 National Association for the Advancement parks, 116 of Coloured People, 304 Parmer, Norman, 188 National Museum, 315 Pasir Salak History Complex, 316 nationalism, 160, 204, 237, 277 Pasley, Duncan, 62 Chinese, 295, 299 pass, labour, 93, 94 Indian, 297, 298, 302 passports, 282, 283 Malay, 249, 316 paternalism, 56, 65, 195, 197, 217 Punjabi, 295 Peace on Land and Water Society, 273 nationality, 138 Peel, Sir William, 248 Chinese, 281 penal sanctions, 89, 90, 99, 190, 192, 202 laws, 280 Penang, 1, 10, 21, 37, 76, 143, See also Negapatam, 46, 48, 50, 54 George Town Negeri Sembilan, 110, 117, 306 attack by Japan, 308 estates, 64 municipal government, 120 mortality, 75 Penang Chinese Advisory Board, 128 population, 292 Penang Chinese Cycling Club, 163 secret societies, 273 Penang Free School, 70, 146 strikes, 307 Penang Mutual Improvement urbanization, 107 Association, 163 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 298, 304 Penang Rubber Estates, 178, 179, 329 Netherlands Indies, 54 Penang Sugar Estates, 12, 34, 41, 74, 80, nationalism in, 304 81, 89, 93, 144, 175, 331 New Straits Times, 262 Board of Directors, 68 Newbold, Thomas John, 23 incorporation, 34 newspapers, 83, 160, 162, 223, 226, 295, liquidation, 178 299, 305, 309 management, 52 Nibong Tebal, 31, 60, 61, 102, 109, managers, 81, 207 127, 324 mortality, 75 Nicholas, Augustin Francis, 70, 100 shift to rubber, 177, 185 Nora, Pierre, 320 strikes, 90

Index 355

workers, 54, 72 Planter, The, 197 penghulu, 121 planters, 25, 41, 63, 93, 96, 97, 98 Perak, 18, 23, 60, 94, 105, 108, 112, 118 associations, 186 ceremonies, 284, 293 links to government, 57, 93, 181 clubs, 162 views of indenture, 90, 93 colonial administration, 251, 253 views of workers, 43, 52, 197 crime, 265 Planters’ Association of Malaya, 197 festivals, 157 pluralism public meetings, 261 linguistic, 221 resistance to colonial rule, 316 police, 38, 89, 103, 111, 112, 129, 132, schools, 145, 227 203, 252, 266, 267, 275, 276, 327 secret societies, 274 citations, 265 sports, 153 ethnicity, 263 State Council, 136 numbers, 263 town populations, 109 raids by, 274 Perak Chinese Maternity Association, 260 stations, 112 Perak Club, 150 surveillance, 267 Perak Health Officer, 194 uneven enforcement of laws, 270 Perak Heritage Society, 320 weakness, 276 Perak Miners Hall, 162 population, 43, 52, 78, 103, 105, Perak Oral History Project, 13, 320 107, 184 Perak Pioneer, 83, 124, 161, 197, 224 ethnic groups, 106 Perak State Council, 117, 128, 261 sex ratios, 125 Perceval, General A.E., 309 Portuguese, 2, 55 Perera, W. E., 244 post offices, 37, 110 Perlis, 168 poverty, 46, 200, 216, 240, 307, 310 Pickering, William, 272 Powell, J., 132 Pillay, Malaiperumal, 141 power, 276 Pinang Gazette, 224 Prai, 109 Pioneer Methodist Church, 211 prices, 175, 179 plantation colonialism, 47, 59, 204, agricultural, 175 206, 314 Prinsep St. Presbyterian Church, 244 plantation complex, 175, 331 print culture, 142, 149, 220, 222, 223, 226, plantations, 21, 22, 29, 65, 66, 84, 98, 237, 314 173, 176 Printing Press Ordinance of 1930, 305 and British colonization, 329 profits, 179 and government, 100 Proletarian Writers Association, 305 as heritage, 328 prostitutes, 127, 131, 268, 269, 327 authoritarian style of, 312 Protector of Chinese, 51, 65, 96, 133, 156, childhood memories of, 324 209, 226, 260, 272 Chinese, 25 appeals to, 272, 274, 306 continuity, 331 duties, 129, 131, 132, 269 discipline, 92, 188, 189 Protector of Emigrants, 45, 50 finance, 34 Protector of Immigrants, 45, 47, 96, 97 inspection, 193 Province Wellesley, 32, 46, 60, 65, 92, labour costs, 187 102, 105 labour/land ratios, 186 administration, 38, 119 links to government, 23, 37 British acquisition of, 10, 17 mortality, 80 geography, 22, 66 rubber, 175 plantations, 22, 24, 29, 95 size and output, 210, 214 public health, 75, 122, 125, 164, strikes, 307 195, 311 sugar, 29, 59, 78 Public Health Act of 1875, 122 violence, 95, 327 public opinion, 164, 237, 270 workers, 63 public space, 154, 242, 270, 317

356 Index

public sphere, 150, 226 Roman Catholics, 103, 144, 209 Anglophone, 236 Rotary, 247, 248, 260, 261 definition, 219 Rowell, T. Irvine, 56 Public Works Department, 38, 111, Rubana estate, 177 119, 316 rubber, 171, 173 acreage, 210 Qing empire, 24, 169, 235 cultivation, 174, 187 Qingming festival, 329 labour force, 210 Queen’s Scholarship, 228, 234 labour regime of, 190 land/labour ratios, 185 race, 39, 138, 280, 291 links to state, 217 categories of, 7, 57, 58, 59, 138, 184, markets, 214 199, 204, 217, 232, 289, 324 prices, 186, 187, 208 hierarchies of, 58, 129, 182, 198, 314 production, 216 historiography, 139 smallholders, 211 Raffles School, 225, 234 tapping, 188 Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, 17, 141 yields, 175, 210, 211 railways, 36, 57, 103, 107, 110 Rubber Growers’ Association, 197, 216 Thailand-Burma, 309 Rubber Restriction Committee, 181 Raja Abdullah, 315 rulers, Malay, 2, 40, 117 Raja Bilah, 121 Rajaratnam, Sangara Pillai, 284, 288 San Yi Hing Society, 274 rakyat, 291 Sanderson, Mrs. Reginald, 58 Ramanathan, Salomon, 181 sanitary boards, 122, 124, 181, 251, 253, Ramsden, John Frecheville, 34 254, 256 Ramsden, John St Maur, 202, 329, 330 inspectors, 253 Ramsden, Sir John William, 12, 29, 31, 32, Kinta, 261 33, 40, 60, 75, 178, 329 Kuala Kangsar, 181 Rangel, Louise Mary, 70 Kuala Lumpur, 259 rape, 268 Sitiawan, 257 reading rooms, 223 sanitation, 89, 121, 123, 124, 193, 195, rebellions, 19, 296 196, 252, 253, 255, 311 recruitment of labour, 44, 48, 50, 183 Saravanamuttu, Manicasothy, 236 Red and White Flag societies, 273, 275, Saudara, 232 277, 318 Sayyid Shaykh, 233 refinery. See factory schools, 146, 160 religion, 144 Anglo-Chinese, 146 religious institutions, 116, 143, 242, 286, Chinese, 145 See also churches, temples, mosques English-language, 141, 147, 227, 231 Renganathan, V., 322 secondary, 309 repertoires of rule, 7, 8 vernacular, 149, 221, 246, 299 repression, 19, 20, 273 Scott, James, 84 republicanism secret societies, 77, 152, 164, 272, 273, Chinese, 299 274, 275, See also brotherhoods, Ghee residential system of rule, 4, 18, 95, 117, Hin, Ghee Hok, Hai San 167, 291, See also indirect rule influence, 275 resistance, 19, 20, 88, 309 support, 276 workers, 202 segregation, 57, 78 revenue farms, 39, 77, 104, 130, 131, 133 Selangor, 94, 101 rickshaw pullers, 127, 266 administration, 120 Ridley, H. N., 36, 174 Selangor Asiatic Unemployment riots, 128, 263, 272, 318 Committee, 261 roads, 37, 66, 107, 110 Selangor Association Football League, 153 Robinson, Ronald, 141 Selangor Club, 150 Roff, William, 226 Selangor Indian Society, 261

Index 357

Selangor Literary and Debating St Joseph’s Institution, 206 Society, 249 St Michael’s Institution, 231 Seremban, 298 St Xavier’s Institution, 146 servants, 66 state fairs, 154 sex distribution, 78, 81 state, colonial, 63, 64, 89, 98, 103, 120, sex trade, 132, See also brothels, prostitutes 133, 140, 181, 195, 203, 311 sex, interracial, 80, 81, 82, 115, 198 Statute of Westminster, 310 Shantung Relief Fund, 278 steamboat, 35 sharecropping, 215 Stenson, Michael, 188 Shellabear, William, 199, 202 Stern, Philip, 3 Sikhs, 143, 152, 263, 275 Stevenson Scheme, 176 Sim, Katherine, 321 Stockwell, Anthony, 59, 289 Sin Ghee Hin, 275 Stoler, Ann Laura, 10, 13 Sin Poe, 224 Straits Chinese, 57, 299 Singapore, 17, 37, 122, 201 claims as British Subjects, 281 celebrations, 286 loyalism, 283 industries, 224 Straits Chinese British Association, 234, mortality rates, 253 249, 256, 282, 283 municipal government, 120, 256, 257 Straits Chinese Literary Association, Singapore Agricultural and Horticultural 151 Society, 25 Straits Chinese Magazine, 162, 234, 282 Singapore China Relief Fund, 278 Straits Chinese Recreation Club, 151 Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Straits Confucian Association, 151 Advertiser, 262 Straits Echo, 32, 224, 236 Singapore Mutiny of 1915, 296, 327 Straits Philosophical Society, 151 Singapore Overseas Chinese Volunteer Straits Rubber Company, 178 Army, 309 Straits Settlements, 39, 50, 51, 90, 111, Singapore Press, 162 132, 156 Singapore Ratepayers’ Association, 259 administration, 18, 37, 40, 63 Sino-Japanese War, 300, 305 British subjects in, 280 Sitiawan, 145, 209, 211, 253 Straits Settlements Association, 256, sanitary board, 257 258, 259 Skeat, Walter, 115 Straits Sugar Company, 177 slavery, 9, 19, 25, 43, 173, 326 Straits Times, 162, 225 debt, 95 street crime, 270 smallholders, 174, 208, 215 strikes, 91, 188, 202, 203, 306, 307 production by, 214 Students Federation of Malaya, 305 smallholdings, 210, 212, 213 Sturman, Rachel, 42 Smith, Captain John, 21 subcontracting, 85 smuggling, 177, 272 subjecthood, British, 9, 10, 155, 160, 170, sociability, 135, 149, 151, 152, 153, 250 220, 235, 250, 278, 279, 280, 281, interethnic, 218 288, 289, 311, 314 urban, 243 subjects social classes, 137 Malay, 3 Social Darwinism, 57 sugar, 24, 25, 29, 31, 65, Society for the Suppression of the Opium 84, 99, 103 Trade, 162 cultivation, 84, 85 Song Ong Siang, 151, 225, 234, 244 sugar cane, 36 Song, Helen, 243 Sultan Idris Training College, 233 sovereignty, 3, 169 sultans, 118, 168, 285, 291, 292, 314 layered, 12, 76, 100, 102, 119, 133, 165, Sun Yat Sen, 295, 299, 300 253, 271, 275, 276 Sungei Bakap, 109 sports, 153, See football, cricket Swettenham, Sir Frank, 3, 41, 76, 95, St Francis School, 243 101, 168 St George’s School for Girls, 146 Syed Abdul Hassan Burhan, 224

358 Index

Syed Ibrahim bin Omar Alsagoff, Times of Malaya, 251, 261 302 Torabully, Khal, 326 Syed Mohamed Alatas, 318 towns, 102, 129, 311, See also urbanization Syed Noordin, 284 colonial bureaucracy in, 120 economies, 106 T’ung Meng Hui, 299, 300 ethnic composition, 108 Tagliacozzo, Eric, 6 hybridity, 140, 311, 317, 319 Tagore, Rabindranath, 297 multicultural, 219, 220 Taiping, 104, 108, 112, 115, 120, 126, 154, planning, 253 218, 319 population, 107 Taiping Recreation Club, 152, 153 sociability, 142 Tambe, Ashwini, 270 streetscape, 316 Tamil Emigration Fund, 52 trade, 17 Tamil Nadu, 48, 54 trades unions, 193, 298 Tamils, 54, 58, 60, 71, 72, 73, 76, 82, 92, trafﬁc, 267 94, 98, 127, 237 transnational networks, 4, 226, 233, 235, Christian, 236 248, 250, 277, 279, 295, 297, 301, defence of community, 328 304, 311, 312 emigration, 48, 52 transportation, 110, 180 Europeans’ views of, 185, 197 Treacher Girl’s School, 116 festivals, 161 Treacher, W. H, 120 occupations, 106 Trinidad, 93 Tamils Reform Association, 261 Trocki, Carl, 117, 131, 163 Tan Chay Yan, Mrs., 288 Tsen Lung Fui Kuon, 152 Tan Cheng Lock, 258 Tswa Tsoo Seng, 128 Tan Kah Kee, 235, 278, 300 Turnbull, C. M., 258 Tan Kok Siew, 319 Turner, John, 52, 177 Tan Tock Seng, 116 Tang Juay Chai, 207 Underdown, E.M., 35 Tate, D. J.M., 83 unemployment, 214, 216, 251, 262, taxes, 18, 19, 38, 39, 40, 41, 82, 119, 130, 274, 328 131, 132, 161, 175, 216, 225, 251, Unfederated Malay States, 168 252, 257, 258, 327 unfree labour, 23, 42, 63, 90, 95, 182, 183, Teachers’ Association of Malaya, 229 189, 192, 217 technology, 35, 36, 83, 123, 237 United Malays National Organization, telegraph, 37, 110 313 Telegus, 58 United Muslim Association, 244 telephones, 36 United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc, and Teluk Anson, 66, 105, 108, 112, 323 Cultural Organization celebrations, 287, 289 (UNESCO), 317 secret societies, 274 universities, 228 temples University of Cambridge Local Daoist, 113, 116 Examinations Syndicate, 228 Georgetown, 318 urban economy, 126 Hindu, 61, 143, 328 urban networks, 107 Teo Eng Hock, 300 urbanization, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 243 Teochew, 24, 28, 58, 78, 108, 127, colonial, 314 207, 274 Utusan Melayu, 223, 225, 232 societies among, 275 Terengganu, 168 vaccination, 89 Thailand, 17, 167 vagrants, 266 theatre, 115 Van Dyke, B. F., 209 Bangsawan, 241 Vermont, J. M., 51, 56 Thomas, Sir Shenton, 168, 309 vernacular press, 224 Thunder News, 226 See also newspapers

Index 359

Victoria, Queen, 156, 157, 159, 160 Malay, 154 Vietnamese Communist Party, 304 plantation workers, 79, 86 violence, 20, 83, 99, 190, 198, 219, Tamil, 268 307, 327 Women’s and Children’s Protection anti-colonial, 327 Act, 269 flogging, 97, 98 Wong Ah Fook, 126 intra-family, 268 work opposition to, 298 ethnic divisions of, 86, 89, 188 Singapore, 296 field tasks, 187 voluntary associations. See clubs gangs, 53, 77, 85, 86, 187, 202 wages, 46, 47, 50, 54, 74, 92, 98, 179, 186, hours, 87 201, 214, 306 relations, 200 rubber, 186 workers. See labourers Warta Melaya, 223 World Chinese Student Federation, water, 66, 74, 75, 122, 123, 124, 179, 180, 249 194, 196, 253 World War I, 169, 170, 234 Watt, Carey, 261 Wray, Leonard, 25 Wei Kei societies, 275 Wu Lien Teh, Dr, 162, 249 Weld, Sir Frederick, 42, 51, 95, 97 welfare, 99 Xiamen (Amoy) University, 235 definitions, 312 legislation, 204 Yamashita, General Tomoyuki, 309 workers, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 190, 195 Yap Ah Bai, 208 Wilson, Sir Samuel, 169 Yap Ah Loy, 101, 131, 140 Winstedt, Sir Richard, 80 Yap Pheng Geck, 208, 213 women, 78, 82, 83, 113, 198, 243, 283, 287 Yeoh Poh Chuan, 70 and education, 232, 236 Yeoh Teik Swee, 70 Chinese, 287 Yeoh, Brenda, 123, 254, 270 clothing of, 240 Yi Fu, 305 emigrants, 79 Young Men’s Christian Association, emigration, 45, 78, 184 246 European, 180, 238, 287 in sex trade, 131, 132, 268 Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad (Za’ba), inter-racial sex, 81 223 labour laws for, 193 Zhen Yu Tou, 329