Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03840-0 — Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects Lynn Hollen Lees Index More Information Index Abdul Majid bin Zainuddin, 154, 289 anti-colonialism, 204, 249, 298, 301, 303, Abdul Rahman, 20 306, 313 Abdullah bin Abdul Kadi, 141 Anti-Enemy (Japanese) Backing Up Abdullah, Raja, 101 Societies, 268, 305, 308 Abdullah, Sultan of Kedah, 1, 10, Anti-Japanese Salvation Associations, 305 17, 22 Anti-Opium Movement, 161, 162, 163 Abdullah, Sultan of Perak, 18, 19 Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Abu Bakar, Sultan of Johore, 119, 208 Society, 183 Adas, Michael, 200 Anti-Slavery Society, 55 administration, local, 38, 118, See also Arokiasamy, s/o Soosai, 323 governance: municipal Arumgan, Karthigesu, 181 African National Congress, 304 Asian Estate Owners Association, 181 Agent of the Government of India, 240 associations agricultural imperialism, 189 Chinese, 329 agricultural show, 154 clan and surname, 260 agriculture, 23, 30 multi-ethnic, 151, 153, 154, 161, 163 export, 178 service, 261 industrial, 99 voluntary, 243, 260 Ahmadiyya movement, 302 Ayer Tawar estate, 201 Ainsworth, Leopold, 181, 184, 198, 199, 207 Baba Chinese. See Straits Chinese Aikin, Reverend Hamilton, 289 Badan Warisan Malaysia, 319 Alexander, J.G., 162 Bagan Serai, 109 Al-Imam, 233 Baker, Alan, 203 All Malaya Muslim Missionary Society, Balan, Moses, 322 302 Balestier, Joseph, 25 Alliance Party, 313 Ban An T’ai, 274 Alor Star, 107, 124 banishment, 305 American Methodist Episcopal Banishment Act, 164 Mission, 209 Baring and Co, 28 Amrith, Sunil, 6 Batu Gajah, 105, 141 Andaya, Barbara Watson, xii, 2 celebrations, 287 Andaya, Leonard, 290 Batu Kawan, 24, 30, 98, 102 Anderson School, 148, 230 cemeteries, 329 Anderson, Clare, 42 estate, 25, 32, 52, 56, 61, 64, Anderson, Ian, 320 71, 75, 86, 92, 93 Anderson, Sir John, 168 Begbie, P. J., 22 Anglo-Chinese Bengali Mosque, 244 definition of, 282 Bengalis, 58 Anglo-Chinese Club, 151, 154 Benton, Lauren, 4 Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 17, 22 Berkeley, Hubert, 86, 294 Antah, Raja of Sungei Ujung, 292 Bintang Timor, 151, 225 347 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03840-0 — Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects Lynn Hollen Lees Index More Information 348 Index Bintara Luar, Dato, 225 Burgess, Anthony, 325 Birch, J. W. W., 19, 316, 327 burial grounds, 113 Bird, Isabella, 110, 129 Burke, Peter, 321 Bissell, William, 323 Burton, Antoinette, 4 Bose, Sugata, 6, 298 Butcher, John, 150 Bosma, Ulbe, 139 Butterworth, 109, 119 botanic gardens, 174 Byram estate, 71, 86, 88, 207 Boustead & Co, 178 Boy Scouts, 229, 243, 246, 322 Cairo, 233 boycotts, 299 Calcutta, 37, 46 Braddell, Roland St John, 321 Caldecott, Andrew, 251 Bremen, Jan, 189 Caledonia estate, 29, 30, 35, 70, 71, 80, 88, bridges, 37 91, 92, 177, 179, 330 Britain, 29, 32 Cannadine, David, 155 attitudes to race, 138 Cantonese, 274, 275 civil society, 163, 260 capital, 34 government, 10, 121, 162 capitalism, colonial, 178 political protests, 162, 268 Cardosa, Elizabeth, 319 political rights, 9 Carter, Marina, 44 social organization, 156 Casement, Roger, 182 British Broadcasting Corporation, 238 censorship, 224 British Commonwealth of Nations, census, 58, 102, 106, 107, 138, 148, 310, 314 210, 221 British Empire, 4, 16, 310, 311, 314 procedures, 227 ideology of, 155 Central Indian Association of Malaya, 307 opinion of, 322 centralization, 313 British Malaya, 11, 61, 167 ceremonies, royal, 291, 293, 294 censuses, 106, 107 Ceylon Association, 152 civil society, 140, 261 Ceylon National Congress, 303 government, 2, 193, 203, 262 Chahaya Pulao Penang, 224 languages, 220 Chamber of Commerce literacy, 221, 222, 227 Chettiar, 307 opium revenues, 131 Chinese, 245, 256 political loyalties, 278, 284 Singapore, 256 social organization, 139, 213, 231 Chamberlain, Joseph, 283 towns, 89, 108, 242 Chan Kang Swi, 243 violence, 327 Chen So Lan, 162 wealth, 171 Cheong Hoon Teng Temple, 243 British Nationality Act of 1948, 279 chettiars, 143, 215, 240, 286 British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act Chew Joo Leong, 329 of 1914, 279 Chia Ying Association, 245 British North Borneo Company, 4 Chiang Kai Shek, 299 British Protected Persons, 281 children, 80 British subjects, 279, 280, 283, 323 Chin Teik Boon, 207 Britishness, 285 Chinese, 24, 60, 101, 103, 130, 161, performative, 287 See also Teochew, Hakka, Hokkien brothels, 113, 129, 132, 133, 268, 269, 327 cemeteries, 328 brotherhoods, 77, 104, 117, 126, 128, 129, Europeans’ views of, 185 131, 314, See also Ghee Hin, Ghee immigration, 103, 104 Hok, Hai San, secret societies labourers, 28, 43, 49, 54, 76, 85 Triads, 271, 272, 275, 276 languages, 220 budgets, 111 occupations, 58, 69, 104, 106 Bukit Mertajam, 60, 102, 103, 109 planters, 98, 215 bungalows, 66, 68, See also housing revenue farmers, 39 bureaucracy, 119, 120 Straits, 234, 235, 240 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03840-0 — Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects Lynn Hollen Lees Index More Information Index 349 Chinese Advisory Board, 256, 278 Contagious Diseases Acts, 132, 268 Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 282 contract labourers, 28, 46, 47, 50, 51, 65, Chinese Christian Association, 225, 74, 98, 183, 200, 310, See also coolies, 234 indenture, unfree labour Chivatean, 62 contract, breach of, 62, 92 cholera, 75, 76, 89, 121, 195 Controller of Labour, 186, 214 Chopard, Joseph, 206 Convent Light Street, 146 Chuah Guat Eng, 325 Convent School, Ipoh, 229 Chulias, 143 convicts, 22 Chung Hwa School, 135 coolies, 46, 55, 58, 76, 91, 197, See also Chung Keng Kwee, 104, 117, 131, 152 contract labourers, labourers, Chung Shan Association, 245 indenture unfree labour Chung Thye Phin, 160 treatment, 93, 98, 199 churches, 116, 144 views of, 198 Churchill, Winston, 308 Cosmopolitan Club, 244 cinema, 238 cosmopolitanism, 16, 149, 219, 248, citizenship, 161, 261, 313 312, 324 Australian and Canadian, 10 and empire, 279, 310, 323 British, 279 and middle classes, 231, 314 Chinese, 235, 281 definition, 140 civil service, 118, 120 in Tagore’s thought, 298 civil society, 140, 142, 165, 250, 261, multi-ethnic, 11 277, 300 urban, 7, 154, 243 definition, 219 Cowan, William, 65, 209 multi-ethnic, 109, 152, 155, 219, 314 credit-ticket system, 49 role of clubs, 150, 260 crime, 262, 264, 265 urban, 137, 161, 164, 242, 311, 312 gambling, 267 women in, 243 petty, 265, 266 civil war, 291 rates, 262 Clarke, Sir Andrew, 18, 96, 101, 315 street, 270 Clementi, Sir Cecil, 168 theft, 265 Clifford, Hugh, 168, 248, 289 culture clothing, 72, 85, 180, 238, 240, commercial, 218, 219, 236, 242 291, 292 consumer, 240 clubs, 116, 135, 150, 158, 160, 242 plantation, 66 Dalley, John, 276 urban, 153, 161, 181 Davidson, J. W., 248 Cohn, Bernard, 10 Davies, Mrs. E. V., 244 Colonial Office, 18, 37, 50, 89, 96, 122, death rates. See mortality 176, 259, 281 debt, 46, 47, 48, 86, 127, 184, 215 colonialism, 2, 47, 100, 310, 312, 326 state, 167 and coercion, 327 debt bondage, 132, 269, 291 and English language, 231 Demerara, 52 definition, 8, 42 demonstrations, 267 in Malaya, 134 depression, 176, 182, 251 memories of, 331 desertion, 47, 88, 90, 92, 192, 200, 327 plantation, 84, 95, 99, 190 Diamond Jubilee. See festivals, Jubilee colonization, 11 diaspora Comber, Leon F., 325 Hadrami, 301 Confucian Revival Movement, 249 diet, 74 Congo Reform Association, 182 direct rule, 4, 8 Congress of Indian Associations of discipline, 57, 89, 197, 198, 311, 327 Malaya, 246 diseases, 75, 96, 132, 195, See also cholera, consumer culture, 238 malaria consumption, 39, 113, 180, 211 venereal, 269 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03840-0 — Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects Lynn Hollen Lees Index More Information 350 Index dispensaries, 196 Fiji, 46 divide and rule, 139, See also sovereignty, fines, 91, 92 layered Foo Choo Choon, 145, 209, 210 Dobby, E. H, 113 Foochow, 145, 209, 211, 212, 213 doctors, 74, 96, 162 football, 153, 154, 290 Donadieu, Joseph, 26 Foreign Office, 281, 282, 283 Duncan, Chesney, 224 foremen, 72, 76, 77, 87, 88, 92, 175 Duncan, William, 52, 177, 217 Foucault, Michel, 124 Dutch, 2 Free Press, 225 Freemasonry, 153, 260, 273 East India Company, Dutch, 21 Furnivall, John, 6, 139 East India Company, English, 1, 3, 10, 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 37, 40, 122, 144, gambling, 39, 129, 267, 272 244, 315 Ganapathipillay, Nagamuthu, 181 economic development, 42, 102, 105, 130, Gandhi, Mohandas, 302, 303 140, 167, 174 gender, 57, 78 education, 149, 211, See also schools Genuine Islam, 302 English language, 146, 147, 229, George Town, 122, 317, See also Penang 230, 234 streetscape, 318 secondary, 145, 228, 230 Ghadar, 295 Edward VII, 29, 294 Ghee Hin, 104, 128, 272 Ellerton Club, 154 Ghee Hok, 128, 273 Embi Bin Hashim, 330 Ghosh, Amitav, 325 Emergency, 313 Girl’s Friendly Band, 244 emigration, 43, 48, 50, 52, 214, 216 Gladwell, Malcolm, 31 Chinese, 76 globalization, 6, 295 Hadrami, 301 Gopalan, P.V., 289 Indian, 95 Gopeng, 104 sex ratios, 184 governance, 16, 39, 89, 119, 202 Emigration Act of 1877, 45 colonial, 19, 37, 38, 95, 100, 118, 120, empire, 23 125, 131, 312 Empire Day, 229, 287, 322 imperial, 65, 118, 295 English language, 316, See also education: municipal, 120, 121, 250, 251, 254, English language 256, 271 equality, 160, 288, 311 styles, 56, 213 rhetoric of, 314 Governor of the Straits Settlements, 42, 51, social, 288, 289 79, 93, 95, 96, 97, 117, 128, 167, Eurasian Association, 152, 256 283, 309 Eurasians, 69, 70 Grey, Sir Edward, 281 Evans, William, 51, 156 guerrilla war, 313, 330 exports, 171, 176 Guillemard, Laurence, 256 Gullick, J. M, 137 factories, 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 66, 83 Federal Council of the Federated Malay Habermas, Jürgen, 150 States, 136, 167 Hadrami, 301 Federated Malay States, 40, 112 Hai San, 104, 131 administration, 120 Haiti, 8 central administration, 167 Hakka, 101, 104, 108, education, 147 117, 135, 245 population, 109 Halbwachs, Maurice, 320 Ferrier, Captain Hay, 38 Han Chin Pet Soo, 135, 161 festivals, 113, 142, 156, 157, 158, See also Han Suyin, 324, 325 Jubilee Hand, John, 257 royal, 284, 285, 286 Hare, G.