2 44 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 19058 TH Y F . O SMA ,

XI. E REPORSOCIETY'TH N O T S EXCAVATIO F ROUGO N H CASTLN O E ANTONINE TH E MUNGY B , O BUCHANAN, C.M.S.A. SCOT; . INTRODUCTORY HISTOK DAVIE D Y YB D CHRISTISON ; DESCKIPTIO E TH F XO REUCS BY DB JOSEPH ANDERSON. (PLATES I., II.)

I. HISTORY. As the funds of the Society had been considerably encroached upon in defraying the expenses of excavating Roman sites for a period of eight years, the Council instituted in 1902 a subscription among the Fellows e purposd otherth an r f continuinfo seo g that lin f investigationeo d an , ample funds were thus obtained for the excavation of Rough , leavin gconsiderabla e balanc r favourou n ei . Leave having been freely grante r ForbeM y f Callandedb o s e th d ran Ver . RussellC y . J Rev r , D . proprietor e groundth f o worse th , k began earl continueds Marchyn i wa d without an , no , t some interruption frod mba weather, till October 1903. Several members of the Council kept up a general superintendence, Mr Thomas Ross's great experience being again available in directing the work. Mr Mungo Buchanan once more gave his valuable services in taking the plans, devoting every moment he could spare from his own business to a careful study of the complex structures that were revealed; and Mr Alex. Mackie, who had served us already so wel s Clera l f Worko k n foui s r excavation f Romao s n- re sites s wa , appointed on this occasion.

Position Roughof Castle. According to Robert Stuart's chart in Caledonia Rornana, Rough e thirteentCastlth s e Valluewa th line hf th o em for n o countint g from the west, and the seventh counting from the east. Evident remains of nine forts are still to be seen to the west, but nothing exists above ground of the six to the east. Castlecary, the nearest fort on the Vallum, lies 3£ miles westward of Rough Castle ; the station at Camelon, EXCAVATIO ROUGF NO H ANTONINE CASTLTH N O E E VALLUM3 44 .

situated 1100 yards in front of the Vallum, is 1| miles to the north-east; and the town of Falkirk lies 2J miles to the east. The fort, consisting of a main work and an annex (fig. 1), stands on a rough boggy bit of moorland, overgrown with trees, near the west end of extensivn a e stri woof po d that stretches nearl milya e eastward towards Falkirk site groun e Th soute itself th .east th d d o hnearls an dt i an , , y level, but northward there is a gentle descent to the bottom of the valley, and to the west a rather steep declivity, about 40 feet in height, falls on the Eowantree Burn. This slope was strongly fortified down to the burn, no doubt to command a water supply, "which was very necessary, as there was apparently no well "within the fort. The north front, e formeAntoninth y b d e Vallum s verwa ,y e othestrongth d r threan , e maie e annexsideth th nf f s o o work , ease d wer wels th en a ,t s ea l also strongly fortified; but the south front of the annex was less protected by art, probably becaus e marshth e y groun n fronti d a considerabl, e obstacle in the present day, was still more of an obstruction formerly. Although a stone bottoming, similar to that of the of the Vallum, extended roun e rampar th e dmai th f no t fort also, thers wa e o tracn f stono e e revetments e forth t d mus an ,e classen b a t s a d earthwork, notwithstanding the statement by some of the early observers f stoneo s tha.wa t i t Former Notices.

The early notices of Rough Castle are brief, and contradictory. The earliest is in an anonymous letter describing an excursion to the west of Edinburgh in 1697 (Historical MSS. Com. XIII., App. ii., 57). " Abou mileo tw t s fro Maidee mth n Castl a larg s i ee square worf o k stone with a double about it. The common people hereabouts call t Castlei Ruff. e ruinth Herf severao e s ar e l stone buildings. About e middle squar th th n overtura f s eo ei e thro which shepherd boys creep into a Vault underground." Thu e versth y earliest informant call wora t si f stone ko mentiond an , s a vault, of which, however, we could find no sign. PLAN, or THE ROMAN TORT ON TMC ANTONINC VALLUM.

AT ROUGHCASTLE, STIRLINGSHIRE . 1904.

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PRO nut or THI SURFACE., TMMOUGH rut MILITARY WAY* 6CALt. Mvnyo JSuehttnan t D*t. r,,, ,y., i t , r • r*r » r- fit L HI UK. EXCAVATIO KOUGF NO H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO B VALLUM5 44 .

r JohSi n Sibbald (Historical Inquiries, ) merel170730 . p y, says: " At the Rowen Tree Burn Head is a great Fort." Alexander Gordon (Itinerarium Septentrionale , plat59 1726 . ep , xxv.) state e eass th that n o bant f Koundtreo k e Burn "are th e distinct vestiges of a vast Roman Fort upon the , called Rough Castle, which for intireness and magnificence exceeds any that are to be whole th see n eno Trac ko sea t fro a . mse Her I espen t several hours, taking minutely its dimensions, and an eye Draught of it on the spot, as indeed I did of all the others. One circumstance is very remarkable;

Tig. 2. Reduced Plan of Rough Castle by Alexander Gordon, published 1726.

namely, thae samth t e Freestone Wall, already mentione t Grimes-(a d dyke, a short distance westward), seems by its foundation here to have surrounded the whole . I also remarked that the great Ditch of Grimes Dyke is part of its Fortification northwards " Gordon' s planhi f Romal so s al e bespla th f o tnr fa (fig y b . '2)s i forts, but it does not show the freestone wall he speaks of as surround- ing the fort. Something like it is represented at the annex, but as it is outside the trenches, and precisely in the position of the " paved road " r Buchanaii'iM n s s i probablplan e t identifiei b , o t y d with that. Gordon places the ramparts of the main fort between the two trenches 446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

instead of in their rear, and there are other errors in the details e fortificationoth f e musH .t also have made some mistake wits hi h t scalei woul s a , d requir a pace e abov fee6 en lengti t brino t hs hi g measurements nea truthe th r . It is singular also that he represents a well-defined " Praetorium," divided into compartments e centrannexe th th n f i e,o , wher e founw e d no corresponding building, and he shows no building in the main fort, where we found extensive remains. Horsley (Britannia Romana, 1732 . 173p , ) describe descene th s n o t "e wesEe th oth o wit t n tree-burt we ngroun e gentlew s "th a no d s da an ,

Fig . Pla3 . Rougf no h Castl Williay eb m Horsley, published 1732.

and the fort overgrown with heath. He also says that " No ruins are visible either withi r withouo n e rampartsth t , whic lowee ar h r thaI n should have expected from Mr Gordon's account, but I have endeavoured to give the best notice of the and contrivances in the draught." Horsley's plan (fig. 3) is very small and wants a scale. In a general way it is tolerably good, and represents the ramparts and trenches more correctly than Gordon's. Although Horsley says that no ruins were visible, his plan shows in the annex a rectangular enclosed space with an approach from the south, much as Gordon shows his " Prsetorium," but nearer the east side, and with its greatest length from north to south instea frof do m eas westo t . Horsley also give e presumesb whay ma t d EXCAVATIO ROUGF O N H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM7 44 . e paveth e todb road outside t makebu , t i taks a ewid e sweep beyond the trenches, whic certainls hi errorn ya . Maitland (The History and Antiquities of Scotland, i. 173) briefly and inadequately describes Bough Castle as "a strong fort about 90 paces square, inclosed wit a doublh e rampar d ditcan t h with obtuse angles." Eoy (The Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, p. 161, pi. xxxv.), whose survey was made in 1755, calls Rough

Fig . Reduce4 . d Pla f Rougno h Castl Generay eb l Roy, 1755.

Castl lase r easternmosteth o t forte existingw th no sf o d state an , s that t "consisti divisionso tw f so , whereo e principath f l seem o havt s e been that towards the west, as it is surrounded with a triple envelope. The easter probabls nwa n additioya r lodginnfo a greateg r bod f troopso y , when on some particular emergency the Wall was repaired, and within it some foundations may be seen." His plan (fig. 4) seems to show a "triple envelope f rampartso " , separate trencheo e maitw th y nb dn i s fort. Faint indication alse ar so e showadditionath f o n l , which were fully opened up by us afterwards, on the descent to the burn. The weak defence of a single trench on the south side of the 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

annex, and its strong eastern flank, protected by three trenches defining and separating two wide platforms, are depicted much as we found them, dimensione th d an s give wonderfulle nar y accurate, considering that they were e unexcavatetaketh n no de vagu siteTh .e remains e showth n i n interior of the annex cannot well be identified with what we uncovered, maie aree th nf th a o ford s blanki an t . e EevTh . William Nimmo (History f Stirlingshire,o 1777) says8 . p , " Rough Castle, thoug l overgrowhal n with heath, from whenc t ei prob - ably drive s presenit s , whicit te pla nameth f s o nsquarei ht ye , s i , quite distinct t nothinBu . g remarkabl seee b no t amongs s ei ruine th t s of the station; it hath been surrounded with a double ditch and rampart. Gordor M n observe foundatione dth f a o sfreeston e wall t t therno bu , s ei at present any appearance of stonework about it, except in the middle, wher Preetoriue eth m stood e stoneth , s having been carrieo built f dof houses in the neighbourhood." The Old Statistical Account of Scotland, 1797, only mentions Rough Castle, along with Castlecary and Camelon, as " the most remarkable forts or stations in the neighbourhood," and states that the sites of the two forme seene stile b ar o rt l. otheOe n th Statisticalw r handNe e th , Account, 1845, make extrae sth - ordinary statement that " no vestige of Rough Castle can be discovered; s situatioit d an s nonli y marke a sligh y b d t elevatio e ground.th f o n " Robert Stuart (Caledonia Romana, 1852, p. 354) describes the mounde dilapidateth f o s d rampart s stila s l quite distinct t "sbu o, densely covered with young treed brushwooan s d s i wittha t hi t considerable difficult e genera th pary f an y o tdistinguished e lb pla n nca . It appears to have consisted originally of two compartments." No vestigee traceth f f masonro e o ss eas th t n i yenclosur e seey b n Gordon, or of the Prsetorium mentioned by Nimmo, could be seen by Stuart. " Thre r fouo e r hundred yard n 1843i s s , soutit wa ,f o h ploughed up an altar, now in Mr John Buchanan's collection, pi. xv. 5.'' The Ordnance plan (fig. 5), taken by Lt.-Col. O. E. Ruck, R.E., publishe n i 1897d , surpasses s alpredecessorsit l s valuabli d an s , a e EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 449 showing how near a careful surface-plan of the fortifications of a Koman y comfor ma o what e e maith t ne prov b fact n o excavationt eo s . e rampartsth Ther f s o i hardle e , on ytrenches , etc., subsequently revealed, which is not indicated in the plan. The interior is blank, as we found it to be on the surface. The Report, Glasgow Arclixological Society, 1899. In course extensive th th f eo e investigatio Committea y nb Glasgoe th f eo w Archaeological Society from 189 e pla1893d o 0structurt th an nf o , f o e Vallume th , three sections were made through e rampartth , f Bougo s h

'" « » ™ <°° im WO f°° 6t>« 700 800 900 '000 F' Fig. 5. Ordnance Plan, by Lieut.-Col. 0. E. Rack, E.E. e Vallumth n Castlei o ,s northerit whictw ,s wa h n e defenceon d an , througramparn wese ow th s to ht it t(pp . 115-119 Platd an , e V.). These excavations wer e firseth t ever mad t Rougea s ha Castler fa s a , knowns i contributed an , d greatl e confirmatioth o yt e eespititiousth f no character of the rampart of the Vallum and to our knowledge of its precise structure. The excavation of Rough Castle itself did not fall within the scope of the inquiry, bat the Committee drew attention to the importance of a full investigation, such as so soon afterwards it was the privilege of our Society to carry out, the results of which will now be describe r BuchananM y db . VOL. xxxix. 29 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

II. REPORT ON THE EXCAVATION. By MUNGO BUCHANAN, C.M.S.A. Scot.

In the plan of Hough Castle there is a great resemblance to that of e neighbourinth e westgth forn . o t Like Castlecary s buili n t o i ,t the east bank of a stream, on elevated ground and close to it. It is likewise extended on the east by an annex of similar form. Its northern defence is the Antonine Vallum, and along the south front there lies a wide stretch of marshy ground. Here, however, comparison e stron•endsth r gfo , stone-built wall f Castlecaro s t repeateno e yt ar a d Bough Castle, and, whereas the fortifications of the, former are almost •entirely obliterated, the latter still retains its earthworks in splendid preservation. Buria n ai l coppice e remain n th ancien,a f o s t forest, and the cover afforded nearly everywhere by a luxuriant undergrowth, may partly account for the preservation of these works, but the main cause has been the great care bestowed upon their construction. o avoiT d confusion, onl e position th ye principa th f o s l excavations showe e plaar th nn no (fig . 1). These, with many more exploratory cuttings, were excavated through e varyinth g strat f forceo a d soil , e originadowth o t n l natural surface, and carefully examined and noted during the process.

GENERAL DESCRIPTIO E FORTIFICATIONSTH F O N . maie Th n for squars i t n planei , havin e Antoninth g e rampars it s a t othee th base d r threan , e sides defende trenchesramparo a y tw db d an t, rounded at the corners where the east and west sides join the south. e interioTh r dimension fee3 22 t e eacar s h way, measuring between innee th r margin e stonth f eso foundation e rampartsth f o s , givinn a g area of nearly ly- acres. By the extension of the earthen ramparts to interiore th , this are reduces ai littlo dt e ove acren a r . Each rampart is pierced by a gateway on a level with the surface of the interior. The east and west gates are in line with the military way EXCAVATIO ROUGF NO H CASTLE E ANTONINONTH " E VALLUM1 45 .

which crosses the fort, dividing it into two unequal parts, the part on the south being nearly twice as large as that on the north. The north soutd an h gates, also e directlar , y opposite eac he place ar other d d an , ease morth t o thaet true nth e centrrampartse th f eo . ease Ofore n th s th tsupplementei t n annexa y b d , which differs con- siderably from it in construction. It is nearly a square of 250 feet within the defences, but the south side is inclined slightly inward, with bola d rounded cornesouth-easte th n o r , reducin widte gth t thiha s part abouo t feet0 23 t. Includin gportioa e trenche nth e for s f omittedth wheri to f e o s eon , the area is about 1| acres. It has evidently been surrounded by a rampartl levelledn accompanyinal a w d no an , , g trench. Towarde th s east the latter branches into three widely separated trenches, the inter- vening spaces being formed into large platforms.

. I DEFENCE THF O SE MAIN FOBT. A. THE ANTONINE RAMPART. The Antonine rampart and trench (figs. 1 and 6) form the north defence of the fort and annex. The rampart appears to have been purposely enlarged, withi e compase th nfortificationsth f o s y additionb , - ex s ternall internallyd yan e foundatioTh . f stoneo n s feei 5 (fig 1 ) , t7 . wide, bordered with squared kerbstones averagin 5 inche1 g 2 s1 lon y b g broad and 9 deep, placed close together and firmly bedded. The superstructure in all the cuttings showed the stratified nature of s formatioit n very distinctly,—the apparent additio n widti n h being indicated by the presence of laminse beyond the stone foundation, gener- ally in continuation of the inner layerings, but occasionally separated from them alwayd an , s tapering downwar e outeth n rdo edge (fig. 6) . About 200 feet of the inner kerb of rampart was uncovered at the east end, and exposed in that length 4 culverts passing through it. The channels of the culverts are 1 foot square, and are constructed of large boulders abou foot1 2 feety ,b t placed close e togetherth n O . margins they resabour fo t fee3 n flat o tt stone e bottomingth r fo d an ,

454 PEOCBEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MA , 8 1905Y .

remainde f theio r r e naturalengtth n o hl surface. The e coverear y d with large natural stones, averaging 30 inches long, 15 hroad, and 8 deep (fig. 8). fosse Th rampare efronn th i (fig fee0 f ) t les4 o 6 tt. s no i st wid d an e tha fee4 n1 t deep, s ariheeha d n strengthened alon e marginth g s with

Fig . Culver8 . t passing under Rampart.

stones bere Th m. nex e for ahous th ti t 7 fee2 t t wide, measurino t p u g e stonth e foundatione ramparth s a t extendbu ; s beyon foundae dth - tion, the width is reduced to about 20 feet. The glacis is all forced soil, from 3 to 4 feet deep, averaging about 75 feet in breadth, nearly flat on the surface, with a quick taper downward e northoth n . Alon e fosse th edg th gf e o e large stone e placedar s , EXCAVATION OP ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 455

occasionally appearin e sectioth n heapsi gn i n s (Plata , e I.). These l naturastoneal e ar sl boulders ; indicatiothero n s ei f laminatioo n n i glacise bode th th f yo . A paved roadway is formed across the fosse at the north gateway e fortoth f , havin a ggentl ee opposit slopth o t e s abouei sidet I t . fee0 5 t wide nex e rampart fee0 th t 2 t d widan , n linei e wit e inneth h r margin of the glacis. A deep cutting made by us through its centre purpose foth r f drainageo e reveale soida l identica n naturi l e with that glacise o th fapparentld an , y undisturbed, wit e exceptiohth a por f o n- e extremth tio n no e east edge, whic s mucwa h h darke colourn i r d an , showe a definitd e lin f junction o eresembley wa o ,n e whilth dn i t i e organic remains common to the fosse. Fro evidence mth f otheeo r cutting n extensio a t seemesi e b f o t do n the width originalld an , exis roae it yth t t d a coul d have been little more than 10 feet wide, showing that the fosse had probably terminated 'against the east side of the passage with a square end, instead of being . is (Se w eangle no dotte t i s a dd lin plan.n wese o e Th e t) th sid f o e passag vers ei y much angled alond an whole , gth e edg raisea s ei d border of stone-pitching, whic carries hi r fulldfo fooya t dow e e slopth nth f eo trench. The stone-pitching stretches the whole distance between the Antonine rampar a smal d lan t narrow e mounpassage e necth th th f kt o n d a eo north side of the trench (fig. 1). This mound is 10 feet wide, and supportes i d alone a fossretainin edge th y b th gf e o e g wall 18 inches high of squared stones in two courses, rounded at the corner to join the stone-pitching. The area in front of the passage is stone-paved, sloping up the glacis to the west, and in the opposite direction sweeps round in the form of a street paso t , s betwee a travers ease d glacie th nan th t n eso lying before the gateway. This traverse is 70 feet north of the fosse, and in align- ment with the angled west side of the passage. It rises about 5 feet above the adjoining street, is all forced soil, showing no lamination, and is stone-pitched along the bottom of the sloping sides. 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

B. DEFENSIVE PIT LILIAK O S . 100 feet to the west of the traverse, the unexpected discovery was mada serie f o f edefensiv o s ee resulpitsth f s carefullo a ,t y following several indefinite appearances met with, by the trained excavators of the Society. This unique defence was followed and examined with special care, so as to preserve a full record of its characteristics. e serie Th f pito s s extend easd wes an 0 feetta lengt t 20 , f o froh m close upon the traverse to the brink of the declivity above the burn, and widese th fee8 t 4 a tts i where entirely exposed thin I s. width there ear ten parallel rows, wit pite hth s arranged obliquely leved an tha lo t s , pi t surface alternate either way. Each pit is about 7 feet long by 3 feet wide at the surface and 2 feet 6 inches deep sidee th , s tapering quickly downwards. regulao Thes e yar r in arrangement that they divide out at 10-feet centres longitudinally, and 5 feet in the opposite direction, with very little variation. t wilI seee b l n froe sectioe photographsth mth d nan , 10 ,d figsan 9 . (Plate I.), that the five south rows are covered by the tailing of the glacis. depte Th soif ho l overlyin southmose gth nearls i w yfeet tro 3 t north bu , - ward it tapers down to 9 inches in a distance of about 25 feet, and continue t thisa s depth ove othee th r r five rows. As regards the strata of the covering soil, nothing particular was pitse noteth n dthemselvesi , except that there appeare inchew fe f da o s dark soil nea e bottomth r , s generalli suc s a h y foun n trenchesi d t bu ; aboud than e tt surfac e glacihalfwapi th e f so th e yf o betwee p to e nth a distinct dividing line was observed. This line varies from |- to 1J inche almoss widthn swa i d t blacan , k with streak f iron througso pa n h it. The soil under the mark was of a lighter colour than that over- lying it. The appearance suggested that additions had been made at different times. . thiIn s soil were many very small piece f brokeo s n pottery thed an ,y were found even near the bottom of the pits. Most of it was of a dark

EXCAVATION OF KOUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 459

lead colour, wit blacha k glaze showing reticulate de outside lineth n o s , hut a few fragments were coarser, and of a light grey colour. It may here be remarked that outside the south gate a similar kind of soil, with piece f pottero s y liberally mixed amon , covereit g a dlarg e area, over whic n severahi l places stone-paved roadway d beeha sn laid. Thes havy ma e been refuse-heaps ,d coverespreaan t r addeo dou d d whed toan , n take n connectioni n with other evidences throughoue th t fort, poinalteration a o e defencet th f no t thesa s e parts.

C. THE EAMPARTS. The foundations of the ramparts of the fort vary to a great extent, e superstructurth an n i d e layerth elargee ar s e Antoninr th tha n i n e Vallum. At the junction of the east rampart of the fort with the Antonine Vallum the foundations show distinct separation from one another (fig. 7). That of the fort is 20 feet wide, the outer margins being continued round the end, and stands several inches above the Antonine margin, close to which it is laid, otherwise both foundations at this part are identical in construction. About 40 feet farther south the foundatio e for s th changedi t f no whild an e inne; eth r margi s stili n l maintained, the outer or east one is omitted, and the stone bottoming is carried out a distance of at least 25 feet, and is continued as a stone- paved surface inte anneoth x adjoining. Thertrenco n s ei fronn hi f o t this portion of the rampart. interioe th o T r beyon innee dth r margie foundatioth f no n thera s i e channel, stone-bottomed, 6 inches deep by 6 feet wide. This, again, is bounded inwards by a raised core of stones of about 3 feet in width, which ends upon the edge of a cobble-paved street rising about 9 inches above it. This street is 12 feet wide, runs parallel with the rampart, and has in the centre a drain 12 inches wide and 9 inches deep, made of large stones set on edge, as shown in the section on Plate I. The arrangement above described is maintained throughout this rampart along the inner margin, but further south it is changed on the outer margin. The two trenches are now in front of it, and the margin facing 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

them becomes, in accordance, a strong stone , about 7 feet 6 inches wide, built higher where facing the interior, and set back 5 feet froinnee edge th m th f reo trench. (Se e sectioeth Platn no ) eI. On the west the foundation of the rampart leaves the Antonine Vallum very similarly to that of the east, and, like it, soon changes, though in a different manner. 40 feet south of the Antonine Vallum the 20-feet stone foundation of the junction becomes the bottom of a channel eacn o , h sid f whico e h additional margin e formedsar , risin6 g inches above it. (See the section, Plate I.) That on the outer side increases the width by 10 feet, and is composed of large rough boulders firmly bedded in clay, while the inner margin at the higher level is of flat stones like paving e recesTh . s e raisin made marginth th y f eb go s gives a strong anchorage to the ramparts, as will be observed in fig. 11. To generalise, it may be affirmed that underneath all the ramparts of fore th t ther stone ear e foundation averagn a f o s e t leswidtno s f thaho n 0 feet2 , supplemente y varyinb d g margins, adapte o suit d t special requirements, and increasing the width so that it is nowhere less than 30 feet; and amounts in the east rampart to 35 feet. Whatever berm there may have been originally—and there is evidence of the same— has been utilised for increasing the width of the rampart-foundation by an addition evidently purposely made, and continuous with the scarp e trencoth f frontn hi . Overlying the foundation, the core of the rampart (figs. 11, 12) is' a clustered mass of large blocks of clayey soil, light grey in colour,—a character of soil common to the district. The average height of core in the centre is 4 feet, and its width terminates on the outer edges of the stone foundation, with a batter inclining inwards as it rises in height. The blocks are laid in a systematic manner, but appear depressed in the centre, and in a sectional cutting the outline of each block can be e dartraceth ky b dmateria l that marks their lin f divisiono e . This dar a peatk f o liny s i echaracter d variean , s in thicknes3 s o frot 1 m inches. In one instance, peat 5 inches thick was observed, actually in positio blocka s generan na I . blocke th l seldoe sar m less tha inchesn3 ,

462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

t uncommono s bui t i t fino t n d the inchem4 eved san inche n5 s thick, whil lengtn ei h they varinches4 2 yd whero t fro an , 5 m1 e they finish, they are tilted slightly upwards on the outer edge. The ramifications of the division lines are very intricate, ever changing wit lease hth t repeateremovay b soile t th bu f ; e do l triaon t a l ease parth t n ramparti t founs wa dt i , tha e numbeth t e f layero rth n i s t exceeno heighcor e . d th d20 edi f o t Boulder stones from 3 to 6 inches in size are very plentiful among the layers (figs , 117 . ,f thei i 12) d r ,an presenc t accidentalno e eb , thero n s ei evidence of their practical use. They are too small to add strength by their weight, and in most cases appear rather to break bond in the layers, thus reducin e cohesiogth f coreno , especially happewhew fe na n close b o et together. While it is noted that the layers terminate at the edge of the stone foundation, similar laminated soil appears beyond its kerbs, both externally and internally, lying on the original surface, extending out- wardl d 6 feeinwardly an t y full 8 feety , sometime n continuatioi s n of the core, but more often quite separate, and always showing the same systematic layering, evidently intentionall e widtth f o o ht yd laidad o t , ramparte th . Overlyin laminatee gth d core acros e wholth s e e ramparwidtth f o h t is a depth of 2 feet of dark brown soil, uniform in substance and very compact. TRENCHESE DTH . . The rampart surroundee sar d externall trencheo tw y yb fee8 s t deep covering a width of 40 feet, including the intervening mound. On the original surface, neae mound apee th th rf xo a cours, f heavo e y stone- work, about 9 inches high and 3 to 4 feet wide, is laid along the whole lengt d firmlan h y bedded f whico e earthworp th h,to ovee th rs i k carried, increasing the height. outee edge th th f reo n trenco Lininp to h e thergth s alsi e oa cours e of similar firm-bedded stonework thid an ,s stone lining l partal t sa , liable to be easily damaged, is a noted characteristic of the whole work.

464 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

It has been seen applied in various ways in all directions. Besides the above-mentioned, it is carefully laid along the base of all ramparts, mounds, and traverses, and is always prominent on the edges of declivities or trenches (see the sections, Plates I. and II.),—an enduring evidence of the care taken to render the work strong and permanent. The defences on the west are very strong, and are a striking object viewed e fro burne whole leveth mth Th f o .el formatio s madi n f o e forced soil, and every advantage has been taken to make the most of a fine positio y meanb n f trencheo s d moundsan s . (Se e esectionth , Plate I.) l appearanc bue al mo Th t s altereeha littlt dbu e durin centuriese gth , at least where it first-approaches in touch with the defences, and there still exists evidence of the method adopted to divert its course (fig. 1). The stream coming from the south strikes against the foot of the defence at the south-west corner, and with a quick bend sweeps away from it. To protect this point from encroachmen a massivt e wal f bouldero l s i s built, giving directio streame th t o riseI nt . fees 6 n heighti t somd an , e stonee oth f s use e ovedar 2 fee rn diameteri t e stoneworTh t . no s i k confined to a facing merely, but has a heavy backing inwardly, which is traceable eastward alon e tailine outeth gth f ro g mount a f r foro dfo t least 30 feet. On either bank of the stream at this part stone-paved roads approach directly opposite each other, and for passage some method of bridging woul necessitya e db . Going west and north, following the stream, a strong revetment wall is carrie large th foo e leve df ew th o alontmount lo a l e e g th fronn th di f o t trenches, composed of large natural boulders, sometimes placed singly, t generallbu y havin secona g lyinw dro g against thos n fronti e . Other stone revetments appear in the mound at higher levels, and all terminate approaching the military way. The foundation of the Antonine rampart is carried down the declivity i nstraighbottoma e e superstructur th th t t a smale bu t, m linth o bu lt e turnes i anglen a finishe d t da an ,prominena s a s t e moun footh e f th o t t da EXCAVATIO ROUGF O N H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM5 46 .

military way. Between tins lower e trenchemounth d dan n fron i s f o t the rampart of the fort is a steep incline, the slope of which is accentuated near the lower rampart by the formation of an oval-shaped trench close to the latter (see the section on Plate I.). e militarTh y way, apparently s crosseha , e Eowantreth d e Burn o n e level,—althougth h t pavintraceable,—ano s i g t i approaches e th s stream in a suitable manner. From the fort it is continued straight down to the edge, and from the edge immediately opposite it rises again, taking an oblique direction up the steep bank, where easier ascent is gained alon side smala gf th eo l tributar bume th f yo . e trencheTh s alon e easth g t fac e sout th sto t ha p e bordeth f o r military way and are not continued on the north of it, a different arrangement being substituted. Running close upon and parallel with the north border of the military way is a trench 10 feet wide, which be- ginning about 20 feet in front of the rampart, proceeds for about 130 feet further, when it turns at right angles with rounded corner, and continues e inneth uro t p e margiAntoninth f o n e rampart e e widtth th , f o h latter extension bein ge interioe increaseth th 5 o feetf 1 T o ro .t d trenc hrampara s stili t l traceable, which take e fora prominen sth f mo t e mounsouth-easth t a d te centr cornerth a cor f stoness n o i eI . , among which was observed evidence of the effects of fire. The soil forming the rampart is not laminated, and the surface is all stone- paved. Projecting outwarsoute ease th f th h o t n gatewado larga s yi e mound or platform fee0 10 t,fee0 lon5 ty gbroadb , composed entirel f forceo y d leves i p lto wit e margie soile outehth Th th . f rno trench presentd an , s a large flat surface. It is stiffened internally with courses of stone, and on the exterior, round the bottom, at the tailing of the sloping sides, it is stone-pitched in the manner common throughout the fort. Indication f stone-pavinso g were foun e sout fronth n di f ho t gateway ove larga r e stree a area d an t, runs alon e wesgth e platformt th sid f o e , beyond which it becomes somewhat indefinite, but appears to continue south for about two hundred yards, where it is again observed connecting 0 3 VOL. xxxix. 6 46 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 19058 TH Y F .O SMA ,

with a flat stone-paved floor. This floor is on the east side of a rounded knoll on the edge of the burn, and is about 15 feet by 10. There is no appearance of any walling, the paving finishing with square edges on two of the sides, the others being irregular. On the south edge, near the centre of the length, there is a small construction like a cist, made of four slabs placed vertically, and with a bottom stone hollowed in the centre. t I will have been remarked thae defence e th fore vert th ar t yf o s complete. The large rampart is protected in front by two wide and deep trenches strongly constructed; to these is added, before the gateways, speciaa l defence, situate eacn di e righh th cas n t o en enemhan a f o dy approaching the entrances: viz., the traverses or platforms adjoining e nortth h and south gates e flankinth , g e eastrencth t t gatea hd an , the expanded platform close to the west gate.

. II DEFENCE ANNEXE TH F .O S Excavation revealed evidence of a rampart surrounding the annex e easd southonth an t , although ther s littli e e e th indication o t i f o n present surface. Abou fee2 t t unde e surfacth r e thera ston s i e e foundatio 5 fee1 n t wide, simila n constructioi r e Antonin th o that nf o t e rampartd an , to the interior the stonework continues for another 15 feet like to a paved roadway. It appears much disturbed in several cuttings, but is always distinguishable. Wher t i eabut s agains e Antoninth t e rampart a portion still remains very perfect, in which there is a culvert, wit openinn ha g 12 inches junctioe squares closth i t o t I e .n and has connection on the inner side with a similar culvert going through e foundatioth • e Antoninth f no e rampart. The trenches of the annex are special in arrangement and peculiar to this work. On the south the rampart is defended by a single trench 15 feet wide, by 8 feet deep, which, beginning at the inner trench of the fort at the south-east corner, cuts throug e interveninth h g e outemounth d r an d EXCAVATION OF EOUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 467

trenc a bol n di h sweep d continuean , s alon e rampart n th froni g f o t , followin e samth g e bend d trendinan , g northward til t reachei l e th s Antonine rampart. It is intersected by the military way, which crosses it on a level with the surface. In front of the above trench, facing the east platformso , tw ther e ar e , separate e froe othea on mth y e b r th d wide trench of about 20 feet, and beyond the outer of the platforms s anothei r trenc fee 5 e 1 trencheht th widel Al s. unite inte neaoon r south-ease th e tannex e th centraben f Th d o widesd. an l t trencs i h placed obliquely wher t separateei e platformsth s t becomebu , s parallel wit e otheth h r trenche t i approache s a s e militarth s y way, through whic t hpiercesi , separatin connectioe gth n wit interiore hth . Dowe nth slopetrence th f so h her stone-pitchine eth carries gi d heavie furthed an r r thae metho s th usuali n t bu d, adopte r passinfo d e militarth g y wa y acros t ascertained—n e trencno th ss wa h o evidenc f bridgino e g could founde b . The outer continuationtrencn ease i th s i t n ho southe th f tha o ,n ,o t from which it sweeps with a wide curve, approaching the military way t righa t angles t I end. s agains e roadwa e th entranct e th th t a yf o e annex, beyond which, unlik othee trenches o eth t carried tw rno s i t .i , Referrin furtheo gt r evidenc e isolatinth f eo f thesgo e fortificationst i , ma mentionee yb d that, beside severance th s militare th abovf y eo ywa e noted, similar disjunction e sAntonin th occu n o r e berm t I wile . b l observe e planth n , o dfig , that1 . n lini , e wite inneth h r trenchef o s both east and west defences, the berm is pierced by a trench of the same widt e fors thosth a h tf o e the e oppositear y ; thes e returar e n cuts from the great fosse, and are carried up close to the foundation of e Antoninth e rampart, completely disconnectin e interioth g r froe mth exterior. Further eastward, and directly in line with the mid trench, Antonine th e rampart appear havo t s e bee t throughncu e r parth f fo , o t foundation is decidedly removed; but instead of the trench being cut through the berm, the latter shows an irregular stone-pitching on the surface. From here, to the eastward, the Antonine rampart is much bolder in outline than anywhere in the interior of the fortifications, and 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

here also it is joined by the continuation of the raised outer platform of the annex. All along the interior the Antonine rampart is reduced in height, and is almost level with the inner surface ; at the same time it still shows a bold front facing the berm. In like manner, the rampart which sur- rounded the annex on the south and east is now also reduced to the level of the interior, which is found to be raised by forced soil for a depth of fully 2 feet. This lowering of the annex rampart is made conspicuous comparisoy b n wit a hstil l existing portion nea s junctioit r n with the- fort at the south-west corner. This apparently untouched portion stand p bold distinctu s an d , havin e appearancth g a smal f o el plat- e uppeforth n mro surface e sectioTh . n through this rampart showed that the construction is different from any of the fort ramparts, but. simila whao t r t remain e ramparth f so t roun annexe dth . In several of the excavations the foundation is found to be composed of stones laie grounddth flat n generallo t bu , t yi take . e a for th sf m o cor f stoneeo s bedde clayn di , occupyin e centre structuregth th f eo . It was observed that towards the margins the stones are purposely place resiso dt e outwarth t d thrus f othero t s superimposed upon them ;. thi s veri s y markee sectioth n i dn referre o e (set sectiodth e n o n Plate II.). e superstructurth n I e laminatioo thern s i e founs n wa sucn i ds ha fore th t ramparts t markebu , d differences appeare e characteth n i d r of e cuttingth f o e oute th e s on r e e hal soilstonn n I fronth th i f .f eo t core is of a rich brown colour, close-grained, while that on the inner side is almost as black as soot, and in much greater quantity. In the remaining high portion of the rampart the soil is of a uniform nature and colour, and being adjacent to a prominent building, the surface l stone-pitcheal s i d betwee rampare buildinge nth th d an t . The platforms on the east defence are raised 3 to 4 feet above the original surface by added soil, and are stiffened internally with courses, of stonewor t intervalska alond e trenchean e edge,th gth f o sy heav sb y boulder stones e outeTh .r platfor e highe th feet2 d bot s y mi an ,b r k EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 469

show a decided increase in height where facing the south-east. The inner platfore 0 th fee5 5 fee t 2 e twidesa s i m tth widd t an a te narrowes fee0 lengtn ti 25 t partd han , nort southo ht aree f surfacth ,a o e being fully 9700 squar ee outer feetTh ., whic s shortehi d broaderan r , e widest e th narrowes5 fee th t 5 2 feea t 4 s ,a i t 0 feet15 t partd an , longe surfac aree th th f , ao e being about 7000 square feet. On the outer edge of the trench which encircles the annex there is a close strong pitchin f stonesgo , carried well dow counterscare nth e th f po trench, simila whao observes t r e forwa th t t n trencheso d n thii st bu ; instance it is spread outwards to such an extent, from 14 to 16 feet, tha t i suggestt a pavee ide f th so a d roadway n severaI . l placesd an , especiall annexe th y f neat o i decidedl,wes e d th r en t bees yha n uses a d a road (see the section on Plate II.). It branches off from the military way at the entrance to the annex, and continues very distinct along e wholth e eassoutd th fronan t n ho t til t i approachel e traversth s e at the south gate, over which it rises, and connecting with the pitching on the same, is carried across the platform. stone-pavine n fronI th f o te groun th closd t i gdan o et dipfalld an ss away into a wide marshy tract.

III. THE MILITARY WAY. This paved street passes straight throug e fortificationsth h . Entering the annex from the east, it terminates at the foot of the slope near the weste burth n .no average Th e widt feet8 1 s h,i "but ther e additionar e s mad botn o e h sides where it passes through the annex, which increases the width to abou feet0 4 t . s formei t I cobblestonef do s closely placed together e surfacth , e being of fine gravel, wit hwell-roundea d top.

. BUILDINGIV FORTE TH .N I S The remains of the buildings of the interior are in a very dilapidated condition : in most cases only the foundations exist; but where walling 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

is gone, it is fortunately possible to trace them by the remaining clay sub-base, indicating the position they had occupied.

. BUILDINA . 1 . GNo Of the buildings (fig. 13), No. 1 appears to be the principal and largest. There is a careful paving in front of it, leading from the entrance to militare th y way. Internall fee0 5 ts i lon t yi g from nort souto ht d han 38J feet from wese easth weste o entranctn t t th sidO f . eo e thera s ei small enclosure 17J feet lon9d ^ an gfee t broad, forme threy b d e walls, and open along the front next the pavement. A similar enclosure may have existed on the opposite side, but of such no definite evidence was obtained, the position being very much disturbed. The floor of this portion is of hard-pounded clayey soil, the surface showing bright, with broken d tilpiecere e f mixeo s e samdTh ewit . kinit hf floorin do s i g common through the entire building. On the east side of the entrance, within the threshold, in a hole among other debris e remain e th ,inscribe th f o s d tablet (fig ) wer.14 e discovered. It was in three pieces, two of which were close together, and the third only a few feet apart. A careful search failed to find the portions still wanting. Fortunately the missing part of the inscription can be easily supplied from the context: — [IMP • "CAEJSABI • TITO [AELIO • ]HADKIANO [ANTOJNINO • AVG I V • H CO • P • [PI P ] O• [NER]VIOKVM • PE I [NCI]PIA • FECIT Which being expanded would read:—Imperatari Gaisari Tito Aelio Hadriano Antonino Augusta, Patri Patrice, Cohors sexta Nerviorum Principia fecit:—In the reign of the Emperor Csesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, the father of his country, the sixth cohorNerviane th f o t s mad Headquarterse eth . firse Thith t s sinstanci e e occurrencoth f wore th f deo Principi Scotlann i a headquartere th r dfo s EXCAVATIO F ROUGNO H ANTONINE CASTLTH N O E E VALLUM1 47 .

EH a °

tr & 472 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 19058 TH Y F O S. MA ,

of a station. There are inscriptions in England commemorating the restoratio f ruineno d Priiicipi t Bata d Lanchester an h . The interior of the building is divided by partitions into three apart- ments innee th , f whico r agais hi n divided into three chambers.

Fig 14. Inscribed Tablet found in Bough Castle.

Of the three apartments, that to the north is 11^ feet wide, the s centr18i e J feeon e5 fee 1 e sout t tth e wide wideon hd an ,, within the walls. The two former run all the length of the building from east e latte th o westt s apparentlt i r bu , y subdivide o crostw s y b wallsd . These appear as incomplete foundations, of a character not anywhere else observed. In position they are on a level immediately below the EXCAVATIO ROUGF O N H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM3 47 . other adjoining stone foundations, and pass under them similarly to the sub-base. They are composed entirely of chips of sandstone, no clay being used with them, nor is there any appearance of walling having been reared upon them. In many instances the mixture of clay with stones in the lower foundations, surviving the upper stonework, is the only way of tracing connection between existing piece f wallingo s s regardA . s theso tw e

::?%v%;^...«.-*-.»,£:.•*. .4^5. "Tis*?* fTili? sf ^•'sa*'--"*•-'- •^•' *3?^^

Fig. 15. Pit in Building No. 1. cross walls, the difference is so great as to call for remark, particularly as they do not extend further than the walls of the apartment in which they appear. e otheTh r walls dividin e apartmentth g s were distinctly tracedt bu , they showed no indication of footings in the centre. It is possible they wer t projecteeno d intinterioe oth furthey an r linn i r e tha b wit o t nh the opening at the entrance. The width of the entrance is 19-| feet, and the walls are 30 inches thick where they show above the founda- tion, which has a 2-inch scarcement projecting to the outside. In the 4 47 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 19058 TH Y F .O SMA ,

southmost apartment, in the centre and near the division wall, there is a sunk stone-lined pit, 4 feet long, 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 2 fee 6 inchet s deep (fig. 15) e flagstoneTh . f whico s composes i t hi d are place edgn resd o d an et upo na simila r e bottomstonth t n I i e . has no outlet or overflow, nor is there any drain near it; and although s watertighti t i s mor e appearancha th et i , a cella f o e r tha a nwater - cistern.

B. BUILDING No. 2. This lies to the west of No. 1, and is a structure of a kind invariably met with in all our explorations of Roman works. It is separated from No. 1 by a space of 5 feet, and has been a strongly constructed building. portione Th remaininw l undeno s al e rar g wha probabls wa t e flooryth , pieces of which still remain in situ (figs. 16, 17). Within the walls the lengt 67s widte hi th | fees d h15 i inche0 an ti3 e wall feete Th ar ss. in breadth, except wher n expansioa e n betwee e thir d fourtth n an d h buttress from the south increased it to 42 inches. Nine buttresses, projecting 2 feet, are arranged along each side, and

two at each end. x Betwee buttressee nth walle spierceth e sar d with hole inche5 s s wide abouy b inche9 t e wholsth high d e an ,interio arranges i r d int oseriea s of channels, divide stone-and-limy b d e built dwarf walls, interuptet a d interval e connectino allost th f wo g channels passing froe sidf mon o e the building to the other, the latter being opposite the holes pierced in the walls (figs. 16, 17). The channels average 15 inches in width and the dwarf walls about 16 inches. Overlying the walls in several places are piece f flagstono s inche2 e s thick that herd theran e e still covee th r channels carriee ar d d an , throug walle hth d buttresse san bondina s a s g course (fig. 18) e arrangemenTh . t seem havo st e bee r ventilationfo n d keepinan e e e buildinhole th e flooth th g th n f f i so o r gw fe dry A . walls appeared to be purposely filled up with hard-rammed puddled clay. Between buildings Nos. 1 and 2, at both ends, the intervening space

478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

has been closed at a subsequent time by the erection of connecting walls, through whic freha e passag draininr lefs ei fo t g awa e waterth y . Part outsid e draie th o th fn no stils e i l preserved (fig. 19). f buildino e nort th d t en hA g JSTo , facin2 . e militarth g y way, there

Fig. 19. Exit for water between Buildings No. 1 and No. 2.

a smal s i l platform, compose f flagstoneo d s bedded upon rough-built stone supports 3| feet wide and projecting 21 inches from the building, havin o stontw g e stepsame th esn t o (figi leadin s i o t .t i 17)p s u g A . level as the top of the flagstone floor, it may have been a landing before entrancee th . EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 479

C. BUILDING No. 3. This enclosure is almost obliterated, and no definite plan is now attainable, but a few interesting points remain worth recording. The wall alon e westh g buils i t t agains inche0 rampar3 e s th ti sd an t in breadth. It forms a revetment to the lower part of the rampart, the laminated structure of which lies close against the stonework. At the south-west corner there is an oblong chamber 13 feet wide by 28 feet long, apparently divided by a partition, but certainly separated by a difference of floor-level. The portion close to the rampart for 1 1inche8 1 fee s i t s belo e othewth r portion, being separated y frob mt i partitiona f whico , h onl yshora t piece remains. e highe Th d largean r r portio s threha n e flues abou inche9 t s wide and 5 inches deep, built of stones, crossing on the floor-level from nort o southt h , which were recessed inte soutth o h wallt onlbu ,y abutted agains e nortth t h wall. They were only definitely traceable thin i s direction, although there were indication t leasa e cros f on o st s flue passin centree th p gu . Outside the broad wall on the north of the chamber, where it unites wit e westh h t wall flueso , tw therinche5 , e ar e s wide, placed verw ylo nea d s directee groundi an th re On d. upward througd an s e walhth l on the west; the other angles eastward and upward through the broad wall above mentioned. This extra broad wall is the remains of two walls, so closely situated as to rest on a foundation all on the same e levelnortherTh . ne wal th par lf o trise s abov othere eth , this latter evidently bein gbasemena t wall only. The outer or south wall is continued eastward beyond the chamber a distance of 14 feet, and ends with a square return like the jamb of a doorway e insidth f whicn o eo , a hlarg e flagstone-paving still lies undisturbed. e nortTh he militar s continuoui th wal t y a l wa y s alon e wholth g e 60 feet of frontage, but is apparently of two distinct types. A portion in the centre, in which there is the entrance, is superior in workmanship 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

to the remainder. In the former the stonework is small and regularly e otherlaid th e stone n th si e ;large ar roughlsd an r y hammer-dressed. foundatioe Th uniforna f appearo e mb o scharactet r throughout. e entrancTh e doorwa s 9-Ji y - a feeston s e t eha th wide cild n o lan , threshold, recessed 9 inches from the outer face of wall, and a stone- built open gutter 9 inches wide runs along the whole front of the wall, . closit o et The No. 3 enclosure is not parallel with the adjoining buttressed building, but with the military way, and is square set-off from the west wall, whereas buildinge s e th paralle e linli Nosf th o 2 e o t d .l 1 an Antonine rampart. The difference is not great, but is marked at their junction by the presence of the remains of another wall built over the returne building3 . d easNo e t, th thiwal f so l apparently later erection being parallel with those to the east (fig. 13). There is another distinct piece of walling lying .close against the latter, near the centre of the enclosure d runninan , g paralle lr abou witfo t feet8 i ht , which, witha square return, projects into the interior about 11 feet; the part close to the other wall is 30 inches broad, the return being increased to over inches8 4 . onlw Thesno y e remnantar e f wallingo s e connectionth , s continuationd an f whico s e completelhar y destroyed. Near the centre of the enclosure, placed equidistant 25 feet from the nort wesd han t walls 4 feesuna t s ti ,pi k squar 2y e^b feet deep, built of four vertically-placed flagstones witd same pieceo an th ,htw ef so lai d in the bottom. This pit is similar to that in building No. 1, but is large d bettean r r finished. Althoug s surroundei t i h n threo d e sides by drains, it has no connection with any, nor has it any outlet or overflow. The whole area appears to have been covered with flagstone-paving in a very substantial manner, fro e evidencmth f severao e l undisturbed portions, the covering of the drains being part of the floor. Along the west wall there is a complete stretch of stone-paving about 30 feet in length and 6| feet in breadth, which is laid with irregular-shaped flat stones t botA t h.froni n run i end f d o a channelst san , par f whico t h EXCAVATIO ROUGF NO H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM1 48 .

is still complete, showing that it is the remains of a drain similar to the others, and which, to appearance, is connected with them. They are all conducte channele don inte th o, which passing throug norte hth h wall, join guttefale e sth th l , beinfronn it i r f o tg toward wese sth te gatth f eo draine widte th fort Th f ahout.1s shi o . ;p theto 5e ye inchear th t a s V-shaped, tapering to the bottom, and are 9 inches deep. This forma- tio t generaf draino no s ni l throughou forte th tmostn i ; case e sidesth s are vertical. The floor in the south-east portion of the enclosure is entirely different from that in the centre. It consists of a flat surface of pounded clay and sand, wit ha larg e quantit f finely-brokeo y d bricre n k amon, git which when first uncovered made it a conspicuous object in the sur- roundings. n thi I e remarkedb s y portioe interioe fortma th e th t f i w ,,o f n o r have evidence of alteration or additions, and the most complete and finished workmanship sid sidy b ee wit hn inferio a tha f o t r character. Eegardin e remaindegth e interioe maith th f nf o r o rfor t thers i e nothing definite to report. Here and there streets and pieces of paving were brough lighto t tdee d an ,p holes were opened showing evidencn ei their interior of the continued use of fire. Generally, it was found that every piece of ground within the ramparts had been utilised to the utmost advantage. Of stone buildings there were none, and it is probable any erections above ground—occupying the blank space on the plan—were temporary, perhaps of timber, and subject to occasional re-arrangement. Whatever may have been located in those evidently much used position n onl ca e smattey b f conjectureo r evidenco n s ther a ,s ewa f eo definity an e arrangement, althoug e wholhth e exploreares awa d dowo nt originae th l surface. V. BUILDING IN THE ANNEX. From the exploratory cuttings taken through the annex in various directions, it was ascertained that no stone building had been erected 1 3 VOL. xxxix. 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

withi s arenit a other e describedthab o nt t befor thaw Bu no .t e doing , attentioe so draw b a probabl y o t nma n e roadway betwee e forth n t e anne th e roadwa d Th x an (fig . y1) . runs alon e outeth g r edgf o e the eastmost trench of the fort, and as it passes outward, crosses over the south e lattertrenchth t ,A immediatel. y betwee e projectinth n g plat- form on the south and the terminating mound of the annex rampart, the trench is observed to be filled up almost to the top, for a width of 15 feet, with tumbled stones, which mak a passage e e levelacrosth n .o s No similar formation appears anywhere else in the annex trench. It is connected with a broad stone-paving directly in front, and its further prolongation eastward take fore well-definea sth f m o d stone-paved road. e e anneinsidth th e roatraces f o th xo eT dwa t intervalsda : passing e cornere slopth uth p t t a i econtinue, s northward til t joini le th s military way t beini ,para f o tg very perfect nea n adjacena r t building, where it is seen to branch towards the paved surface of the mound already mentioned. That the trench has been unobstructed originally is evident, for the stones and soil used in the filling up are distinctly additional onle ar y d e hollofoune trenchth an ,th n f i wdo . The stone-pitching along the margin of the trench is part of the original construction, but it is probable there have been additions subsequently, and a roadway made at this particular place. This is the more likely from the fact that both of the fort trenches on the east defence were in a like manner almost wholly filled up with large stones and gravel, as if additional accommodation had become a necessity.

BUILDIN. 4 . GNo e onlThith ys i sbuildin f stono g e withi e anneth ns i xt I (fig . .1) situated in the centre of the space between the oblong defence in the north-wes tprominene corneth d an r t moune south-westh n di t cornef o r e annexth e wholth , e havin e appearancth g a combinatio f o e a r fo n definite purpose. What remain buildine th f so s suni g k fully 2| feet belo surface wth e of the military way, from which it is separated by a wall enclosing a PLA f BUILDINNo ANNEXn Gi . N94.

Fig. 20. Building in the Annex. 484 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 19058 TH Y F .O S MA ,

court, the surface being of hard-pressed gravel. In the wall there is a blank, possibl e positio e th yentrance th f o n , from whic a flagstoneh - pavement leads to the east side of the building, and is carried along the same a distance of 21 feet. The building is L-shaped, arranged in two distinct chambers ; the large fee5 fee4 5 t1 s ri lon t d wideg an e enclosinth , g wall being 3^ feet

. FigBuildin21 , showin. 4 . kindgo No gtw builf so t work.

broad. The other is 17\ feet long by 15 feet wide, and the walls are 3 feet broad. Evidenc f alterationo e d additionan s s appear throughou e entirth t e building, and that they have been extensive is all the more probable as it is only the basement that now remains in which the differences are so distinctly noticeable. e enlargeth n I d plan, fig . e portion20th , s shaded black indicate what exists of the earlier walling; the cross-hatching the re- samthe main e of swallin g traceabl destroyedbut e dottethe , d EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 485

lines alone being conjectural. The remainder of the stonework of e interioth s latei r r additionalo r n mani , y cases being built upoe nth remain e earlieth f o sr worke distinctivTh . e differenc e builth tn i e wor shows illustratioke i th n i n (fig. 21). Outside the east wall there is a large sewer 1 foot wide and nearly 2 feet deep, built in three courses of dressed stones on the outer edge, the wal f buildino l g formin e inneth g r edge. Beyon e buildinth ds i t i g continue e outeth o rt d trenc a drai y b hn buil largf o t e boulders, along risine th fooe f ge easth o t moun th t ramparte ta th sid e d n do ean Th . furnac s placee e centrsouti e th th f n hdo i e wall t extendi ; s outwardly e abougreateth feett 3 t rbu , par s projectei t d inte interiorth oe Th . wallfee2 e te partl sar broadar d y an , buil f ston o d td partl re an e f o y bricks dimensione Th .e interio fee 2 th n lengt1 i 3 feef t e o sd tar rh an in breadth. It gives every indication of having seen much service, the destructive influence of fire being very noticeable on the inside of the walls and the near surroundings, while all about the building soot is plentiful in every direction. Around the inner end of the furnace, regularly arranged, are a seriou hypocausf so t pillars (figs . d 23)2an 2 ,brickd builre f so t about 0 inche1 s squar2 inche y b es thick, regularl n limei t ,yse laid an d —(lim s freeli e y l thial use sn i dbuilding , particularl e lateth rn i y work). One of the pillars, however, is of solid stone, in the form of an altar (fig. 23). interioe th foun e I ar r r row pillarf so s (fig. 24), built entirel f stoneyo s and lime, the intervening spaces forming channels for the passage e heateoth f d air e pillar;th s place de wall nexth o st t stand cleaf o r them by 2 or 3 inches, the space between being completely clogged with soot, among which were many broken piece f tileo s , havine th g edges returned and with reticulated lines on the flat surface. smalA l drain inche5 , s9 inche widd an es deep, covered with flag- stones, runs dow e centr floore passind nth th an f ,e o g unde furnacee th r , is conducted into the large drain outside the building. It probably served at one time to take the water off the area, but when opened it was

EXCAVATIO F ROUGO N H E ANTONINCASTLTH N O E E VALLUM7 48 .

foune entirelb o dt y choked witt no h s harwa d t e inlei soot o Th t t . discovered. Opposit e moutfurnace eth th f ho e ther chambea s ei r about 25 feet long and 12 feet wide, which probably was the stokehole. An opening in its end wall leads on to the paved way on the inclined mound in front.

Fig. 23. Hypocanst Pillar of a single stone and Pillars of bricks in Building No. 4.

The other chamber, forming the return at the north end, is similar n arrangemeni e largeth o s t rquiti t t oneebu , independen. it f o t Although there is now no indication of a furnace, everywhere there was evidenc s probabli t i f soot o ed e entranc th ean , esoute seeth n hni havwal y somd ma elha e connection wit. hit

EXCAVATIO ROUGF O N H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM9 48 .

At the north-east corner there is a length of about 28 feet remaining of a revetting wall, which apparently has surrounded the whole building. e grounth t n froni I s raise i df o t feed4 t abov e normalth e d neaan , r appearance th s militarha e raise a t th i f eo y d ywa platform . The work of surveying this fort has been arduous, by reason of its positio e a denshear th f o n etni wood, makin t i gnecessar e us o t y the utmost care to secure accuracy. That it has been accomplished satisfactoril o at greas i y t extent consequen e ablwillind th an e n o tg assistanc writee eth r received from locad enthusiastian l c friends, which s greaha te h pleasur n acknowledgingi e . B,J .r MacLuckieM o T . , F.S.A. Scot. r s bescounsehi fo , td guidancee thankr an du l fo e d ar s an , information freely given fro s intimatmhi e acquaintance wit site th he; youno tw age s th Civials o ot l Engineers, Messrs David Fergusod nan lan MacLuckie r theifo , r abld effectivan e e assistanc n plottini e e gth intricatleveln a f o s youn y em situatioo gt comradd an nconstan; d ean t assistant . MaclayD r M , , junior, whose experienc f suceo h work greatly facilitated the progress of the survey. excellene th r Fo t photographs illustrating thi sobligee papear e o dw t r Mr J. G. Ure, of Bonnybridge, who, under the guidance of Mr Mackie, freely gave experienced assistanc thein ei r production.

III. NOTICE OF THK POTTERY, BRONZE, AND OTHER ARTICLES FOUND AT ROUGH CASTLE y JOSEPB . H ANDERSON, LL.D., Assistant Secretary and Keeper of the Museum. e numbeTh f relico r s foun Rougn di h Castl comparativels ewa y few. They include the usual varieties of pottery and tiles, a few fragments of bronze, some implement f iron o sd som an , e architectural fragments and other remains in stone, including an inscribed tablet. Pottery.—The amoun f "o tSamia n " ware recovere smalls d wa d an , numbee th f ornamenteo r d pieces fewe largesTh . t piece foun pars di t of the bottom of a Bowl, the circular base of which is 4 inches in diameter, and the body of which must have exceeded 8 inches in 490 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

diameter. The ornamentation has been arranged in compartments filled with human figures, floral or foliageous designs, and circular medallions ; but as only the lower parts of these compartments remain, the subjects canno definitele b t y described. The upper part of a large Bowl about 6 inches by 3J inches, having 2 inches of plain space between the roll moulding of the lip and the band of festoon and tassel ornament. This bowl has been decorated in compartments, of which the upper parts of two only remain. One contains the figure of an eagle, the other a seated figure with a lyre, and a third compartment shows part of the outline of a circular medallion. A portion of the side of a small Bowl about 2J inches deep and the sam widtn ei h shows, unde e usuath r l ban f festooo d d tassean n l orna- ment, parts of three compartments, one containing a human figure, the secon semicirculabirda a n di r medallion e thirth dhumaa d an , n figure stooping anothed an , r which seem havo st e hornsmucs i t hbu , defaced. portioa A smale sid f th o e f lo nBow l 2i inche 1y Jsb inchea s sha variety of foliageous pattern with a large leaf of octagonal shape, the e octagosideth f o s n being concave d abovan , t i whae t seema s e ,tb o small bird. Another fragment of a small Bowl 2J inches by.If inches has underneath the usual band of festoon and tassel ornament a cluster of leaves, and above it on one side a bird and an annulet. A fragmen a Bow f o tl 2| inche inches2 y sb f darkeo , r colour than otherse th , show bando tw sf ornameno s t just abov e base pard th e an ,t of the outline of a medallion above. Of plain "Samian" ware there is a considerable quantity, some frag- ments showing the usual shapes of vessels of this description, but so much mutilated that none can be reconstructed. Among them is part of a Mortarium f o m ri e ,th showin spout-like gth e depressio uppee th n nro e shallowar e o lipth par Tw ,.f o saucer-likt e vessels, over 4£ inches diameter ; the one has a. sloping side 2 inches in height, with a plain rounded lip; the other has also a sloping side If inches in height, with a roll-moulding on the outside of the lip. EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 491

e gred Oblacth fan y k ware alse quantitth o y recovere s comwa d - paratively small, and consisted chiefly of the fragments of the bottoms of vessels of the customary shapes. One Platter or saucer-shaped dish, wit e usuahth l flattene d turned-ovean d r rim f whic,o h nearly one-half remains inche5 s i , n diametesi d 1Jan rinche n depthi se outsid Th . e s i ornamented with diagonally crossing lines e surfacescoreth n o d. Anothe re sam disth ef h o shap abous ei same th t e sizeflaA .t bottom

Fig . Miniatur1 . e Amphora. (§.) of a wide shallow dish of highly glazed black ware is 6 inches in diamete bareld an r y J inc thicknessn hi bottome Th .f smal o s l Jarn si blac r greko y ware, varying fro1|o t - m5 inche diameten si commone ar r , but portions of the sides or upper parts of the vessels are much less frequently represented. Of the soft unglazed red ware there are a good many fragments, chiefl bottomf o y d handlesan e neckpartd th s an f f Jar so so f variouso s sizes. Among them miniatura s i e Amphora (fig ) whic1 . s loss hha it t neck. It is 3f inches in height and 21 inches in greatest diameter. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905. bottoe Th m terminate solia n i sd prolongation f inc diameten hi e th d an r sam lengthvessee n ei bode th f Th ornamentes yi o l . d with convoluted horizontal band se wheelscoreth n o .d Anothe f largeo r r s sizha e been over 3J- inche diametern si f extremelo e smalbasa r f Th eo Ja l. y thin ware, varying from about ^ to -^ inch in thickness, is only an inch in diameter, widening abruptl abouo t y inche3 t diametern si largA . e basin-shaped vessel, somewhat like a Mortarium, but thinner, and without the roughened interior surface, has a base of about 3 inches in diamete s 2i J d inchean r depthn si . Portions of two if not three small vessels of extremely thin whitish paste, with the exterior surface blackened and rough-cast, similar to those found at Camelon, also occurred. Portions of Mortaria of various sizes are rather abundant. One, of which three pieces have been put together, measures lOf inches in internal diamete d 3|an r inches bee ha n depthi e s clampeOn . d together after breakage, in the way that the modern tinkers used to clamp together broken household pottery with leaden or pewter clamps. Five have palm leaves as potters' marks on the lip. A considerable quantity of fragments of Amphorae, including handles and lips of large size, were found, but none of special variety or unusual interest. Potters' Marks.—The pottery from Bough Castle has yielded but few potters' marks followine Th .lis a f thos s o tgi e tha decipherable tar e :— On Samian Ware. TASCILLI • M OF CVNI . . . DOVICC . . . M . N . • I . . On Mortaria. IOSSIA E I • R R SA ICoIVS DVRS . . IA YINONIF EXCAVATIO F ROUGO N H CASTL THN O EE ANTONINE VALLUM3 49 .

On the handles of Amphorce. DOM COR . . . LL Tiles.—A considerable quantit f fragmentyo f tileo s f reddiso s h clay were found. They are flanged on the under side, and decorated on the upper flat face with diagonal scorings crossing eac makho t s othea e o s r lozenge-shaped spaces of about an inch in width. Those that retain the flange botn o s h side aboue sar inche5 t s acros e uppesth r face t nonbu , e sho e originawth l length. They have been badl n conyi fired-d an , sequenc vere ear y soft. Glass.—A considerable quantit f fragmentyo f window-glaso s e th f o s usual character was found. The largest piece is 7 inches in length by about 2£ inche widthn si fulld an ,y £ inc thicknessn hi t showI . s along unfractureo tw e th d side originae sth l rounded e rectangulaedgeth f o s r slab, as it was spread out and cooled. One piece about 2 inches square is part of the side of one of the square-sided blue glass bottles so often found in Eoman sites. Another piec loop-handle pars th ei f o t larga f eo e bottl e sam r vasth o e f e e o blu e glass, with crimpin junctioe th e handl t gth a f no e e wit e necth th hf o k vessel thirA . d piec roundee pars th ei f o t d margie bottoth a f f no mo vessel of very thin bluish glass, blown to shape, and with 1^ inches of the height remaining. A very small piece of a thin and almost trans- parent glass vessel shows two parallel lines about ^ of an inch apart, cut as a moulding around the turned-in portion of the vessel. Bronze.—The bronze objects found wer d unimportantean verw fe y . The rounded end of the flat handle of a bronze Patera, measuring 1£ inches in diameter, and scarcely more in its length, to where it has been broken off, shows the usual moulded ornament round the central per- forationsmalo tw ld circlean , s with centra e prolongatiol th dot n o s f o n handlee undee th Th .rusual s para , is t, plain. A fragment of what seems to be the expanding end of the handle of another Pater s 2ai ^ inche n lengthsi , If inche se expande width t a e d end, narrowing to f inch at the other end, and without ornament, except 494 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 8, 1905.

pierces tha i middle e expansiot i th tth n df i e o n h ya triple f circulao t r perforations. A circular Ein bronzef go , havin gcentraa l circular aperture J incn hi diameter, round whic e rin th hs concavg i botn o e h f incsides d han , wide, the circumference being a flattened rim \ inch in width. Some greatly decayed pieces of thin bronze of indeterminate character were also found. Lead.—A leaden Whorl, 1^ inches in diameter, pierced by a central hole nearly \ onle inc yth width n s i hdeterminat wa , e object founn i d this metal. rounA d taperinf leao inche5 dd gRo n lengt i sinc n d a |-n i han h

Fig. 2. Iron Hoe with forked end. (J.)

diamete thice th t k a r portio a end d rina ,an f gno If inche n diametei s r and of triangular section, were also found. Iron.—As implementusualw fe a , f iroo s n occurred t mostlbu , n i y sucn a oxidiseh d mutilatean d d e practicallb conditio o t s a yn indeterminable. One implemen e (fig Ho ) wit.2 a a hforkes i topposit d e den th o t e •customary spade-like end. It measures 11 inches in length, the spade- likbeind een g somewhat trowel-shaped, 4J inche n lengti sinche 3 y hb s n greatesi t breadth e handl th e hol r th , efo e placecentra th f n o i ed thickene e dimplement th par f o te e e prongreversar th Th d n . o sen e broken, so that their length is uncertain. Similar implements, found at the Roman station of Saalburg near Homburg, are figured by

EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 495 Jacobi, examples a 1 e sarculumth f so bicorne, n agriculturaa r gardeo l n too common i l amone nus Romanse gth . iroe nTh Sheathin whaf go comparativeln i t y modern time calles swa d iu Scotland " shoa d shool, iron-sheathen a r "o d spade (meanin woodega n spade mounted with an iron sheath round the edges), measures 9 inches in length by 8^ inches in width, having an opening in the middle of the

Figs. 3 and 4. Stone Disc and rudely made Lamp. (\.) upper par inche6 t n depti sinche3 y hb widthn i s . Example f thiso s implement were also foun t Saalburgda . An implemen inche7 t lengthn si , resemblin gshoemaker'a s knifes it , crescentie blade 3J inches wid l-d £e an inches deep, being carriee th t da end of a rod about |- inch square and 5-|- inches in length. The other iron things are Nails, Staples, Kings, Hooks, and indeter- minate fragments.

Stone.—The objects of stone that have been used as implements are Romerkastells Da 1 Sctalburg, vo . JacobnL i (1897) . 445p , . 496 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH 8Y F , O S1905 MA , .

chiefly naturally shaped pebble f sandstono s d hsematitan e e that have been used as Whetstones, Polishers, or Burnishers. Two of these are marked with grooves, as if used for sharpening awls 01 finely pointed instruments. f coarso Othe o etw r sandston e shapear e d like modern sharpening-stone reaping-hookr sfo r scythe'sso . Ther brokea s ei n Quern of vesicular lava, and a large truncated Cone of sandstone 10 inches in height and 5| inches in diameter at the base, having a hole nearly 2

Fig. 5. Part of Shoulder of Statue in sandstone. (J.)

inches in diameter pierced through its upper part in the middle of its r suspensionfo width f i s a fla,A t. Dis f sandstoneo c | 4 inche, n i s diameter and about \ of an inch in thickness, is pierced by a hole about | inch in diameter in the centre. Half of another such Disc (fig. 3), 4^ inches in diameter and neatly made, has one of its faces ornamented wit hcrosa s withi ncirclea . Seven other Disc sandstonf so inche6 o t e5 s in diameter, about \ inch to | of an inch in thickness, and roughly chippe o shapet d y havma ,e .been use s e mouthcovera dth r f fo so s

EXCAVATION OF ROUGH CASTLE ON THE ANTONINE VALLUM. 497 amphorae. A triangular piece of sandstone (fig. 4), roughly chipped to shape roughla s ha , y scooped holloe centre th f intende i wn i s e a , b o dt used as a lamp. Architecturalfragments.— Four fragment Slabf so s with edge mouldings were foundo havTw e . raised flat mouldings ropa s e ha mouldin e on , g within a flat raised moulding, and one has a roll moulding. A slender piece of rope moulding with flat margins is 6 inches in length, and a thin fragmen sandstond re f o t e shows carvin f curvego d lines. Parf o t an inscribed Tablet which was also found has been previously described and figured on p. 472. A portion of a sculptured figure in sandstone , measurin(fig5) . g 7|- inche 6y fsb inches uppee , th seeme rb paro t sf o t the shoulder of a statue about life size. Though carefully looked for, no more of it was found. Leather.—Portions e sides th d solef o an ,f shoe o ssandal d san s were found t nonbu , e showing feature f shapo s r constructioeo n that havt eno been previously exhibited in the much larger and better preserved collectio f theso n e from Castlecary. Animal remains.—Among these were some Antlers of red-deer, cut and sawn across, Horn cores of an ox, probably Bos longifrons, and Tusks of the boar of moderate size.

ANALYSI F METALO S S FOUN T THDA E EOMAN STATION, BOUGH CASTLE. By Mr R. R. TATLOCK, F.I.C., assisted by his Son, Mr CHARLES TATLOCK.

With regard to the yellow metal, the analysis shows that the propor- tion of lead is very high, that of tin being also much in excess of what s i commonly foun n moderi d n bronzes A typica. l modem bronze usually contains about 88 per cent, of copper and 12 per cent, of tin, and generally no lead nor zinc. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica, last e editionfollowin7 Dth ,36 , 4 , g occurs unde e hea th f rGree o d d kan Roman Bronzes:— VOL. xxxix. 32 8 49 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 19058 TH Y F . O SMA ,

"The Romans also used lead as an alloy in their bronze coins, but gradually reduce e quantitydth d undean , r Caligula, Nero, Vespasian, and Domitian, coined pure copper coins; afterwards they returned to e mixturth f lead.o e " It would look as if the Romans used lead for the purpose of softening the metal intended for coining, as without lead the metal would be liable to crack. With regard to the piece of rusty iron, I found it to be rather strongly magnetic, showing that ther eithes ewa r magnetic oxid f iroo e n presen thar o t t cora ther testingironf s n eo O ewa . magnetio n , c oxide n scrapino s found wa d an ,g awa e crusth y a cort f wrought-iroo e n appeared fora f mo , thas t wa suggeste t i f o d a dspear-head en e on s a , hollow, as if to receive a shaft. Only the crust was analysed, as I did not wish to interfere with the shape of the core, at least in the mean- time. The core consists of ordinary wrought-iron, however.

Analysi pieca f so f Allo eo y fro Romae mth n Station of Rough Castle. Per cent. Copper ...... 75-40 Tin ...... 15-52 Lead ...... 9-08

100-00

Per Ton. ozs. dwts. grns. Gold ...... none 6 1 20 . . . . . Silve. r

. Specific gravity ..... 7'330

The portion received weighed 546 grains. It was covered over the greate s rsurfac it par f o te wit a hgreenis h crust, which weighe7 3 d grains, leavin e weigh9 graine coreth th 50 g s f ,a so whict h consisted of pure alloy in the metallic state, which had a fine gold colour. EXCAVATIO ROUGF O N H ANTONINE CASTLTH N EO E VALLUM9 49 . cruse Th t consiste f carbonato d t no d s oxidean wa f coppero et i t bu , further analysed. analysie Th pure thas th si e f o tallo y alone.

Analysi Iron a f nso object discovere t Bougda h Castle. Per cent. Peroxid irof eo n ...... 66'36 Protoxid irof eo n ...... none Silica ...... 18-40 Alumina ...... traces Sulphuric Acid (combined) . . . . P62 Sulphur (combined, as Pyrites) .... '32 Water (combined) .....' 14'30

100-00 e specimeTh n consiste a metalli f o d c iron core- ,in encasen a n i d crustatio f o oxidn f o irone , whic d evidentlha h y been produced exclusively by the oxidation of the metal. The total weight of the specimen was 1617 grains, and of the crust 740 grains, leavin pure grain7 th g 87 er metallisfo c core. analysie Th cruse thas th si f to talone .