A 2004/6558 A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish

Ian Mackenzie

2001 (1st printing) 2003 (2nd printing) LINCOM EUROPA TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 5

Chapter 1. Spanish Pronunciation 7 1. The Vocal Organs 7 2. Phonetic Classification of Sounds 8 2.1. Vowels 8 2.2. Consonants 9 2.3. Semivowels 10 3. Phonemes 11 3.1. Phoneme Inventory 11 3.2. Allophones 13 3.3. Neutralization 15 3.4. Phonemes and Orthography 16 4. Syllables 17 5. Stress 17 6. Sandhi Phenomena 18 Exercises 19 Further Reading 21

Chapter 2. Morphology 22 1. Some Important Technical Terms 22 2. Inflection 23 2.1. The Noun 23 2.2. The Adjective 24 2.3. The Verb 26 2.4. Possessive Determiners/Adjectives 35 2.5. Demonstratives and the Definite Article 36 2.6. Quantifiers 36 2.7. Personal Pronouns 37 2.8. gw-Words 38 3. Lexical Derivation 38 3.1.Suffixation 38 3.2. Prefixation 43 3.3. Conversion 44 3.4. Compounding 44 Exercises 45 Further Reading 46

Chapter 3. Syntax 47 1. Introduction 47 1.1. Phrases 47 1.2. Words Used as Phrases 48 1.3. Subcategorization 49 2. Basic Word Order 50 2.1. Null Subjects 50 2.2. Declarative Sentences 51 2.3. Interrogative Sentences 52 3. The Noun Phrase 53 3.1. Adjective Placement 53 3.2. Determiners 54 3.3. Definite Article 56 4. Prepositional Phrases 57 4.1. Inventory of Prepositions 57 4.2. De-Phrases 58 4.3. Prepositional Direct Objects 58 5. The Verb Phrase 60 5.1. The Functions and Syntax of Clitic Pronouns 60 5.2. Secondary Predication 68 6. Embedded Finite Clauses 69 6.1. Subject and Complement Clauses 69 6.2. (Restrictive) Relative Clauses 71 6.3. Non-Restrictive Relatives 72 6.4. Mood in an Embedded Clause 73 7. Infinitives and Gerunds 77 7.1. Infinitives 77 7.2. Gerundial Clauses 80 8. Negation 81 9. Comparative Constructions 82 10. Ser and Estar 83 10.1. Differences 83 10.2. Equative Construction ('Clefting') 84 Exercises 86 Further Reading 89

Chapter 4. History of Spanish 91 1. Development of the Sound System 92 1.1. Vowels 92 1.2. Consonants 95 2. Morphology (Inflectional) 103 2.1. The Noun 103 2.2. The Adjective 105 2.3. The Verb 106 2.4. Pronouns and Determiners 115 2.5. Por& Para 119 3. Derivational Morphology 120 3.1.Suffixation 120 3.2. Prefixation 122 4. Sources of the Vocabulary 122 4.1. Latin 122 4.2. Arabic 124 4.3. Borrowings from Other Languages and Dialects 124 Exercises 126 Further Reading 127

Chapter 5. Varieties of Spanish 128 1. Spain 128 1.1. Castilian Spanish 129 1.2. Andalusia 132 1.3. Canaries 133 2. Latin America 134 2.1. Caribbean 137 2.2. Mexico 141 2.3. Central America 143 2.4. Highland Colombia-Venezuela 145 2.5. Pacific Coast 147 2.6. Andean Spanish 148 2.7. Paraguay 151 2.8. Chile 154 2.9. Rio de la Plata 156 3. USA 160 3.1. General Features of US A Spanish 161 3.2. New Mexico/Colorado 162 3.3. St. Bernard Parish 163 4. The Philippines 164 4.1. Pronunciation 165 4.2. Vocabulary 165 Essay Questions/Seminar Topics 166 Further Reading 166

Chapter 6. Sociolinguistics 168 1. The Quantitative Method 168 2. Variation in Spanish 169 2.1. Gender 170 2.2. Variation and Age 171 2.3. Variation and Social Class 172 2.4. Variation and Style 173 3. Bilingualism 174 3.1. Bilingualism and phonology 174 3.2. Bilingualism and Grammar 175 3.3. Code-Switching 179 4. Pidgins and Creoles 180 4.1.Palenquero 181 4.2. Chabacano 183 Exercises/Seminar Topics 185 Further Reading 186

References 187