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Pdgfra and B Play Critical Roles in Mediating Foxq1-Driven Breast Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance Fanyan Meng1,2, Cecilia L

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Pdgfra and B Play Critical Roles in Mediating Foxq1-Driven Breast Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance Fanyan Meng1,2, Cecilia L Cancer Therapeutics, Targets, and Chemical Biology Research PDGFRa and b Play Critical Roles in Mediating Foxq1-Driven Breast Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance Fanyan Meng1,2, Cecilia L. Speyer3, Bin Zhang4, Yongzhong Zhao4, Wei Chen1,5, David H. Gorski3, Fred R. Miller1,2, and Guojun Wu1,2 Abstract Many epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)–promoting b results in more significant effects on reversing Foxq1-promoted transcription factors have been implicated in tumorigenesis and oncogenesis in vitro and in vivo than knockdown of either PDGFRa metastasis as well as chemoresistance of cancer. However, the or b alone. In addition, PDGFRb is a more potent mediator of underlying mechanisms mediating these processes are unclear. Foxq1-promoted stemness traits than PDGFRa. Finally, pharma- Here, we report that Foxq1, a forkhead box-containing transcrip- cologic inhibition or gene silencing of PDGFRs sensitizes mam- tion factor and EMT-inducing gene, promotes stemness traits and mary epithelial cells to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and chemoresistance in mammary epithelial cells. Using an expres- in vivo. These findings collectively implicate PDGFRs as critical sion profiling assay, we identified Twist1, Zeb2, and PDGFRa and mediators of breast cancer oncogenesis and chemoresistance b as Foxq1 downstream targets. We further show that PDGFRa driven by Foxq1, with potential implications for developing novel and b can be directly regulated by Foxq1 or indirectly regulated therapeutic combinations to treat breast cancer. Cancer Res; 75(3); through the Foxq1/Twist1 axis. Knockdown of both PDGFRa and 584–93. Ó2014 AACR. Introduction remains undetermined whether there is a common mechanistic element linking these processes. Cancer recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance correlate Recently, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been with each other and contribute greatly to the mortality of patients recognized as a mechanism for breast cancer cells to acquire with breast cancer (1–3). For example, metastatic breast tumors metastatic properties (2, 4–8). Many transcription factors includ- tend to be more chemoresistant than primary tumors, as dem- ing Snail (9, 10), Twist1 (11), Foxc2 (12), Zeb1, and Zeb2 (13, 14) onstrated by the marked decrease in the chemotherapeutic are capable of triggering EMT, promoting tumorigenesis and response rate in the metastatic breast cancer setting versus the metastasis, and enhancing chemoresistance. However, how these neoadjuvant setting (1). In addition, chemoresistant tumors are transcription factors interact remains elusive, as do the crucial prone to metastasize and respond poorly to neoadjuvant chemo- mediators of these EMT-promoting genes. Discovering these therapy. This often correlates with earlier metastatic recurrence mediators could provide insight into the mechanisms of cancer and shorter disease-free and overall survival (1). However, it recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance, and eventually facil- itate the development of a targeted cancer therapy. Foxq1, a human Forkhead-Box gene family member (15–17), has been shown to repress smooth muscle–specific genes (18) and 1Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan. 2Department of Oncology, Wayne State is involved in hair follicle development (19, 20). Foxq1 is over- University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. 3Department of expressed in different cancer types (21–23) and known to be Surgery,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. induced by TGFb signaling (24, 25). Consistent with these find- 4Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Med- ings, our laboratory previously reported overexpression of Foxq1 icine, New York, New York. 5Biostatistic Core facility, Department of in highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines and a direct correlation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, between Foxq1 expression and poor outcomes in patients with Michigan. breast cancer. More importantly, we have also shown that ectopic Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Research expression of Foxq1 triggers EMT and contributes to breast cancer Online (http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/). metastasis (26), a finding that was confirmed in two follow-up The datasets generated in the article have been deposited in GEO under the reports (25, 27). In our current study, we demonstrate that Foxq1 accession number GSE46834. contributes to stemness traits and chemoresistance in mammary Corresponding Author: Guojun Wu, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Can- epithelial cells and that these functions are dependent on the cer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC, Foxq1/Twist1/PDGFRs transcriptional axis. Using a loss-of-func- Room 840.2, Detroit, MI 48201. Phone: 313-576-8349; Fax: 313-576-8029; E-mail: tion assay and pharmacologic inhibition, we show that targeting [email protected] PDGFRs is potentially an effective therapeutic approach to reverse doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-3029 oncogenesis, stemness traits, and chemoresistance driven by Ó2014 American Association for Cancer Research. Foxq1 in breast cancer. 584 Cancer Res; 75(3) February 1, 2015 PDGFRs Mediate Foxq1-Promoted Chemoresistance Materials and Methods 5 mg/mL insulin, and 5 mg/mL b-mercaptoethanol. One milliliter of medium was added every other day for 7 to 12 days. Images of Cell culture mammospheres were recorded and the number of mammo- HMLE cells (human mammary epithelial cells immortalized spheres was manually counted. Experiments were performed in with SV40 large T antigen and catalytic subunit of telomerase) and triplicate and repeated two times. HMLER cells (HMLE cells transfected with activated Ras gene) were maintained in the culture as previously described (28). Tumor xenograft studies Mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1 was cultured in high-glucose All mouse experiments were carried out in accordance with DMEM and supplemented by 10% FBS, NEAA, and antibiotics approved protocols from the Institutional Animal Care and Use (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin). NMuMG Committee at Wayne State University (Detroit, MI). We per- cells were cultured with DMEM medium with 4.5 g/L glucose, formed tumor xenograft studies using either BALB/c or NCR 10 mg/mL insulin and 10% FBS. All cell lines were authenticated nu/nu female mice from NIH to study the effect of Foxq1 in upon receipt by comparing them to the original morphologic and chemoresistance, tumorigenesis and PDGFR's effect in mediating growth characteristics. Foxq10s function in chemoresistance. The detailed methods are described in the Supplementary Material and Methods. Generation of gene overexpressing and knockdown stable cells Full-length plasmids for Foxq1, Twist1, Zeb2, and Snail1 were purchased from Open Biosystems. These genes were then sub- Statistical analysis cloned into a pENTR vector and recombinated into the pLenti-6/ The quantitative results were analyzed using a two-sample t test V5-DEST Vector. The lentiviruses for the full-length genes were or one-way ANOVA. If the normality assumption did not generated using the pLentivirus-expression system (Invitrogen). hold, these parametric tests were replaced by nonparametric tests The generated virus was used to infect targeted model cells. Wilcoxon or Kruskal–Wallis tests, respectively. The dose-response Stable cells were generated after being selected with blasticidin curves for doxorubicin or paclitaxel within each cell line type were (10 mg/mL, Invivogen; refs. 29, 30). analyzed using multiple linear regression with interactions and a A set of five shRNA clones for PDGFRa and b were purchased dummy variable to denote the conditions of imatinib. For anal- from Open Biosystems. The shRNA sequences for targeting ysis of synergism, a 2 by 2 factorial experiment design was used. A PDGFRa, b and Foxq1 genes were shown in Supplementary two-way ANOVA model with two main factors imatinib and Table S1. The lentiviruses for the shRNAs of PDGFRs were gen- doxorubicin at day 70, or paclitaxel at day 24, and their interaction erated using the Trans-Lentiviral packaging system (Open Biosys- term was used. A statistically significant synergistic effect was tems) for shRNA expression. The generated virus was used to observed if the interaction term was significant and if its effect infect targeted model cells. Stable cells were generated after being was in the same direction. selected with puromycin (2.5 mg/mL, Invivogen). Results Microarray analysis and RT-PCR Foxq1 induces stemness traits and chemoresistance in RNA was extracted from cells of interest using TRIzol (Invitro- mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells fi fi gen) and puri ed using an RNA Puri cation Kit (Qiagen) accord- To determine whether Foxq1 induces stemness traits in mam- ing to manufacturer's instructions. RNA (25 ng) was labeled with mary epithelial cells, we generated HMLE stable cell model dye and applied to the microarray. Changes in gene expression ectopically expressing the Foxq1 gene, in parallel with three were analyzed using a Sentrix human Ref-8 Expression BeadChip known EMT promoting genes Snail, Twist1, and Zeb2 to serve as (Illumina, 8 array "stripes"). Data was normalized using the positive controls (28, 32). As anticipated, the resulting cells "average" method that simply adjusts the intensities of the two (HMLE/Foxq1, HMLE/Twist1, HMLE/Zeb2, and HMLE/Snail)
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