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Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
Japanese Language and Culture
NIHONGO History of Japanese Language Many linguistic experts have found that there is no specific evidence linking Japanese to a single family of language. The most prominent theory says that it stems from the Altaic family(Korean, Mongolian, Tungusic, Turkish) The transition from old Japanese to Modern Japanese took place from about the 12th century to the 16th century. Sentence Structure Japanese: Tanaka-san ga piza o tabemasu. (Subject) (Object) (Verb) 田中さんが ピザを 食べます。 English: Mr. Tanaka eats a pizza. (Subject) (Verb) (Object) Where is the subject? I go to Tokyo. Japanese translation: (私が)東京に行きます。 [Watashi ga] Toukyou ni ikimasu. (Lit. Going to Tokyo.) “I” or “We” are often omitted. Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji Three types of characters are used in Japanese: Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji(Chinese characters). Mr. Tanaka goes to Canada: 田中さんはカナダに行きます [kanji][hiragana][kataka na][hiragana][kanji] [hiragana]b Two Speech Styles Distal-Style: Semi-Polite style, can be used to anyone other than family members/close friends. Direct-Style: Casual & blunt, can be used among family members and friends. In-Group/Out-Group Semi-Polite Style for Out-Group/Strangers I/We Direct-Style for Me/Us Polite Expressions Distal-Style: 1. Regular Speech 2. Ikimasu(he/I go) Honorific Speech 3. Irasshaimasu(he goes) Humble Speech Mairimasu(I/We go) Siblings: Age Matters Older Brother & Older Sister Ani & Ane 兄 と 姉 Younger Brother & Younger Sister Otooto & Imooto 弟 と 妹 My Family/Your Family My father: chichi父 Your father: otoosan My mother: haha母 お父さん My older brother: ani Your mother: okaasan お母さん Your older brother: oniisanお兄 兄 さん My older sister: ane姉 Your older sister: oneesan My younger brother: お姉さ otooto弟 ん Your younger brother: My younger sister: otootosan弟さん imooto妹 Your younger sister: imootosan 妹さん Boy Speech & Girl Speech blunt polite I/Me = watashi, boku, ore, I/Me = watashi, washi watakushi I am going = Boku iku.僕行 I am going = Watashi iku く。 wa. -
Japanese Input Method Independent of Applications
JAPANESE INPUT METHOD INDEPENDENT OF APPLICATIONS By Takahide Honma, Hiroyoshi Baba, and Kuniaki Takizawa ABSTRACT The Japanese input method is a complex procedure involving preediting operations. An application that accepts Japanese from an input device must have three systems for the input method: a keybinding system, a manipulator for preediting, and a kana-to-kanji conversion system. Various keybinding systems and manipulators accelerate input operations. Our implementation separates an application from the Japanese input method in three layers. An application can use a front-end input processor to perform all operations including I/O. An application can use the henkan (conversion) module and implement I/O operation itself. An application can execute all operations except keybinding, which is handled by an input method library. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we first present an overview of the technical environment of the Japanese input method implementation. Based on this overview, we briefly describe the critical engineering issues for conversion of Digital's products for the Japanese user. Our most critical engineering issue was the reduction of similar (but slightly different) work to localize products. Another issue was to satisfy customers' requests for the ability to use the many input styles familiar to them. We describe our approach to the development of a Japanese input method that overcomes these issues by separating the input method from an application in three layers. OVERVIEW OF THE JAPANESE INPUT METHOD In this section, we describe Japanese input and string manipulation from the perspective of both the user and the application. Based on these descriptions, we present a brief overview of reengineering a product for Japanese users and a summary of the industry's complex techniques developed for Japanese input methods. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3422r3 2008-05-02
Doc No.: Korea JTC1/SC2 K1647-1C (.hwp) K1647-2C (.pdf) ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3422R3 2008-05-02 Universal Multiple Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: An introduction of Korean Standard KS X 1026-1:2007, Hangul processing guide for information interchange Source: Kim, Kyongsok, Head of delegation Status: Korea National Body Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2008-05-02 1. Background Ÿ Some confusion as to representing Hangul in UCS. Ÿ Also a discrepancy between ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode in representing Hangul. Ÿ Clarify these points and establish guidelines so that Hangul can be processed and interchanged without confusion --> KS X 1026-1 2. Title and scope of KS X 1026-1 Ÿ Title: Information Technology - Universal Multiple Octet Coded Character Set - Hangul - Part 1 Hangul Processing Guide for Information Interchange Ÿ Scope: ... the representation format and processing method of Hangul used for interchanging information ... 3. Two major types of Hangul blocks 1) Wanseong (Precomposed) Hangul Syllable block (UAC00 ~ D7A3) 2) Johab Hangul Jamo block (U11xx + more letters in Amd5) Ÿ some confusion as to how these code positions can be concatenated -1 4. KS X 1026-1 1) Modern Hangul Syllable Blocks - Only code positions of Wanseong (Precomposed) Hangul Syllable block (UAC00 ~ D7A3) 2) Old Hangul Syllable Blocks - Only code positions of Johab Hangul Jamo block (U11xx) 3) Two or more code positions of simple letters cannot be concatenated to represent a complex letter. -
Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera U Osijeku Filozofski Fakultet U Osijeku Odsjek Za Engleski Jezik I Književnost Uroš Ba
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Croatian Digital Thesis Repository Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Uroš Barjaktarević Japanese-English Language Contact / Japansko-engleski jezični kontakt Diplomski rad Kolegij: Engleski jezik u kontaktu Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić Osijek, 2015. 1 Summary JAPANESE-ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONTACT The paper examines the language contact between Japanese and English. The first section of the paper defines language contact and the most common contact-induced language phenomena with an emphasis on linguistic borrowing as the dominant contact-induced phenomenon. The classification of linguistic borrowing thereby follows Haugen's distinction between morphemic importation and substitution. The second section of the paper presents the features of the Japanese language in terms of origin, phonology, syntax, morphology, and writing. The third section looks at the history of language contact of the Japanese with the Europeans, starting with the Portuguese and Spaniards, followed by the Dutch, and finally the English. The same section examines three different borrowing routes from English, and contact-induced language phenomena other than linguistic borrowing – bilingualism , code alternation, code-switching, negotiation, and language shift – present in Japanese-English language contact to varying degrees. This section also includes a survey of the motivation and reasons for borrowing from English, as well as the attitudes of native Japanese speakers to these borrowings. The fourth and the central section of the paper looks at the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, its scope and the various adaptations that occur upon morphemic importation on the phonological, morphological, orthographic, semantic and syntactic levels. -
Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR
Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version K_LGR_v2.3 Date: 2021-05-01 Document version: K_LGR_v23_20210501 Authors: Korean script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-01may21-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-01may21-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant sets in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore proposal_korean_lgr_v23_20210201 1/20 ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-4 [241] Note. 'Korean script' usually means 'Hangeul' or 'Hangul'. However, in the context of the Korean LGR, Korean script is a union of Hangul and Hanja. -
Memory-Efficient Katakana Compound Segmentation Using Conditional Random Fields
Memory-Efficient Katakana Compound Segmentation Using Conditional Random Fields KRAUCHANKA Siarhei1,2 ARTSYMENIA Artsiom3 (1) MINSK STATE LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY, Belarus, Minsk, Zakharova st. 21 (2) IHS Inc., Japan, Tokyo, Minato-ku, Toranomon 5-13-1 (3) IHS Inc., Belarus, Minsk, Starovilenskaya st. 131 [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The absence of explicit word boundary delimiters, such as spaces, in Japanese texts causes all kinds of troubles for Japanese morphological analysis systems. Particularly, out-of-vocabulary words represent a very serious problem for the systems which rely on dictionary data to establish word boundaries. In this paper we present a solution for decompounding of katakana sequences (one of the main sources of the out-of-vocabulary words) using a discriminative model based on Conditional Random Fields. One of the notable features of the proposed approach is its simplicity and memory efficiency. KEYWORDS : Japanese language, Tokenization, Katakana Compound Segmentation, Conditional Random Fields Proceedings of COLING 2012: Posters, pages 1131–1140, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012. 1131 1 Introduction It is well known that in Japanese language the absence of word boundary delimiters, such as spaces, adds to the morphological ambiguity, which, in turn, causes many difficulties for the language processing systems, which rely on precise tokenization and POS tagging. This problem is especially grave in compound nouns of Japanese and foreign origin. A number of morphological analysis systems were developed to resolve this problem and a number of such systems show some relatively good results. It is reported, however, that one of the biggest problems in most of these researches is related to the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. -
A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai Oku No Yamamichi
国立国語研究所学術情報リポジトリ A discovery in the history of research on Japanese kana orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai oku no yamamichi 著者(英) Shinkichi HASHIMOTO 翻訳者(英) Timothy J. Vance 校正者(英) Wayne Lawrence journal or Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan publication title page range 1-24 year 2019-09 URL http://doi.org/10.15084/00002233 HASHIMOTO Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro’s Kanazukai oku no yamamichi HASHIMOTO Shinkichi 1 Two Aspects of Kana Orthography Research Kana orthography refers to the way of using kana [i.e., Chinese characters used to write Japanese syllables phonographically, including both the unabbreviated characters (man’yōgana), used mostly in the Nara period (710–794) and early in the Heian Period (794–1185), and the abbreviated forms (hiragana and katakana) that first appeared around 900]. When it comes to using あ to represent the sound “a” or か to represent the sound “ka,” things are clear and simple, and no doubts arise. It is only when two or more different letters correspond to the same sound, as in the case of い [i] and ゐ [wi] [both pronounced i today] or お [o] and を [wo] [both pronounced o today], that doubts arise as to which letter to use. Thus, we can say that problems of kana orthography are actually just problems of choosing which letter to use. Kana orthography problems have two aspects. On the one hand, there is the question of whether or not letters that represent the same sound (い [i] and ゐ [wi] [for i], お [o] and を [wo] [for o], etc.) should be distinguished, and if so, which letter should be used when. -
Hiragana Ka Takana
A GUIDE TO LEARNING HIRAGANA AND KA TAKANA Kenneth G. Henshall with Tetsuo Takagaki CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan A GUIDE TO LEARNING HIRAGANA AND KA TAKANA Kenneth G. Henshall with Tetsuo Takagaki CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan PART rn: FINAL REVIEW About Japan Food Items Quiz HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Flora and Fauna Quiz Personal Names Quiz The main aim of this book is to help students achieve competence in reading and writing Kana Word Search kana, the phonetic symbols that are fundamental to written Japanese. The book starts with Quiz Answers a section entitled An Explanation of Kana, which contains everything the student will need Do-It-Yourself Kana Charts to know about the two kana systems of hiraganu and kotakuna. Part I of the workbook sec- The Iroha Verse tion then systematically introduces each hiragana symbol, voiced form, and combination, and provides ample practice and review. Pan I1 does the same for katakana, while Part III provides an overall review. The Explanation of Kana outlines the function and origin of kana, the difference between the two kana systems, the various sounds, the combinations, and the conventions of usage. It attempts to be detailed and thorough so that it can be used for reference at any stage. Though all the information about kana is grouped together in this one section for ease of reference, it is not expected that the student will read it all before starting on the practice pages. In fact, to do so might give the impression that kana are perhaps rather formidable, which is not really the case at all. -
Discriminative Method for Japanese Kana-Kanji Input Method
Discriminative Method for Japanese Kana-Kanji Input Method Hiroyuki Tokunaga Daisuke Okanohara Shinsuke Mori Preferred Infrastructure Inc. Kyoto University 2-40-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 113-0033, Japan 606-8501, Japan tkng,hillbig @preferred.jp [email protected] { } Abstract Early kana-kanji conversion systems employed heuristic rules, such as maximum-length-word The most popular type of input method matching. in Japan is kana-kanji conversion, conver- With the growth of statistical natural language sion from a string of kana to a mixed kanji- processing, data-driven methods were applied for kana string. kana-kanji conversion. Most existing studies on However there is no study using discrim- kana-kanji conversion have used probability mod- inative methods like structured SVMs for els, especially generative models. Although gen- kana-kanji conversion. One of the reasons erative models have some advantages, a number is that learning a discriminative model of studies on natural language tasks have shown from a large data set is often intractable. that discriminative models tend to overcome gen- However, due to progress of recent re- erative models with respect to accuracy. searches, large scale learning of discrim- However, there have been no studies using only inative models become feasible in these a discriminative model for kana-kanji conversion. days. One reason for this is that learning a discriminative model from a large data set is often intractable. In the present paper, we investigate However, due to progress in recent research on whether discriminative methods such as machine learning, large-scale learning of discrim- structured SVMs can improve the accu- inative models has become feasible. -
Adobe Technical Note #5078: the Adobe-Japan1-6 Character Collection 2
Adobe Enterprise & Developer Support bc Adobe Technical Note #5078 The Adobe-Japan1-6 Character Collection Introduction The purpose of this document is to define and describe the Adobe-Japan1-6 character collection, which enumerates 23,058 glyphs, and whose designation is derived from the following three /CIDSystemInfo dictionary entries: ● /Registry (Adobe) ● /Ordering (Japan1) ● /Supplement 6 CIDFont resources that reference this character collection must include a /CIDSystemInfo dictionary that matches the /Registry and /Ordering strings shown above. This document is designed for font developers, for the purpose of developing Japanese fonts for use with PostScript products, or for developing OpenType Japanese fonts. It is also useful for application developers and end users who need to know more about the glyphs in this character collection. This document expects that its readers are familiar with the CID-keyed font file format, which is described in Adobe Technical Note #5014, entitled Adobe CMap and CIDFont Files Specification.* A character collection contains the glyphs that are required to develop font products for a specific language, script, or market. Specific encodings are defined through the use of CMap resources that are instantiated as files, and generally reference a subset of the character collection. The character collection that results from each Supplement includes the glyphs associated with all earlier Supplements. For example, Supplement 6 includes all glyphs defined in Supplements 0 through 5. The Adobe-Japan1-6 character collection enumerates 23,058 glyphs, specifically CIDs 0 through 23057, among seven Supplements, designated 0 through 6. Adobe-Japan1-6 completely supports the current JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) character set standards, and earlier vintages thereof, specifically JIS X 0208:1997, JIS X 0213:2004, and JIS X 0212-1990. -
The ALA-LC Japanese Romanization Table
Japanese The ALA-LC Japanese Romanization Table Revision Proposal March 30, 2018 Created by CTP/CJM Joint Working Group on the ALA-LC Japanese Romanization Table (JRTWG) JRTWG is part of: Association of Asian Studies (AAS) Council on East Asian Libraries (CEAL) Committee on Technical Processing (CTP) and Committee on Japanese Materials (CJM) JRTWG Co-Chairs: Yukari Sugiyama (Yale University) Chiharu Watsky (Princeton University) Members of JRTWG: Rob Britt (University of Washington) Ryuta Komaki (Washington University) Fabiano Rocha (University of Toronto) Chiaki Sakai (The Japan Foundation Japanese-Language Institute, Urawa) Keiko Suzuki (The New School) [Served as Co-Chair from April to September 2016] Koji Takeuchi (Library of Congress) Table of Contents Romanization Table…………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 1-28 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………Page 1 2. Basic Principles for Romanization……………………………………………………Page 1 3. Capitalization………………………………………………………………………………….Page 5 4. Japanese Punctuation and Typographical Marks…………………………….Page 8 5. Diacritic Marks and Other Symbols Used in Romanization………………Page 9 6. Word Division………………………………………………………………………………….Page 11 7. Numerals…………………………………………………………………………………………Page 25 Romanized/Kana Equivalent Charts…………………………………………………..…..…….Pages 29-30 Helpful References…………………………………………………………………………………....…Page 31 Last Updated: 3/30/2018 10:48 AM 1 Introduction: Scope of the Romanization Table Romanization is one type of transliteration. Transliteration is the process of converting text written