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The Wa.Ii Shorau-Sho of Keichu and Its Position in Historical Usance

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The Wa.Ii Shorau-Sho of Keichu and Its Position in Historical Usance The Wa.ii shorau-sho of Keichu and Its Position in Historical Usance Studies by Christopher Seeley Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of London ProQuest Number: 10731311 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731311 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with examination and interpretation from the orthographical viewpoint of the system of historical kana iisage (rekishiteld, kana-gukai) proposed hy the 17th century scholar-priest Keichu, and its relationship to previous and subsequent kana usage and kana usage theory. In the introductory chapter, the meanings and scope of the term kana-sukai are considered, as also the question of how kana-zukai first arose. Chapter Two consists of a description of kana usage Before Keichu, in order to put the historical kana usage of Keichu into perspective. In Chapter Three a brief introduction to ICeichu and his works is given, together with a consideration of the significance of his kana usage studies within his work as a whole*r£ Chapter Four sets out assumptions concerning the sound-system of the language of KeichU as a preliminary to examination of his Icana usage writings. Chapter Five looks at the beginnings and development of Keichu*s kana usage theory before Wa.ii shSran-sh’O. his main work on kana usage. Chapter Six consists of an introduction to, and translated excerpts from, Warii shoran-sho. In Chapter Seven, the kana usage and kana usage theory of Keichu is considered from the viewpoint of the layout of Wa.ii sho ran-sho. Chapter Eight sets out the principles of Keichu’s kana usage theory. Chapter Nine examines the actual kana spellings set out in Wa.ii shoran-sho. Chapters Ten and Eleven consider two specialised aspects of Keichu*s © kana usage theory. Chapter Twelve looks briefly at kana usage and kana usage theory 3 after Tfa.ii sho ran-sho dovn to the present day* In the Conclusion, the findings of the study are set out. The various appendices deal m t h relevant topics vdiich it ^as not possible to fit conveniently into the main body of the thesis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis pi-esents the results of my research work carried out principally at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, hut also at the Department of Japanese Language and Lit­ erature, Osaka National University, 'where my second postgraduate year was spent. Firstly I wish to express my deep gratitude to Professor C.J.Dunn of the School of Oriental and African Studies for his guidance and criticism throughout the period of my work on this thesis, and for reading the entire manuscript. My thanks are due also to Dr* H.D.B. Clark for his help on certain linguistic points, and to Dr. H.Inagaki for his advice on points relating to Buddhism* 1 am also much indebted to the various scholars who assisted me during my stay in Japan: in particular to Assistant Professor Y.Miyaji, . and to Professor (now Emeritus Professor) T.Ikegami; both of the Department of Japanese Language and Literature, Osaka National Univ­ ersity* My thanks are also due to Assistant Professor H.Tsukishima, of the Department of Japanese Language and Literature, Tokyo National University; and to Assistant Professor J.TakasaldL of the Department of Indian Philosophy, Osaka National University. I would also like to thank Mr. B.E.Hickman, Assistant Librarian i of the Japanese and Korean section of the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, for his help and encouragement; and Mr. E.Kamitani, Assistant in the Department of Japanese Language and Literature of Osaka National University, for kindly sending materials. Finally I would like to express my thanks to the School of Oriental and African Studies for providing me with the postgraduate Additional Award that was of such great help in the finishing stages of this thesis. CONTENTS page Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 4 Abbreviations, Transliterations, etc. 7 Chapter 1 Introduction 13 Kan a Orthogra phy before Ke ichuChapter 2 Kana Orthography before KeichuChapter 28 Chapter 3 Keichu - An Introduction to The Man and, His Work 48 Chapter 4 Concerning The Sound-System of Keichu®s Language 62 Chapter 5■ Keichu*s Kana Usage Theory - The Beginnings 68 Chapter 6 Wa.ii sho ran-sho - Introduction and Translated Excerpts 101 Chapter 7 Wa.ii sho ran-sho - Interpretation and Analysis (1) 157 Chapter 8 Wa.ii slid ran-sho - Interpretation _ and Analysis (2) 177 Chapter 9 Wa.ii sho ran-sho - Interpretation and Analysis (3) 191 Chapter 10 Concerning Keichd*s Concept of The Three Pairs of Kana I-WI, E^-We, Up-0 212 Chapter M The Onzu in Keichu 225 Chapter 12 Kana. Usage and Kana Usage Theory after Wa.ii sho ran-sho 240 Conclusion 248 Appendix I Shittan , Appendix II Variant Texts of Gekan-shu 252 6 Appendix III Table of Syllables in The Kansai Dialects of The Mid-Edo Period 254 Appendix IV Table of Changes in The Japanese Language and Kana Usage 255 Appendix V Source Documents Used by Keichu as Evidence for Kana Spellings 256 Appendix VI The Onzu in Shit tan sanmitsu-sh5: the Qnzu in Wa.ii kokon tsurei zensho 258 Bibliography 259 7 Abbreviations and Signs AKZN Asahi Keichu genshu GKSH Gekan-shu IKZEf I-wanami Keichu zenshu JD3K Jidai-betsu kokugo dai .iiten KJTN ICokugpgaku .iiten KMZK Kana-mo.ii zukai MYSF Man9 yo daisho--ki. Pinal version (seisenbon) MISI Man9 vo dai should. „ First version ( shokohon) MYSQ Man8vo daisho-Id. (refers to both versions) SNMT Shittan sanmitsu-shb WJBO Wa.ii sho ran tsubo-shb WJKK Wa.ii kokon tsurei gensho WJSH Wa,ii shoran-shb ' --- WJYR Wa.ii shffran vffrvaku GF conjunctive form (of verb) STF negative form ( ■ " ) PF perfect form ( u ) IT* 2 kami nidan (verb) L.2 shimo nidan ( ™ ) H.J* modem Japanese O.J. Old Japanese ~ alternation or alternative s' Transcriptions In accordance -with conventional usage# phonetic transcriptions are enclosed -within square brackets[ J , and phonemic transcriptions -within slanted brackets / A 8 Tronsli terations Modem Japanese in this thesis is romanised in accordance with the Hepburn system* An exception is made in the case of Japanese -words which commonly appear in Western language workss such words are given in their most common form. As regards the romanization used for historical kana spellings, the various present-day systems are unsuitable as they stand since they do not distinguish between all the discrete signs found in hist­ orical kana spellings* Consequently the following transliteration system has been adopted for historical kana spellings: * a />' ka 5 sa A ta jyna tt,ha *ma -*ya ^ra fhwa ° i |d. ishi •$chl uni -tJii ^mi ?ri a»wi S u * ku f ^tsu jt*xm »?,fu frmu ^yu *,ru ■J > to* ^ a ke £ se ■% te <t»ne I® ^me ( ye) IW. A o a ko \ so * to ftho 4, mo k yo sro t w b n * rga ■f* *“d3 lihba rgi rai ^"bi Jgu f ' m ■^dzu ,<bu - *t"ge €*ze -Tde ■Cbe ^go \“zo x'do ifbo In the transliteration of historical kana spellings, the present writer has adopted the principle of romanising each kana strictly in accordance with the above table (but vd. p*12 below). Thus for example is romanised nihabi♦ and 4' ir-o-s l chihisashi, etc. 2 The same principle also applies to romanization of kana for yoon 1 This sign was used by Fujiwara Teika, but only in a very limited way. ■ & does not occur distinctively in the kana spellings of Keichu. 2 ® • Syllables of C^T or CWV construction, e.g. /kja/, /kwa/. and vowel comMnations (and the long vov/els -which developed from these). For example: "S’ ? < ft? H \ kuwansau, ^ ^ \ heuso, i>V 4^- 4^ -1 > fusenreu, etc. Chinese in this thesis is transliterated in accordance with the Wade system of romanization. 1 1 Concerning The Historical notation of Seion and Dakuon. and The Transliteration Thereof. Ho -writing system represents the whole phonemic system of a 2 language. This is especially true with regard; to features of pitch, intonation, etc. Sometimes however it is other features such as 3 voice voicelessness that are not distinguished ortho graphically. This is true of the greater part of pre-modem Japanese hira.ga.na literature, Although in the earliest Man8vogana literature (8th century) the seidaku V& i§ distinction was sometimes represented in the ortho- 1 In traditional Japanese language studies, the term seion it? I (uclear sound") is often to "be found: this refers to syllables formed with the consonants k, s, t, ts,h,n,m,y,r as their initials, or to syllables consisting of a vowel only. Seion is used in a contrast­ ing sense to the term dakuon1 ("turbid sound"), which refers to syllables with initial g,z,d,b, and han-dakuon '4 § ("semi-turbid sound"), which refers to syllables with initial p. Vd. ICJTH, seion entry. 2 Gleason 1969, p.423* 3 Failure to distinguish in mating between voiced and voiceless consonants may seem a shortcoming of no small consequence, but is to be found not only in pre-modern Japanese kana writings: "Ho (ancient) Mesopotamian (syllabic) system distinguishes between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants in the case of signs ending in a consonant.
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