DOCSLIB.ORG

JSC-66136 Revision 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JSC-66136 Revision 1 JSC-66136 Revision 1 1 This page intentionally left blank. 2 JSC-66136 Revision 1 Space Shuttle Guidance, Navigation, and Rendezvous Knowledge Capture Reports October 2011 By: Original Signed by: John L. Goodman Flight Design and Dynamics United Space Alliance, LLC Approved By: Original Signed By: Christine M. Reichert Chief Orbit Dynamics Branch Flight Dynamics Division Mission Operations Directorate NASA Johnson Space Center 3 This page intentionally left blank. 4 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 Observations on Documentation Quality and Research Challenges ...................................... 11 Programmatic Histories Compared to Technical Documentation ............................................ 12 Relative Quality of Apollo and Space Shuttle Documentation ................................................ 14 Apollo and Space Shuttle Research Challenges ....................................................................... 17 Knowledge Capture via Software Documentation ................................................................... 21 Orion Knowledge Capture Challenges ..................................................................................... 26 Space Shuttle Knowledge Capture Approach .......................................................................... 30 The Knowledge Capture and Management Process ................................................................. 31 Leading and Managing People is the Key to Effective Knowledge Capture ........................... 33 Documenting Lessons Learned and Experiences ..................................................................... 35 Choosing Documentation to Preserve ....................................................................................... 38 Lessons Learned and Best Practices Reports ........................................................................... 41 Lessons Learned From Seven Space Shuttle Missions ............................................................. 42 Flight Safety Education for Current and Future Space Flight Programs .................................. 43 Best Practices for Researching and Documenting Lessons Learned ........................................ 44 Knowledge Capture and Management for Space Flight Systems ............................................. 45 Navigation and GPS Reports ..................................................................................................... 46 Space Shuttle GPS Operating Characteristics........................................................................... 47 Space Shuttle GPS Compilation ............................................................................................... 48 Improvement of Space Shuttle Time to Node Computation ..................................................... 49 Space Shuttle Rotation, Nutation and Procession (RNP) Matrix Computation ....................... 50 GPS Lessons Learned From the ISS, Space Shuttle, and X-38 ................................................ 51 Navigation Technical History with Lessons Learned ............................................................... 55 Operational Aspects of Space Shuttle GPS .............................................................................. 57 Ionopheric Scintillation and GPS .............................................................................................. 58 Navigation Papers by Gene Brownd and Dr. Leonard Kramer ................................................ 59 Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Reports ...................................................................... 60 Space Shuttle Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Experience Report ............................... 61 Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Systems Integration .................................................... 64 Space Shuttle Rendezvous Training ......................................................................................... 65 Approved for public release via STI DAA 24818. See statement on title page. 5 Visiting Vehicles Rendezvous Training ................................................................................... 67 Compilation Volumes of Rendezvous and Proximity Operations Papers ................................ 69 History of Space Shuttle Rendezvous ....................................................................................... 71 Guidance and Targeting Reports .............................................................................................. 73 Lambert Targeting Compilation ............................................................................................... 74 Lambert Cyclic Guidance Compilation .................................................................................... 74 STS-49 Lambert Targeting Compilation .................................................................................. 74 Lambert Cyclic Guidance Upgrade .......................................................................................... 75 Compilation of Powered Explicit Guidance Papers .................................................................. 76 Apollo and Orion Reports .......................................................................................................... 78 Apollo 13 Guidance, Navigation, and Control Challenges....................................................... 79 Introduction to Apollo Entry Guidance and Flight Performance.............................................. 80 Challenges of Orion Rendezvous Development ....................................................................... 81 Orion On-Board Navigation Architecture and Operations Concepts ....................................... 82 Compilations of Draper Laboratory Papers ............................................................................ 83 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Approved for public release via STI DAA 24818. See statement on title page. 6 Preface This document is a catalog and readers guide to lessons learned, experience, and technical history reports, as well as compilation volumes prepared by United Space Alliance personnel for the NASA/Johnson Space Center (JSC) Flight Dynamics Division.1 It is intended to make it easier for future generations of engineers to locate knowledge capture documentation from the Shuttle Program. The first chapter covers observations on documentation quality and research challenges encountered during the Space Shuttle and Orion programs. The second chapter covers the knowledge capture approach used to create many of the reports covered in this document. These chapters are intended to provide future flight programs with insight that could be used to formulate knowledge capture and management strategies. The following chapters contain descriptions of each knowledge capture report. The majority of the reports concern the Space Shuttle. Three are included that were written in support of the Orion Program. Most of the reports were written from the years 2001 to 2011. Lessons learned reports concern primarily the shuttle Global Positioning System (GPS) upgrade and the knowledge capture process. Experience reports on navigation and rendezvous provide examples of how challenges were overcome and how best practices were identified and applied. Some reports are of a more technical history nature covering navigation and rendezvous. They provide an overview of mission activities and the evolution of operations concepts and trajectory design. The lessons learned, experience, and history reports would be considered secondary sources by historians and archivists. Compilation volumes preserve key historical documents (memos, presentations, reports) covering powered flight guidance, rendezvous, and navigation. These would be considered primary sources by historians and archivists. Document overviews in each volume provide context for understanding the primary source materials. The reports presented in this document are NASA contractor reports, JSC documents, publically available conference papers and journal articles. NASA contractor reports may be obtained from the NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) on the internet. JSC documents are available from the JSC Scientific Technical and Information Center (STIC, mail code IS23) in Building 45 and may be ordered through the technical library at any NASA center.2 Conference papers and journal articles can be obtained from the sponsoring professional organization (AAS, AIAA, IEEE, ION) websites or through libraries at NASA centers and universities.3 1 At the time of publication the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) Flight Dynamics Division (code DM) performed mission planning, trajectory design, some crew training, and real-time mission support for the Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) Programs. It also performed mission planning and trajectory oversight, as well as real-time mission support, for ISS Visiting Vehicles (Soyuz, Progress, ATV, HTV, Dragon, Cygnus, etc.). 2 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058-3696 3 AAS – American Astronautical Society, AIAA – American
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Following Are Edited Excerpts from Two Interviews Conducted with Dr
    Interviews with Dr. Wernher von Braun Editor's note: The following are edited excerpts from two interviews conducted with Dr. Wernher von Braun. Interview #1 was conducted on August 25, 1970, by Robert Sherrod while Dr. von Braun was deputy associate administrator for planning at NASA Headquarters. Interview #2 was conducted on November 17, 1971, by Roger Bilstein and John Beltz. These interviews are among those published in Before This Decade is Out: Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program, (SP-4223, 1999) edited by Glen E. Swanson, whick is vailable on-line at http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/sp4223.htm on the Web. Interview #1 In the Apollo Spacecraft Chronology, you are quoted as saying "It is true that for a long time we were not in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous. We favored Earth orbit rendezvous." Well, actually even that is not quite correct, because at the outset we just didn't know which route [for Apollo to travel to the Moon] was the most promising. We made an agreement with Houston that we at Marshall would concentrate on the study of Earth orbit rendezvous, but that did not mean we wanted to sell it as our preferred scheme. We weren't ready to vote for it yet; our study was meant to merely identify the problems involved. The agreement also said that Houston would concentrate on studying the lunar rendezvous mode. Only after both groups had done their homework would we compare notes. This agreement was based on common sense. You don't start selling your scheme until you are convinced that it is superior.
    [Show full text]
  • Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 6-2020 Through Astronaut Eyes: Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K. Levasseur Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES PURDUE STUDIES IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS James R. Hansen, Series Editor Purdue Studies in Aeronautics and Astronautics builds on Purdue’s leadership in aeronautic and astronautic engineering, as well as the historic accomplishments of many of its luminary alums. Works in the series will explore cutting-edge topics in aeronautics and astronautics enterprises, tell unique stories from the history of flight and space travel, and contemplate the future of human space exploration and colonization. RECENT BOOKS IN THE SERIES British Imperial Air Power: The Royal Air Forces and the Defense of Australia and New Zealand Between the World Wars by Alex M Spencer A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong by James R. Hansen John Houbolt: The Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings by William F. Causey Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind by James R. Hansen Piercing the Horizon: The Story of Visionary NASA Chief Tom Paine by Sunny Tsiao Calculated Risk: The Supersonic Life and Times of Gus Grissom by George Leopold Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer by Jerry L. Ross THROUGH ASTRONAUT EYES Photographing Early Human Spaceflight Jennifer K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Early Research and Development Programs on Apollo, Saturn, and Legacy System Development
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20200002742 2020-05-24T04:41:34+00:00Z Paving the way: The influence of early research and development programs on Apollo, Saturn, and legacy system development. Charles E. Cockrell, Jr.* and Robert Wyman** NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA Introduction As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first successful human landings on the surface of the Moon in 1969, it is insightful to review the many historic accomplishments that contributed to this astounding human achievement. While the Apollo Program officially began following the charge by United States President John F. Kennedy in 1961, much of the foundation for Apollo was already underway with early research and development that began as early as the close of the second World War. Innovations and key decisions prior to the formal initiation of the Apollo Program, and even prior to the formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), enabled the relatively rapid development of the Saturn V rocket, the Apollo capsule, and the Lunar Lander systems needed to achieve the goal of landing humans on the Moon and returning them safely to Earth by the close of the 1960s. The history of aerospace research and development in the United States of America (USA) begins with the establishment of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1915. At the dawn of World War I, prominent scientists and engineers in the United States became concerned about the lack of advancement in aviation just a few short years following the historic flights of the Wright brothers.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Gavin Jr. and His Contributions to American Aerospace
    68th International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide, Australia. Copyright ©2017 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved. IAC-17-E4.1.6x41602 JOSEPH G. GAVIN JR. AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN AEROSPACE ACHIEVEMENT Dr. Andrew S. Erickson* Professor of Strategy, United States Naval War College Associate in Research, John King Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University [email protected] * The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone, who welcomes all possible comments and suggestions for improvement via <http://www.andrewerickson.com/contact/>. They do not represent the estimates or policies of the U.S. Navy or any other organization of the U.S. Government. Joseph G. Gavin Jr. had an extraordinary aerospace engineering career in an extraordinary age For American aerospace achievements. His employment coincided exactly with the Cold War era of lofty defense spending and aerospace programs. Following degrees From MIT in 1941 and 1942 and Four years as a naval ofFicer in the U.S. Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics, Gavin spent his entire career with the Grumman Corporation, rising From design engineer in 1946 to president and Chief Operating OFFicer in 1976 before his retirement in 1985. He was directly involved in the development of naval aircraft, a core Grumman product. He headed development multiple aerospace programs, including the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory as Grumman’s chief missile and space engineer, a precursor to the Hubble Space Telescope. OF greatest historical signiFicance, From 1962-72, Gavin oversaw 7,500 employees as director of the Apollo Lunar Module program. NASA awarded him the Distinguished Public Service Medal For his role in saving the Apollo 13 mission; and in 1974 he was elected to the National Academy oF Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Chapter 64KB
    Memorial Tributes: Volume 11 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 11 T H O M A S J . K E L L Y 1929–2002 Elected in 1991 “For leadership in designing, developing, and supervising the construction of the Apollo Lunar Module.” BY J.G. GAVIN JR. WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY JOAN KELLY WHEN THE PRESS REPORTED the death of Thomas J. Kelly on March 23, 2002, the nation learned that it had lost a true space pioneer. Kelly played a major role in validating the advan- tages of lunar orbit rendezvous as the preferred strategy for send- ing humans to the Moon. He was instrumental in the develop- ment of Grumman’s proposal that resulted in the selection of Grumman Aerospace to design and build the Lunar Module for Apollo. As chief engineer, manager of spacecraft assembly and testing, and engineering manager, he was the engineering leader in the development of the Lunar Module, and, based on his ac- complishments, he earned the unofficial title, “Father of the Lunar Module.” The Lunar Module was successful in every mission and was the “lifeboat” for the aborted Apollo 13 mission. This was the result of an extraordinary team effort, and Thomas J. Kelly de- serves a great deal of the credit for forming, leading, and moti- vating the engineering team. Considering the unknowns at the beginning of the Apollo Program, his team’s accomplishments provide a classic example of inspired systems design. At the time, one of the founders of Grumman commented, “I hope you young fellows understand what you have committed the company to do!” Kelly was not only a competent, practical engineer, but also a visionary.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo's Lunar Module Bridged Technological Leap to the Moon
    Apollo's Lunar Module Bridged Technological Leap to the Moon President John F. Kennedy, speaks in front of an early design for the Apollo lunar module. The large windows were later replaced with smaller, down-facing windows. Seats also were removed resulting in a design in which the astronauts stand. NASA Administrator James Webb, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Dr. Robert Gilruth, director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center) in Houston, and others participate in the activity on Sept. 12, 1962. Credits: White House/Cecil Stoughton On July 24, 1962, Dr. John Houbolt explains his lunar orbit rendezvous concept for landing on the Moon. His approach called for a separate lander which saved weight from the "direct ascent" design in which the entire spacecraft landed on the lunar surface. Credits: NASA (upper left) In the Manned Spacecraft Operations (now the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout) Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the lunar module for Apollo 10 is being moved for mating with the spacecraft lunar module adapter. Apollo 10 orbited the Moon in May 1969 and served as a "rehearsal" for the first lunar landing. Credits: NASA (upper right) Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong participates in training on June 19, 1969, in the Apollo lunar module (LM) mission simulator. Simulators for both the LM and command module were located in the Flight Crew Training Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Credits: NASA (upper left) On July 20, 1969, the Sun's glare helps illuminate the Apollo 11 lunar module (LM) with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin aboard.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloud Download
    Enchanted Rendezvous John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept by James R. Hansen NASA History Office Code Z NASA Headquarters Washington DC 20546 MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORY SERIES #4 December 1995 Foreword One of the most critical technical decisions made during the conduct of Project Apollo was the method of flying to the Moon, landing on the surface, and returning to Earth. Within NASA during this debate, several modes emerged. The one eventually chosen was lunar-orbit rendezvous (LOR), a proposal to send the entire lunar spacecraft up in one launch. It would head to the Moon, enter into orbit, and dispatch a small lander to the lunar surface. It was the simplest of the various methods, both in terms of development and operational costs, but it was risky. Because rendezvous would take place in lunar, instead of Earth, orbit, there was no room for error or the crew could not get home. Moreover, some of the trickiest course corrections and maneuvers had to be done after the spacecraft had been committed to a circumlunar flight. Between the time of NASA's conceptualization of the lunar landing program and the decision in favor of LOR in 1962, a debate raged among the advocates of the various methods. John C. Houbolt, an engineer at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, was one of the most vocal of those supporting LOR and his campaign in 1961 and 1962 helped shape the deliberations in a fundamental way.
    [Show full text]
  • Collection of Research Materials for the HBO Television Series, from the Earth to the Moon, 1940-1997, Bulk 1958-1997
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt8290214d No online items Finding Aid for the Collection of Research Materials for the HBO Television Series, From the Earth to the Moon, 1940-1997, bulk 1958-1997 Processed by Manuscripts Division staff; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé © 2004 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 561 1 Finding Aid for the Collection of Research Materials for the HBO Television Series, From the Earth to the Moon, 1940-1997, bulk 1958-1997 Collection number: 561 UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections Manuscripts Division Los Angeles, CA Processed by: Manuscripts Division staff, 2004 Encoded by: Caroline Cubé © 2004 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Collection of Research Materials for the HBO Television Series, From the Earth to the Moon, Date (inclusive): 1940-1997, bulk 1958-1997 Collection number: 561 Creator: Home Box Office (Firm) Extent: 86 boxes (43 linear ft.) Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Dept. of Special Collections. Los Angeles, California 90095-1575 Abstract: From the earth to the moon was a Clavius Base/Imagine Entertainment production that followed the experiences of the Apollo astronauts in their mission to place a man on the moon. The collection covers a variety of subjects related to events and issues of the United States manned space flight program through Project Apollo and the history of the decades it covered, primarily the 1960s and the early 1970s. The collection contains books, magazines, unidentified excerpts from books and magazines, photographs, videorecordings, glass slides and audiotapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Seamans
    INSIGHT | ASK MAGAZINE | 27 INTERVIEW WITH Robert Seamans BY DON COHEN Robert C. Seamans was appointed associate administrator of NASA in 1960 and became deputy administrator in 1965. He later became secretary of the U.S. Air Force and then dean of the School of Engineering at MIT. Don Cohen spoke with him at the Robert C. Seamans Learning Laboratory on the MIT campus in Cambridge, Mass. COHEN: What was NASA like when you but it’s one thing to have a general idea became associate administrator in 1960? and another to know what each of the centers is doing. Keith Glennan, who was SEAMANS: A lot of people thought I was the administrator, was very thoughtful nuts to take the job because Eisenhower’s and said, “Why don’t you take the first term was about over, and there was a month and get around to every one of real question as to what might happen the centers?” I started off at Langley. The next. Was Nixon or Kennedy going to first thing that Tommy Thompson, the be elected? That was still in the lap of director, had set up was for me to get the gods on September first, when I was to know something about Mercury. I sworn in. My first job was to try to see climbed into the simulator; John Glenn what was already going on. I’d served on put the hatch down and went through a NACA [National Advisory Committee very modest simulation. Next I met with for Aeronautics] committees, and I’d John Houbolt and one or two others.
    [Show full text]
  • John Houbolt: the Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 3-2020 John Houbolt: The Unsung Hero of the Apollo Moon Landings William F. Causey Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews Part of the Aerospace Engineering Commons This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. “The choice of how to get to the moon was critical to meeting President Kennedy’s goal of a lunar landing ‘before this decade is out.’ Bill Causey’s deeply researched and clearly written book depicts how the persistence of one man, NASA engineer John Houbolt, decisively influenced the tortuous and contentious process of making that choice. This book nicely fills a glaring gap in the history of America’s journey to the moon, and reminds us that the lunar journey was far from straightforward.” —John M. Logsdon, Professor Emeritus, Space Policy Institute, The George Washington University “Causey’s book joins the list of essential reading for people seeking to understand the forces that made possible the Apollo space program. He expertly recalls the venture from the perspective of the people who organized the expeditions, and the sole engineer who convinced the country’s finest spaceflight minds that getting to the moon and back by 1970 required lunar orbit rendezvous. In the process, Causey paints a vivid picture of the inner workings of American government and the making of technical decisions in the mid-twentieth century.” —Howard McCurdy, Professor, American University, Washington, DC “John C.
    [Show full text]
  • Enchanted Rendezvous
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960014824 2020-06-16T04:40:22+00:00Z Enchanted Rendezvous John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept by James R. Hansen NASA History Office Code Z NASA Headquarters Washington DC 20546 MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORY SERIES #4 December 1995 Foreword One of the most critical technical decisions made during the conduct of Project Apollo was the method of flying to the Moon, landing on the surface, and returning to Earth. Within NASA during this debate, several modes emerged. The one eventually chosen was lunar-orbit rendezvous (LOR), a proposal to send the entire lunar spacecraft up in one launch. It would head to the Moon, enter into orbit, and dispatch a small lander to the lunar surface. It was the simplest of the various methods, both in terms of development and operational costs, but it was risky. Because rendezvous would take place in lunar, instead of Earth, orbit, there was no room for error or the crew could not get home. Moreover, some of the trickiest course corrections and maneuvers had to be done after the spacecraft had been committed to a circumlunar flight. Between the time of NASA's conceptualization of the lunar landing program and the decision in favor of LOR in 1962, a debate raged among the advocates of the various methods. John C. Houbolt, an engineer at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, was one of the most vocal of those supporting LOR and his campaign in 1961 and 1962 helped shape the deliberations in a fundamental way.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Dr John Houbolt
    Interview with Dr John Houbolt “With the nature of man being what it is, there appears to be no way to bring people together in a committee fashion and have them agree unanimously when dealing with such unexplored frontiers [as LOR]” Dr John Houbolt, 8th of April, 2005 ESD.30 – Engineering Apollo / Spring 2005 1/16 Interview with Dr John Houbolt Matti Kinnunen / April 11th INTRODUCTION 3 BIOGRAPHY OF JOHN HOUBOLT 4 THE MISSION MODES 5 THE LOR-DECISION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 7 THE SIZE OF THE CREW 11 CONCLUSIONS 14 ESD.30 – Engineering Apollo / Spring 2005 2/16 Interview with Dr John Houbolt Matti Kinnunen / April 11th Introduction President Kennedy’s speech on 25 May, 1961, was the official start of the Apollo- program. The programs mission was to “before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.”1 Any project of this magnitude requires many decisions, and officially starting such a project requires confidence that the responsible organization, NASA in this case, is able to make the decisions and reach necessary technical and management capabilities for fulfilling the mission. In Apollo- program the single most important decision2 was the selection of the mission mode, or the way of going to the Moon. There were three alternatives: direct flight, earth-orbit- rendezvous (EOR), and lunar-orbit-rendezvous (LOR). We will later discuss the modes in more detail (see chapter “The mission modes”). At this point all we need to know is that it took NASA several years to reach consensus and make the decision.
    [Show full text]