DOCSLIB.ORG

Development, Good Governance and South-South Cooperation: the African Peer Review Mechanism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development, Good Governance and South-South Cooperation: the African Peer Review Mechanism CHAPTER 16 Development, good governance and South-South cooperation: the African Peer Review Mechanism Bronwen Manby* 2. States shall have the duty, individually or collectively, to I. Introduction ensure the exercise of the right to development. This chapter analyses the African Peer Review In line with this commitment, for several decades Mechanism (APRM) in the light of the version of the African States have taken an active part in debates criteria to assess development partnerships prepared concerning the strengthening of the concept of the by the high-level task force on the implementation of right to development as an international obligation. the right to development and submitted to the Work- Indeed, the Declaration on the Right to Development ing Group on the Right to Development in 2010 (A/ was adopted in 1986 in large part as a result of Afri- HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.2). After setting the can support. At the level of the African continent itself, Mechanism in the context of the New Partnership for there is also a more recent commitment to action to Africa’s Development (NEPAD), it examines the nature achieve sustainable development through mobili- and functioning of the Mechanism, explores whether zation of domestic resources and through reform of it is a development partnership, and then focuses on continental and national institutions supporting gov- the content and process of integrating the right to ernance and development. Among the most important development into the Mechanism. initiatives in this regard are the transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union II. Africa and the right to in 2002 and the adoption by the African Union of development many new normative documents, including NEPAD and APRM. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, adopted in 1981, five years before the Decla- III. The New Partnership for Africa’s ration on the Right to Development, specifically recog- Development and the African nizes the right to development in its article 22: Peer Review Mechanism 1. All peoples shall have the right to their economic, social and cultural development with due regard to their freedom A. New Partnership for Africa’s and identity and in the equal enjoyment of the common her- Development itage of mankind. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development is a strategic framework setting out a “vision for Africa’s * Senior Programme Adviser, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP), Open Society Foundations. renewal”, initially adopted by African Heads of State 218 REALIZING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT | Cooperating for the right to development in 2001 and endorsed by the first Summit of the out of poverty; to achieve the average 7 per cent new African Union held in Durban, South Africa, in growth rate needed to meet the Millennium Develop- 2002.1 It is an amalgamation of different plans for an ment Goals, for which it estimated that an additional “African renaissance” developed by President Thabo $64 billion a year, or 12 per cent of Africa’s gross Mbeki of South Africa, President Olusegun Obasanjo domestic product (GDP), would be needed. In order of Nigeria, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria to achieve this goal, NEPAD emphasizes both the and President Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal, as well responsibility of Africans and the concept of mutual as documentation prepared by the Economic Commis- accountability, i.e., that those who trade with or give sion for Africa (ECA), and was devised originally as aid to Africa have responsibilities of their own. Though an initiative separate from the creation of the African much criticized by civil society groups for its neolib- Union, in part at least to avoid the “lowest common eral bent and lack of analytical rigour, and even by denominator” effect of a continent-wide body. Follow- some of its original Government supporters (notably ing many years of discussion on the need for greater President Wade) for failure to deliver, the NEPAD integration of the NEPAD initiative into African Union vision has received wide endorsement within Africa processes and structures, the Assembly of Heads of and is the official economic development programme State and Government of the African Union adopted of the African Union. a decision in February 2010 that approved various measures to ensure greater coordination between NEPAD explicitly recognizes that “peace, secu- NEPAD and the rest of the African Union, as well as rity, democracy, good governance, human rights and renaming the NEPAD Secretariat the NEPAD Planning sound economic management are conditions for sus- and Coordinating Agency (NPCA).2 However, NPCA tainable development”.4 Accordingly, democracy and remains headquartered in South Africa, distant from good governance form the second point of an eight- the main African Union institutions in Addis Ababa. point agenda, by which “African leaders will take NEPAD is governed by the Heads of State and Gov- joint responsibility for … [p]romoting and protecting ernment Orientation Committee (HSGOC) (until Feb- democracy and human rights in their respective coun- ruary 2010 called the Heads of State and Govern- tries and regions, by developing clear standards of ment Implementation Committee (HSGIC)), made up accountability, transparency and participatory govern- of three States from each of the African Union’s five ance at the national and subnational levels”.5 Overall, regions, which in turn reports to the African Union “[t]he objective of the New Partnership for Africa’s Assembly. The first Chair of the Committee was Presi- Development is to give impetus to Africa’s develop- dent Obasanjo, who handed over to Prime Minister ment by bridging existing gaps in priority sectors in Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia in 2007. A 20-member order to enable the continent to catch up with devel- steering committee of personal representatives of oped parts of the world. The new long-term vision will the Heads of State oversees programmes, supported require massive, heavy investment to bridge existing by NPCA, which is seen as a technical body and is gaps. The challenge ahead for Africa is to be able to supervised by the Chair of the African Union Commis- raise the required funding under the best conditions sion (the Secretariat of the African Union). possible. We therefore call on our development part- ners to assist us in this endeavour.”6 The NEPAD document3 focuses primarily on eco- nomics: bridging the infrastructure gap and the digital The NEPAD document has many weaknesses, divide; agriculture, science and technology; capital but the central recognition of the dependence of flows; and market access. Its stated aim is to lift Africa economic progress on political good governance is of critical importance: hitherto, many African Gov- 1 Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, thirty- ernments had been content to blame their economic seventh ordinary session/fifth ordinary session of the African Economic problems on the history of colonialism and continuing Community, Lusaka, 9-11 July 2001, Declaration on the New Common Initiative, document AHG/Decl.1(XXXVII); Assembly of the African Union, injustice of the international system rather than taking first ordinary session, Durban, South Africa, 9 and 10 July 2002, Declara- clear responsibility for aspects within their own con- tion on the Implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), document ASS/African Union/Decl.1(I). The Durban Summit was trol. The document does not, however, go on to use both the last of the Organization of African Unity and the first of the African concepts of rights-based development or the right to Union. The NEPAD Declaration adopted at Durban was adopted by the African Union. development in its analysis of existing problems and 2 Decision on the integration of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development proposals for future action: the NEPAD endorsement (NEPAD) into the structures and processes of the African Union including the establishment of the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA), document Assembly/AU/Dec.283(XIV) (2 February 2010). 4 Ibid., para. 71. 3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) (October 2001), avail- 5 Ibid., para. 49. able from www.nepad.org. 6 Ibid., paras. 65-66. Development, good governance and South-South cooperation: the African Peer Review Mechanism | PART THREE 219 of human rights is segregated from its discussion of corporate governance; and socioeconomic develop- objectives in relation to infrastructure, health or edu- ment. cation.7 The Declaration also committed participating NPCA is not itself an implementing body, and it States to establishing an African peer review mecha- must work through the African Union’s regional eco- nism, “to promote adherence to and fulfilment of the nomic communities (RECs)—the “building blocks” of commitments contained” in the Declaration.10 The first African economic integration recognized in the 1991 document describing the mechanism in some detail, Abuja treaty establishing the African Economic Com- adopted at the same summit in July 2002, sets out its munity—and other African Union institutions to realize mandate as “to ensure that the policies and practices its vision. While it may have been a good decision of participating States conform to the agreed politi- not to create another new institution with overlapping cal, economic and corporate governance values, authority, the ability of NEPAD to act is currently con- codes and standards contained in the Declaration strained by the lack of will of its collaborating partners on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate to move forward along the same path. The RECs vary Governance”.11 On 9 March 2003, HSGIC adopted greatly in their own institutional capacity and overlap the Memorandum of Understanding on the African with each other in geographical reach. In operation, Peer Review Mechanism12 (hereafter “Memorandum NPCA has focused largely on economic matters and of Understanding”) and six countries signed it right development policies, starting with the development of away, bringing it immediately into force.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gordian Knot: Apartheid & the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960-1970
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: APARTHEID & THE UNMAKING OF THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER, 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Irwin, B.A., M.A. History ***** The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Hahn Professor Robert McMahon Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Martha van Wyk © 2010 by Ryan Irwin All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the apartheid debate from an international perspective. Positioned at the methodological intersection of intellectual and diplomatic history, it examines how, where, and why African nationalists, Afrikaner nationalists, and American liberals contested South Africa’s place in the global community in the 1960s. It uses this fight to explore the contradictions of international politics in the decade after second-wave decolonization. The apartheid debate was never at the center of global affairs in this period, but it rallied international opinions in ways that attached particular meanings to concepts of development, order, justice, and freedom. As such, the debate about South Africa provides a microcosm of the larger postcolonial moment, exposing the deep-seated differences between politicians and policymakers in the First and Third Worlds, as well as the paradoxical nature of change in the late twentieth century. This dissertation tells three interlocking stories. First, it charts the rise and fall of African nationalism. For a brief yet important moment in the early and mid-1960s, African nationalists felt genuinely that they could remake global norms in Africa’s image and abolish the ideology of white supremacy through U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Geospatial Information Management in Africa Action Plan 2016 - 2030
    Global Geospatial Information Management in Africa Action Plan 2016 - 2030 A Call for action to strengthen and sustain national geospatial information systems and infrastructures in a coordinated manner United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ___________________ Geoinformation & UNWGIC Spatial Statistics Deqinq, China ___________________ 21 November 2018 Andre Nonguierma Outlines UN-GGIM Context Why we need Geography? UN-GGIM : African Holistic Geospatial information Vision At its July 2011 substantive The Policy Drivers : Global Need for Spatially- Coordinated approach for cooperative management of session, following extensive Enabled Complex Information Everything that happens, happens somewhere geospatial information that adopts common regional consultation with geospatial standards, frameworks and tools over space and time experts of Member States, the Management of global geospatial information to address 80% of all human decisions involve a “Where?” Economic and Social Council key global challenges including Sustainable development, question climate change, disaster management, peace and (ECOSOC) considered the report You cannot count what you cannot locate security, and environmental stresses of the Secretary General Location affects nearly everything we do in life. Intergovernmental Process where the Member States play (E/2011/89) and adopted a the key role resolution to create the United . Nations Committee of Experts on Geography Nexus Issues Key Pillars Way Forward Global Geospatial Information Availability Key Pillars
    [Show full text]
  • An Unfinished Journey William Minter
    An Unfinished Journey William Minter he early morning phone call came on Febru- 1973; Patrice Lumumba in 1961; Malcolm X in 1965; ary 4, 1969, the day after I arrived back from Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968; Steve Biko in 1977; Tanzania to my parents’ house in Tucson, Ruth First in 1982; and Samora Machel in 1986—to Arizona. “Eduardo has been assassinated.” name only a few. TThe caller was Gail Hovey, one of the co-editors Memories of those who gave their lives can bind of this book. She was then working with the South- together and inspire those who carry on their lega- ern Africa Committee in New York, a group sup- cies. So can highly visible public victories, such as porting liberation movements in Mozambique and the dramatic release of Nelson Mandela from prison other Southern African countries. Eduardo, as he in February 1990 and the first democratic election was known to hundreds of friends around the world, in South Africa in April 1994. The worldwide anti- was Eduardo Mondlane. At the time of his death by apartheid movement, which helped win those victo- a letter bomb, he was president of the Mozambique ries, was arguably the most successful transnational Liberation Front, known as Frelimo. Had he lived to social movement of the last half century. All of us see the freedom of his country, he would likely have engaged in this book project were minor actors in joined his contemporary and friend Nelson Mandela that movement, and our roles will become clear as as one of Africa’s most respected leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington Notes on Africa, Jan. 1969
    Washington notes on Africa, Jan. 1969 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000001 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Washington notes on Africa, Jan. 1969 Alternative title Washington notes on Africa Author/Creator American Committee on Africa (ACOA) Contributor Gappert, Gary Publisher American Committee on Africa (ACOA) Date 1969-01 Resource type Newsletters Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa, United States, Nigeria Coverage (temporal) 1968 - 1969 Source Africa Action Archive Rights By kind permission of Africa Action, incorporating the American Committee on Africa, The Africa Fund, and the Africa Policy Information Center.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly 5 August 2016
    United Nations A/RES/70/293 Distr.: General General Assembly 5 August 2016 Seventieth session Agenda item 15 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 July 2016 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/70/L.49/Rev.1)] 70/293. Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (2016–2025) The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 35/66 B of 5 December 1980, in which it proclaimed the 1980s as the first Industrial Development Decade for Africa, its resolution 44/237 of 22 December 1989, in which it proclaimed the period 1991–2000 as the Second Industrial Development Decade for Africa, its resolution 47/177 of 22 December 1992, in which it adjusted the period for the programme for the Second Decade to cover the years 1993–2002, and its resolution 57/297 of 20 December 2002 on the Second Decade, Recalling also its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, which reflects the importance of industrial development to the 2030 Agenda, including Sustainable Development Goal 9, Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, and its interrelated targets, Recalling further its resolution 69/313 of 27 July 2015 on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, which is an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supports and complements it and helps to contextualize its means of implementation targets with concrete policies and actions,
    [Show full text]
  • Struggle for Liberation in South Africa and International Solidarity A
    STRUGGLE FOR LIBERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY A Selection of Papers Published by the United Nations Centre against Apartheid Edited by E. S. Reddy Senior Fellow, United Nations Institute for Training and Research STERLING PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED NEW DELHI 1992 INTRODUCTION One of the essential contributions of the United Nations in the international campaign against apartheid in South Africa has been the preparation and dissemination of objective information on the inhumanity of apartheid, the long struggle of the oppressed people for their legitimate rights and the development of the international campaign against apartheid. For this purpose, the United Nations established a Unit on Apartheid in 1967, renamed Centre against Apartheid in 1976. I have had the privilege of directing the Unit and the Centre until my retirement from the United Nations Secretariat at the beginning of 1985. The Unit on Apartheid and the Centre against Apartheid obtained papers from leaders of the liberation movement and scholars, as well as eminent public figures associated with the international anti-apartheid movements. A selection of these papers are reproduced in this volume, especially those dealing with episodes in the struggle for liberation; the role of women, students, churches and the anti-apartheid movements in the resistance to racism; and the wider significance of the struggle in South Africa. I hope that these papers will be of value to scholars interested in the history of the liberation movement in South Africa and the evolution of United Nations as a force against racism. The papers were prepared at various times, mostly by leaders and active participants in the struggle, and should be seen in their context.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. INTRODUCTION “ Unless Something New and Radical Is Done
    1. INTRODUCTION “ Unless something new and radical is done, Africa will not achieve the International Development Goals (IDGs) and the 7% annual Growth Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate” 1 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is not only the newest and most fashionable game on the African continent, but also the latest in the efforts by African political leaders to deal collectively with the countless national, regional and continental political, socioeconomic problems and development challenges facing the continent. As much as a growing number of African political leaders enter the arena to declare their commitment to the agenda of Africa’s economic upliftment in the new millennium, there is very little civil society understanding of and support for a continental project such as NEPAD. The absence of meaningful and organic participation by civil society is the most vexatious of all the concerns that could mar the otherwise commendable vision of African sustainable development that NEPAD invokes. It is this absence of participation by civil society in the lives of their communities that has led to the failure of most commendable projects undertaken by African leaders since the early days of independence. In the words of the NEPAD document, what is now known as NEPAD is a merger of the Millennium Partnership for Africa’s Recovery Programme (MAP) and the Omega Plan. This was finalised into a new document and framework called the New Africa Initiative, (NAI) on 3 July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia. The NAI was then approved by OAU Summit Heads of State and Government on 11 July 2001 (Declaration 1 (XXXVII)).
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with George Houser
    Interview with George Houser "It was George Houser who introduced me to people who supported the African anti-colonial struggle. ... All of us who came to the United Nations or the United States during our campaigning for independence received help and encouragement from the ACOA." — Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, in the foreword to George M. Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain[1] "We always conceived our work as part and parcel of the civil rights struggle. ... The struggle in Africa was to us, as Americans, an extension of the battle on the home front." — George M. Houser, " The Struggle Never Ends," October 2003[2] Introduction For three decades, from the early 1950s through the 1970s, George Houser was the American name most familiar to leaders of African liberation movements seeking sympathetic contacts in the unfamiliar and generally unsympathetic context of Cold War America. This was not because the American Committee on Africa (ACOA, pronounced A-C-O- A), the organization he headed for those years, was large, powerful, or well known, or because it had access to the corridors of power. Nor was Houser himself a public figure attracting media attention. It was simply because they could count on Houser being there, and doing what he could. Born in 1916 in Ohio, Houser grew up first in the Philippines, where his parents were Methodist missionaries, and then in New York state, California, and Colorado, where his father was a Methodist pastor. As a student active in the National Council of Methodist Youth in the 1930s, he absorbed the activist message of the Social Gospel, with its strands of pacifism, socialism, support for organized labor, and, above all, opposition to racial discrimination.
    [Show full text]
  • GGIM/16/1 20 June 2016
    Distribution: Limited E/ECA/GGIM/16/1 20 June 2016 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Original: ENGLISH ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Global Geospatial Information Management (GGIM) Africa Action Plan Addis Ababa, Ethiopia July 2016 Geospatial Information for Sustainable Development in Africa (GI4SD) African Action Plan on Global Geospatial Information Management (AAP-GGIM) 2016-2030 Last Edition: 14/06/2017 18:08 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United Nations Secretariat has launched the Global Geospatial Information Management (GGIM) initiative in 2011. It aims at setting up a formal mechanism under the UN auspices to discuss and coordinate GGIM activities and by involving Member States as the key players. Two key programmes, namely the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in September 2015 by the General Assembly of the UN, and the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063, approved in January 2015 by the African Union, further emphasise the need for a global coordination mechanism for Geospatial Information Management (GIM) These two Agendas have a lot in common and are mutually supportive and coherent, while the Agenda 2063 is more specific on the needs of Africa. At its meeting in April 2016, the Conference of African ministers of finance, planning, economic development and integration highlighted these two Agendas as key to the next phase of Africa’s development and noted the supportive relationship of the two. Geospatial Information for Sustainable Development (GI4SD) in Africa, which is the African Action Plan on Global Geospatial Information Management (AAP-GGIM) is an implementation tool of UN-GGIM: Africa, the African component of the UN-GGIM initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • Boycotts and Sanctions Against South Africa: an International History, 1946-1970
    Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Simon Stevens All rights reserved ABSTRACT Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens This dissertation analyzes the role of various kinds of boycotts and sanctions in the strategies and tactics of those active in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. What was unprecedented about the efforts of members of the global anti-apartheid movement was that they experimented with so many ways of severing so many forms of interaction with South Africa, and that boycotts ultimately came to be seen as such a central element of their struggle. But it was not inevitable that international boycotts would become indelibly associated with the struggle against apartheid. Calling for boycotts and sanctions was a political choice. In the years before 1959, most leading opponents of apartheid both inside and outside South Africa showed little interest in the idea of international boycotts of South Africa. This dissertation identifies the conjuncture of circumstances that caused this to change, and explains the subsequent shifts in the kinds of boycotts that opponents of apartheid prioritized. It shows that the various advocates of boycotts and sanctions expected them to contribute to ending apartheid by a range of different mechanisms, from bringing about an evolutionary change in white attitudes through promoting the desegregation of sport, to weakening the state’s ability to resist the efforts of the liberation movements to seize power through guerrilla warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Program and Purposes of the American Committee on Africa
    Program and purposes of the American Committee on Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000264 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Program and purposes of the American Committee on Africa Author/Creator American Committee on Africa Publisher American Committee on Africa Date 1962 Resource type Circulars Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Africa (region), United States, South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1953 - 1962 Source Africa Action Archive Rights By kind permission of Africa Action, incorporating the American Committee on Africa, The Africa Fund, and the Africa Policy Information Center. Description Program. Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa
    ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution ASGISA Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa AU African Union CNG Compressed natural gas CO2 Carbon dioxide CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research CSO Civil society organization DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DBE Department of Basic Education DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DPME Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation DST Department of Science and Technology DTI Department of Trade and Industry DVA Domestic Violence Act GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution GNP New Growth Path HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information and Communication Technology IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan IPP Independent Power Producer IRP Integrated Resource Plan MOI Means of implementation MTSF Medium Term Strategic Framework NDC Nationally determined contribution NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-governmental organization NPC National Planning Commission NSSD National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan 1 NWRS National Water Resources Strategy PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis PhD Postgraduate doctoral degree PSET Post-School Education and Training RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme REIPPPP Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme SADC Southern African Development Community SAEON South African Environmental Observation Network SANEDI South African National Energy Development Institute SANBI South African National Biodiversity
    [Show full text]