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“While We Owe Much to America I Do Not Feel That We Owe Them the Whole Island of Greenland”

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“While We Owe Much to America I Do Not Feel That We Owe Them the Whole Island of Greenland” “While we owe much to America I do not feel that we owe them the whole island of Greenland” How the triangular security relationship between Greenland, Denmark, and the United States is articulated in events of US’ attempts to purchase Greenland in 1946 and 2019, their reflections of the Arctic security political issues, and the effects in the triangular relationship Iben Fejerskov Larsen Culture, Communication & Globalization, Arctic Studies Specialization Master’s thesis Spring 2021 Aalborg University Key Strokes: 191,466 Supervisor: Lill Rastad Bjørst Department of Culture and Learning Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. RESEARCH QUESTION ....................................................................................................................... 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 6 2.1. SUMMARY AND CONTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................... 10 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 10 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN AND STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 11 3.1.1. Research design .................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2. Structure ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2. DATA AND DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1. Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2. Data ....................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1. Limitations of Securitization Theory ..................................................................................... 17 3.4. METHOD FOR ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.1. Discourse analysis ................................................................................................................. 18 3.5. LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES .................................................................................................... 20 4. THEORY ...................................................................................................................................... 21 4.1. SECURITIZATION THEORY AND KEY CONCEPTS .............................................................................. 21 4.2. VIEWS OF SECURITY AND ORIGIN OF SECURITIZATION THEORY .................................................... 24 5. ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 26 5.1. 1946-PROPOSAL ............................................................................................................................. 27 5.1.1. Situational context ................................................................................................................. 27 5.1.2. US’ arguments ....................................................................................................................... 31 5.1.3. Danish and Greenlandic reactions and articulations ........................................................... 34 5.1.4. Key points .............................................................................................................................. 36 5.2. 2019-PROPOSAL ............................................................................................................................. 36 5.2.1. Situational context ................................................................................................................. 36 5.2.2. US’ arguments and articulations ........................................................................................... 38 5.2.3. Danish and Greenlandic reactions and articulations ........................................................... 52 5.2.4. Key points .............................................................................................................................. 65 5.3. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 66 6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 68 6.1. FURTHER RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 71 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 72 2 Abstract The present thesis sets out to investigate how the triangular security relationship between Denmark, Greenland, and the United States of America was articulated in the events of the United States’ proposals to purchase Greenland from Denmark in 1946 and 2019, how these reflect the Arctic security political issues and great power rivalry, and the effects on the relationship. Thus, the purpose is to establish whether or not there has been a paradigm shift and the role of external developments in this security relationship. From a social constructivist stance, to answer these research questions, the author analyzes articulations, discourse and situational contexts, and speech acts in official documents, speeches, and statements from former and present officials in Greenland, Denmark, and the US. The data is obtained through internet- and document-based research and categorized according to which of the two proposals they relate to. Moreover, the author applies securitization theory by the Copenhagen School and the presented securitization concepts: securitizing actor, existential threat, referent object, audience, and facilitating conditions in order to establish how securitization is used by the US, Denmark, and Greenland, and thus to determine the discourses evident with regard to the two purchase proposals. The author concludes that there has been a paradigm shift in the articulations and discourses of the triangular security relationship, and that the relationship is to a great extent determined by external factors. Moreover, it is concluded that the US, Denmark, and Greenland each construct their reality in different ways, which impacts their approach to security. It is further found that there has been a change in discourses where in relation to the 1946-proposal, the dominant discourse was mainly related to security, whereas in relation to the 2019-proposal, the discourses have developed to include those of relationships, independence, and environment. It is further found that this change in discourses reflect a change in security perceptions, constructions of threats and thus what shall be securitized. This is seen in that in relation to the 1946-proposal, the constructed threat was, for all three parties, Germany in the context of the Second World War, which shifted to that of the Soviet Union with the Cold War. In relation to the 2019-proposal, the constructed threat by the US shifted to come from Russia, China, and climate change, whereas the threats constructed by Greenland and Denmark is mainly external threats, incl. Russia in particular, and external interference in the Danish-Greenlandic relationship and Greenland’s self-determination and process towards independence. 3 1. Introduction “Essentially, it’s a large real estate deal.” – President Trump (Pengelly 2019). In August 2019, the US President Donald Trump expressed his wish to purchase the island of Greenland from Denmark. The proposal brought heavy critique of not only the President’s lack of up-to-date rhetoric (Hansen 2019), but also discontent from the Greenlandic population of the entire situation (Obordo et al. 2019). The response was loud and clear: “Our country is not for sale, but we are open for business” (Kielsen 2019). This proposal was not the first attempt by the great United States of America to purchase Greenland. In 1946, a similar proposal was set forth, along with two other proposals that would grant the US access to the big Arctic island, by then Secretary of State, James Byrnes (Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Institut 1997). Also back then, the answer was clear: “while we owe much to America I do not feel that we owe them the whole island of Greenland” (Marvel 1947). Thus, the US has been interested in Greenland for a long time. However, as existing research shows (Conley & Melino 2019), the US’ has had a rather stagnant approach to the Arctic over the past decade with the perception that the Arctic would remain of limited strategic value, and the US has further found its minimalistic, wait-and-see approach as
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