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Thesis Reference Thesis Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity along the lateral dimension of a large river floodplain : application to the Rhône River restoration PAILLEX, Amael Abstract Hydrological connectivity plays a major role in shaping both the habitat conditions and the biota in floodplain ecosystems. Current restoration strategies in large river floodplains often focus on the increase in lateral connectivity of secondary channels. However, the knowledge on the effect of restoration strategies on biodiversity remains limited. In this study, a framework was constructed to assess the level of lateral connectivity in thirteen cut-off channels of two braided sectors of the Rhône River (France). The effect of restoration measures on macroinvertebrate diversity was assessed. Changes were measured within (i.e. alpha diversity) and between channels (i.e. beta diversity). The coherence of the relationships established for some of the richness and trait-based metrics demonstrated their potential for the development of invertebrate-based tools to predict and monitor river-floodplain changes associated with restoration. At the channel scale, an increase in lateral connectivity induced a significant change in macroinvertebrate composition, a decrease of total richness and functional diversity. It is [...] Reference PAILLEX, Amael. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity along the lateral dimension of a large river floodplain : application to the Rhône River restoration. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2010, no. Sc. 4211 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-129388 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:12938 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:12938 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Institut Forel Dr. Emmanuel Castella Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Diversity along the Lateral Dimension of a Large River Floodplain. Application to the Rhône River Restoration. THÈSE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention interdisciplinaire par Amael PAILLEX de Chavannes des Bois (VD) Thèse No 4211 GENĖVE Atelier d’impression ReproMail 2010 1 Paillex, A.: Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity along the lateral dimension of a large river floodplain. Application to the Rhône River restoration. Terre & Environnement, vol. 100, xviii + 172 pp. (2010) ISBN 2-940153-99-X Section des sciences de la Terre et de l'environnement, Université de Genève, 13 rue des Maraîchers, CH-1205 Genève, Suisse Téléphone ++41-22-379.66.28 - Fax ++41-22-379.32.11 http://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/ “Ecological restoration is a recent discipline that should be conducted scientifically and rigorously to move from a trial-and-error process to a predictive science to increase its success and the self- sustainability of restored ecosystems” Henry and Amoros (1995) i [Blank page] ii REMERCIEMENTS iii REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie le Professeur Jean-Bernard Lachavanne de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire pour effectuer le présent travail de thèse sous la direction du Dr. Emmanuel Castella. Je remercie vivement le Dr. Emmanuel Castella qui a encadré ce travail de thèse. Sa passion, son enthousiasme, son dévouement et sa patience ont été précieux pour moi durant ces années de thèse, je lui en suis très reconnaissant. Je remercie chacun des membres du jury de cette thèse d'avoir accepté d'évaluer le présent travail, Professeur Jean-Bernard Lachavanne (Université de Genève), Professeur Sylvain Dolédec (Université de Lyon), Professeur Beat Oertli (HES-SO Genève), Docteur Jean- Michel Olivier (Université de Lyon), ainsi que le Docteur Emmanuel Castella (Université de Genève). Ce travail n’aurait pas pu aboutir sans l’aide de nombreuses personnes qui ont participé aux campagnes de prélèvement, aux tris des échantillons et aux déterminations des macroinvertébrés, je remercie D. McCrae, N. Peru, A.L. Besacier-Monbertrand, O. Béguin, F. Play, A. Schutzle, E. Malet, S. André, C. Ilg, ainsi que les membres du bureau de l'ARALEP à Lyon. Je tiens également à formuler mes remerciements posthumes à Gilles Carron qui a déterminé tous les coléoptères aquatiques, et de ce fait laisse un bel héritage aux spécialistes du domaine ainsi que pour le programme de restauration. Je remercie E. Castella et D. McCrae qui ont tous deux corrigé l’anglais de mes travaux. Mes remerciements s'adressent également à B. Lachal, E. Pampaloni et P. Arpagaus de l’Institut Forel qui m'ont tous aidé pour effectuer diverses mesures de variables environnementales. Ce travail ne serait pas grand chose sans les collaborations développées pendant 5 ans avec les membres du Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Fluviaux de l’Université de Lyon, je remercie particulièrement Professeur Sylvain Dolédec, Dr. Sylvie Mérigoux, Dr. Jean-Michel Olivier, ainsi que Dr. Nicolas Lamouroux et Dr. Hervé Piégay, tous deux participant au suivi scientifique du programme de restauration du Rhône. iv Remerciements Je remercie les différentes institutions, fondations et collectivités qui ont participé au financement de ce travail; l’Université de Genève, les financeurs du programme décennal de restauration écologique et hydraulique du Rhône : La Compagnie Nationale du Rhône, La Direction Régionale de l’Environnement, l’Agence de l’Eau et de nombreuses collectivités publiques ; je remercie également pour leur soutien lors de congrès : la Société Académique de Genève, le Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Biologie Aquatique, ainsi que l'Institut Forel. Mes remerciements s'adressent également aux membres du Laboratoire d’Ecologie et de Biologie Aquatique avec qui j’ai partagé passion, science et la vie de tous les jours pendant de nombreuses années. Je remercie tous les étudiant(e)s et stagiaires avec qui j'ai travaillé lors de ma thèse. Que les membres du groupe de réflexion de l’APCINT (Association Pour le Corps Intermédiaire de l’Université de Genève), avec qui j’ai partagé de nombreuses réunions à discuter du rôle du doctorant au sein du corps intermédiaire et de la place de ce dernier au sein de notre Université, soient remerciés. Je remercie mes amis qui ont beaucoup compté tout au long de mes études et de mon travail de doctorat. Vous étiez présents tout au long de ce travail et chacun a une place toute particulière dans l'aboutissement de ce travail. Enfin, mes remerciements s'adressent à mes proches et à toute ma famille pour leur intérêt et leurs encouragements, particulièrement à Michel, Pascale, Dorane, mes frères Camille, Aurélien et Jonas. J'aimerais remercier chacun d'entre vous de votre présence, de votre générosité et de votre soutien. Et enfin Hélène pour son amour. Merci à Tous. v Remerciements [Blank page] vi RÉSUMÉ vii RÉSUMÉ Ensembles d’écosystèmes d’une grande complexité, les plaines alluviales sont des milieux exceptionnels à haute valeur écologique, sociale et économique. Ces écosystèmes permettent le maintien d’une importante biodiversité qui est le produit des habitats diversifiés qui les composent et de la dynamique fluviale qui les régit. Bien qu’étant le siège d’une biodiversité remarquable, les plaines alluviales sont soumises à des altérations de type anthropiques. La plaine alluviale du Rhône a connu une altération progressive de son fonctionnement suite à la construction de digues et d’usines hydroélectriques. Les aménagements ont progressivement réduit la connectivité latérale des annexes fluviales avec le cours principal du fleuve entrainant une altération des communautés floristiques et faunistiques constitutives de ces annexes. Fort de ce constat, un programme de restauration a été établi pour le Rhône. Sa mission consiste à augmenter la connectivité latérale des annexes fluviales avec le cours principal, par leur reconnexion avec ce dernier, le recreusement de certaines d’entre elles et par une augmentation des débits circulant dans le fleuve court-circuité. Ces actions visent à rétablir une dynamique hydrologique et morphologique au sein des annexes et à restaurer leur biodiversité. Le présent travail de thèse a pour objectif i) d’établir la distribution et la diversité des macroinvertébrés aquatique le long d’un gradient de connectivité latérale, de décrire les cortèges faunistiques et leurs caractéristiques avant les travaux de restauration, ii) de prédire et d’établir un diagnostic des effets liés à l’augmentation de la connectivité latérale sur les communautés de macroinvertébrés. Dix-huit annexes fluviales couvrant un large spectre de conditions au sein de la plaine alluviale ont été étudiées. La connectivité latérale de ces annexes avec le cours principal a été établie sur la base de variables représentative de cette connectivité. Quatre groupes de métriques basées sur les macroinvertébrés ont été testées le long de ce gradient i) la composition taxonomique, ii) la richesse taxonomique totale et celle de sous- groupes taxonomiques, iii) la représentation de certains traits fonctionnels, iv) la diversité fonctionnelle. Un total de 576 échantillons de faune ont été prélevés selon un échantillonnage stratifié, répété en été, au printemps et également avant et après restauration. Cinq variables environnementales ont servis à construire une variable synthétique décrivant la connectivité latérale de chaque annexe fluviale. Avant restauration, les variables environnementales mesurées permettent d’ordonner les annexes le long d’un gradient de connectivité latérale. La composition des communautés de macroinvertébrés reflète ce gradient de connectivité (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.001),
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