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UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES Ecole Doctorale 180 SCIENCES ! UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES Ecole Doctorale 180 SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES SORBONNE THÈSE Rónán MacDubhghaill (MacDowell) ! Pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES Discipline : Sociologie ! ! Titre : La Mémoire Collective et la Violence : Radicalisation et Enracinement. ! ! Directeur de thèse : Michel Maffesoli Co-Directrice de thèse : Molly Andrews Jury : Jens Brockmeier (Professeur des universités) Jean-Martin Rabot (Professeur des universités) Didier Bazalgette (Docteur / DGA) ! !1 Remerciements. ! Il me paraît presque étrange de soumettre à mon nom, seul, quand je sais avec pertinence le rôle qu’ont joué bien d’autres à la réalisation de cette thèse. D’abord, il faut que je remercie mon directeur de thèse, Professeur Michel Maffesoli, pour les dettes que j’ai envers lui, à la fois intellectuelles et initiatiques. Sans votre intervention, je n’aurais pas pu trouver le courage d’exprimer cette thèse avec l'honnêteté intellectuelle que j’ai recherchée. Molly Andrews, ma co- directrice de thèse pour ses conseils qui ont l’étrange beauté de toujours arriver au bon moment ; je la remercie aussi pour son coeur chaleureux, son soutien émotionnel et moral, de m’avoir toujours renvoyé sur le terrain depuis trois ans. Je voudrais aussi remercier les membres de mon Jury. D’abord, Jens Brockmeier, pour les conseils amicaux et pertinents qu’il m’a donnés bien longtemps avant que nous nous soyons rencontrés, et depuis, et pour la dette que je lui dois concernant notre préoccupation intellectuelle commune ; Jean-Martin Rabot pour la chaleur avec laquelle nous avons échangé sur une vaste diversité de sujets, qui est égale à la sympathie de son accueil ; Didier Bazalgette pour sa perspicacité, pour sa bienveillance et pour avoir gardé toujours une vision globale des choses. J’ai une dette générale envers la communauté intellectuelle que j’ai retrouvée à Paris, le CEAQ, qui m’a donné l’environnement intellectuel et amical pour retrouver finalement les pulsions originelles qui m’ont inspiré à m’engager dans ce travail de recherche. Sans aucune verticalité, je voudrais remercier en particulier Michael V. Dandrieux de m’avoir ouvert un monde, Aurélien Fouillet de m’avoir fait partager ses idées avec énormément de générosité, Stéphane Hugon pour ses paroles, Raphaël Josset pour ses petits affrontements, Antonio Rafaele pour sa considération, Fabio La Rocca pour sa bienveillance rassurante, Vincenzo Susca pour l’amour d’un frère, Fred Lebas pour sa sincérité. À mes amis et ma famille, qui m’ont donné l’énergie émotionnelle pour pouvoir compléter ce travail ; Urban Zorko et Emmanuelle Barbera qui m’ont donné des ancrages dans la tempête du temps, leur affection et leur confiance, sans lesquels la réalisation de cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible ; Kristell Blache-Comte pour tellement de choses, surtout pour son regard pénétrant, qui a fait le premier tour des corrections ; Marianne Thibault, qui a fait le deuxième, mais surtout qui m’a !2 challengé, qui m’a conforté, et qui m’a accompagné jusqu’au bout. Clément Bosqué qui m’a toujours fourni l’inspiration ; Selma Fortin qui a essayé de me montrer comment travailler avec sa sensibilité ; à Pilar Hoye, de m’avoir donné la motivation de vouloir continuer, de pouvoir finir ; à ma mère, Bernadette Cassidy, qui m’a appris sa mémoire, et qui m’a rappelé la poésie, et à mes frères Niall et Feargal et ma soeur Caoimhe. À Gary Clarke qui m’a appris son affection et son humanité ; Amanda Aldous pour sa présence ; Claire Spelman pour son amour ; Deirdre Spring d’avoir cru en moi plus que je n'ai cru en moi-même ; Uinsionn MacDubhghaill pour nos discussions interminables. À bien d’autres ; Mark Sheridan, Nedyelka Clarke & Nevena, Kunihiro Nagayama et sa famille, Julia Fellinger, Arne Verhagen, Ling-ya Li, Diana Duncan, Jenni Yau, Adam Bargroff, Emmanuelle Maffesoli, Hélène Strohl, Adrien O’Connell, Andy Mullen, Treasa De Loughry, Tony Crimmins, Mathieu Simon, Inès Hamedi, Marko Kumer Mur" … ! Merci à vous tous, qui avez joué vos rôles, et qui m’avez aidé à pouvoir venir jusqu’ici, même si j’aurais dû aller plus loin encore. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !3 Sommaire Introduction pp 8 Partie 1 - Approches théoriques et méthodiques pp 27 Chapitre 0 : Fondements épistémologiques pp 27 Chapitre 1 : Revue des approches théoriques sur la mémoire pp 52 Chapitre 2 : Vers une poétique de la mémoire collective pp 71 Chapitre 3 : Les racines de la violence pp 86 Chapitre 4 : Les méthodes d’une recherche compréhensive du terrain pp 105 Partie 2 - La poétique de la mémoire collective et la violence en Irlande du Nord : vers une compréhension de la violence sur la longue durée Chapitre 5 : La Frontière pp 128 Chapitre 6 : Le Héros pp 189 Chapitre 7 : La Famine pp 249 Conclusions pp 301 Bibliographie pp 315 Table des illustrations pp 329 Index Rerum pp 360 Index Nominum pp 367 Annexe : The Great Hunger, Patrick Kavanagh pp 331 Table des Matières pp 358 Résumé pp 376 ! !4 Was it for this the wild geese spread The grey wing upon every tide; For this that all that blood was shed, For this Edward Fitzgerald died, And Robert Emmet and Wolfe Tone, All that delirium of the brave? Romantic Ireland’s dead and gone, It’s with O’Leary in the grave. ! Est-ce pour cela qu’ont fui les oies sauvages L’aile grise couvrant les marées Pour cela que tout ce sang fut versé Pour cela qu’est mort Edward Fitzgerald, Et Robert Emmet et Wolfe Tone, Toute cette folie du courage? L’Irlande romantique est morte et enterrée, Avec O’Leary, dans sa tombe. ! - William Butler Yeats, September 1913, Stanza 3 / strophe 3 !5 -- My ancestors threw off their language and took another Stephen said. They allowed a handful of foreigners to subject them. Do you fancy I am going to pay in my own life and person debts they made? What for? -- For our freedom, said Davin. -- No honourable and sincere man, said Stephen, has given up to you his life and his youth and his affections from the days of Tone to those of Parnell, but you sold him to the enemy or failed him in need or reviled him and left him for another. And you invite me to be one of you. I'd see you damned first. -- They died for their ideals, Stevie, said Davin. Our day will come yet, believe me. Stephen, following his own thought, was silent for an instant. -- The soul is born, he said vaguely, first in those moments I told you of. It has a slow and dark birth, more mysterious than the birth of the body. When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets. Davin knocked the ashes from his pipe. -- Too deep for me, Stevie, he said. But a man's country comes first. Ireland first, Stevie. You can be a poet or a mystic after. -- Do you know what Ireland is? asked Stephen with cold violence. Ireland is the old sow that eats her farrow.. - James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ! ! ! !6 Mes ancêtres ont renié leur langue pour en adopter une autre, dit Stephen. Ils se sont laissés assujettir par une poignée d’étrangers. Crois-tu que je vais payer de ma vie et de ma personne les dettes qu’ils ont contractées? Pour quoi? – Pour notre liberté, dit Davin. – De Tone à Parnell, dit Stephen, aucun homme honorable et sincère ne vous a sacrifié sa vie, sa jeunesse et ses affections sans que vous le vendiez à l’ennemi, que vous le laissiez dans le besoin ou que vous le diffamiez et l’abandonniez pour suivre quelqu’un d’autre. Et tu m’invites à être l’un des vôtres? Ce n’est pas près d’arriver. – Ils sont morts pour leurs idéaux, Stevie, dit Davin. Notre tour viendra, crois-moi. Perdu dans ses pensées, Stephen resta un instant silencieux. – L’âme naît d’abord, dit-il d’un air pensif, dans ces moments dont je t’ai parlé. C’est une naissance lente et obscure, plus mystérieuse que celle du corps. Quand l’âme d’un homme naît dans ce pays, elle est aussitôt prise dans des filets et ne peut voler librement. Tu me parles de nationalité, de langue, de religion. Je cherche à me dégager de ces filets. Davin débourra sa pipe. – Trop profond pour moi, Stevie, dit-il. Mais la patrie passe en premier. L’Irlande d’abord, Stevie. Après, tu auras tout le temps d’être poète ou mystique. – Sais-tu ce qu’est l’Irlande? demanda Stephen avec une violence froide. L’Irlande est une vieille truie qui dévore sa portée. Portrait de l’artiste en jeune homme, James Joyce, Publie Papier, 2013 Traduction Jean-Yves Cotté. ! ! ! !7 Introduction ! i.i Sujet de recherche. ! Cette thèse a pour sujet l’utilisation des éléments culturels dans le processus de radicalisation vers la violence extrémiste. En particulier, nous nous intéresserons à l’investigation qualitative du rôle joué par la mémoire collective dans ce processus. C’est-à-dire, comment des récits narratifs de la mémoire collective sont déployés dans le cadre d’une trajectoire de radicalisation. Cette trajectoire de la radicalisation vers la violence extrême - violence politique, violence identitaire ou encore expliquée en des termes religieux – est celle que l’on nomme “terrorisme”. Le “terrorisme”, leitmotiv du vingt-et-unième siècle, est une préoccupation sociale, politique et militaire de plus en plus vaste au cœur de l’Europe contemporaine, ainsi qu’une forme de violence et activité à laquelle nous sommes de plus en plus sensibles.
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