Internationalized Domain Names-Punjabi
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GEO ROO DIST BUC PRO Prep ATE 111 Cha Dec Expi OTECHNICA OSEVELT ST TRICT CKEYE, ARI OJECT # 15 Pared By
GEOTECHNICAL EXPLORARATION REPORT ROOSEVELT STREET IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT BUCKEYE, ARIZONA PROJECT # 150004 Prepared by: ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC 111 South Weber Drive, Suite 1 Chandler, Arizona 85226 Exp ires 9/30/2018 December 14, 2015 December 14, 2015 ATEK Project #150004 RITOCH-POWELL & Associates 5727 North 7th Street #120 Phoenix, AZ 85014 Attention: Mr. Keith L. Drunasky, P.E. RE: GEOTECHNICAL EXPLORATION REPORT Roosevelt Street Improvement District Buckeye, Arizona Dear Mr. Drunasky: ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC is pleased to present the attached Geotechnical Exploration Report for the Roosevelt Street Improvement Disstrict located in Buckeye, Arizona. The purpose of our study was to explore and evaluate the subsurface conditions at the proposed site to develop geotechnical engineering recommendations for project design and construction. Based on our findings, the site is considered suittable for the proposed construction, provided geotechnical recommendations presented in thhe attached report are followed. Specific recommendations regarding the geotechnical aspects of the project design and construction are presented in the attached report. The recommendations contained within this report are depeendent on the provisions provided in the Limitations and Recommended Additional Services sections of this report. We appreciate the opportunity of providing our services for this project. If you have questions regarding this report or if we may be of further assistance, please contact the undersigned. Sincerely, ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC Expires 9/30/2018 James P Floyd, P.E. Armando Ortega, P.E. Project Manager Principal Geotechnical Engineer Expires 9/30/2017 111 SOUTH WEBER DRIVE, SUITE 1 WWW.ATEKEC.COM P (480) 659-8065 CHANDLER, AZ 85226 F (480) 656-9658 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. -
Positional Notation Or Trigonometry [2, 13]
The Greatest Mathematical Discovery? David H. Bailey∗ Jonathan M. Borweiny April 24, 2011 1 Introduction Question: What mathematical discovery more than 1500 years ago: • Is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, single discovery in the field of mathematics? • Involved three subtle ideas that eluded the greatest minds of antiquity, even geniuses such as Archimedes? • Was fiercely resisted in Europe for hundreds of years after its discovery? • Even today, in historical treatments of mathematics, is often dismissed with scant mention, or else is ascribed to the wrong source? Answer: Our modern system of positional decimal notation with zero, to- gether with the basic arithmetic computational schemes, which were discov- ered in India prior to 500 CE. ∗Bailey: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Email: [email protected]. This work was supported by the Director, Office of Computational and Technology Research, Division of Mathematical, Information, and Computational Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. yCentre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Email: [email protected]. 1 2 Why? As the 19th century mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace explained: It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very sim- plicity and the great ease which it has lent to all computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions; and we shall appre- ciate the grandeur of this achievement the more when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest men produced by antiquity. -
A Practical Sanskrit Introductory
A Practical Sanskrit Intro ductory This print le is available from ftpftpnacaczawiknersktintropsjan Preface This course of fteen lessons is intended to lift the Englishsp eaking studentwho knows nothing of Sanskrit to the level where he can intelligently apply Monier DhatuPat ha Williams dictionary and the to the study of the scriptures The rst ve lessons cover the pronunciation of the basic Sanskrit alphab et Devanagar together with its written form in b oth and transliterated Roman ash cards are included as an aid The notes on pronunciation are largely descriptive based on mouth p osition and eort with similar English Received Pronunciation sounds oered where p ossible The next four lessons describ e vowel emb ellishments to the consonants the principles of conjunct consonants Devanagar and additions to and variations in the alphab et Lessons ten and sandhi eleven present in grid form and explain their principles in sound The next three lessons p enetrate MonierWilliams dictionary through its four levels of alphab etical order and suggest strategies for nding dicult words The artha DhatuPat ha last lesson shows the extraction of the from the and the application of this and the dictionary to the study of the scriptures In addition to the primary course the rst eleven lessons include a B section whichintro duces the student to the principles of sentence structure in this fully inected language Six declension paradigms and class conjugation in the present tense are used with a minimal vo cabulary of nineteen words In the B part of -
Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
Proposal for a Gurmukhi Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-04-22 Document version: 2.7 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract This document lays down the Label Generation Ruleset for Gurmukhi script. Three main components of the Gurmukhi Script LGR i.e. Code point repertoire, Variants and Whole Label Evaluation Rules have been described in detail here. All these components have been incorporated in a machine-readable format in the accompanying XML file named "proposal-gurmukhi-lgr-22apr19-en.xml". In addition, a document named “gurmukhi-test-labels-22apr19-en.txt” has been provided. It provides a list of labels which can produce variants as laid down in Section 6 of this document and it also provides valid and invalid labels as per the Whole Label Evaluation laid down in Section 7. 2. Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Guru ISO 15924 Key N°: 310 ISO 15924 English Name: Gurmukhi Latin transliteration of native script name: gurmukhī Native name of the script: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Maximal Starting Repertoire [MSR] version: 4 1 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1. The Evolution of the Script Like most of the North Indian writing systems, the Gurmukhi script is a descendant of the Brahmi script. The Proto-Gurmukhi letters evolved through the Gupta script from 4th to 8th century, followed by the Sharda script from 8th century onwards and finally adapted their archaic form in the Devasesha stage of the later Sharda script, dated between the 10th and 14th centuries. -
OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. the Elimination of Ergative Patterns Of
OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. The Elimination of Ergative Patterns of Case-Marking and Verbal Agreement in Modern Indic Languages Gregory T. Stump Introduction. As is well known, many of the modern Indic languages are partially ergative, showing accusative patterns of case- marking and verbal agreement in nonpast tenses, but ergative patterns in some or all past tenses. This partial ergativity is not at all stable in these languages, however; what I wish to show in the present paper, in fact, is that a large array of factors is contributing to the elimination of partial ergativity in the modern Indic languages. The forces leading to the decay of ergativity are diverse in nature; and any one of these may exert a profound influence on the syntactic development of one language but remain ineffectual in another. Before discussing this erosion of partial ergativity in Modern lndic, 1 would like to review the history of what the I ndian grammar- ians call the prayogas ('constructions') of a past tense verb with its subject and direct object arguments; the decay of Indic ergativity is, I believe, best envisioned as the effect of analogical develop- ments on or within the system of prayogas. There are three prayogas in early Modern lndic. The first of these is the kartariprayoga, or ' active construction' of intransitive verbs. In the kartariprayoga, the verb agrees (in number and p,ender) with its subject, which is in the nominative case--thus, in Vernacular HindOstani: (1) kartariprayoga: 'aurat chali. mard chala. woman (nom.) went (fern. sg.) man (nom.) went (masc. -
Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes Using Support Vector Machine a Thesis
Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes using Support Vector Machine A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology Submitted by Rahul Agrawal (Roll No. 601003022) Under the supervision of Dr. R. K. Sharma Professor School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala – 147004 (Punjab), INDIA June 2012 (i) ABSTRACT Pen-based interfaces are becoming more and more popular and play an important role in human-computer interaction. This popularity of such interfaces has created interest of lot of researchers in online handwriting recognition. Online handwriting recognition contains both temporal stroke information and spatial shape information. Online handwriting recognition systems are expected to exhibit better performance than offline handwriting recognition systems. Our research work presented in this thesis is to recognize strokes written in Gurmukhi script using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The system developed here is a writer independent system. First chapter of this thesis report consist of a brief introduction to handwriting recognition system and some basic differences between offline and online handwriting systems. It also includes various issues that one can face during development during online handwriting recognition systems. A brief introduction about Gurmukhi script has also been given in this chapter In the last section detailed literature survey starting from the 1979 has also been given. Second chapter gives detailed information about stroke capturing, preprocessing of stroke and feature extraction. These phases are considered to be backbone of any online handwriting recognition system. Recognition techniques that have been used in this study are discussed in chapter three. -
Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe Romanization: KNAB 2012
Institute of the Estonian Language KNAB: Place Names Database 2012-10-11 Tai Lü / ᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ Tai Lùe romanization: KNAB 2012 I. Consonant characters 1 ᦀ ’a 13 ᦌ sa 25 ᦘ pha 37 ᦤ da A 2 ᦁ a 14 ᦍ ya 26 ᦙ ma 38 ᦥ ba A 3 ᦂ k’a 15 ᦎ t’a 27 ᦚ f’a 39 ᦦ kw’a 4 ᦃ kh’a 16 ᦏ th’a 28 ᦛ v’a 40 ᦧ khw’a 5 ᦄ ng’a 17 ᦐ n’a 29 ᦜ l’a 41 ᦨ kwa 6 ᦅ ka 18 ᦑ ta 30 ᦝ fa 42 ᦩ khwa A 7 ᦆ kha 19 ᦒ tha 31 ᦞ va 43 ᦪ sw’a A A 8 ᦇ nga 20 ᦓ na 32 ᦟ la 44 ᦫ swa 9 ᦈ ts’a 21 ᦔ p’a 33 ᦠ h’a 45 ᧞ lae A 10 ᦉ s’a 22 ᦕ ph’a 34 ᦡ d’a 46 ᧟ laew A 11 ᦊ y’a 23 ᦖ m’a 35 ᦢ b’a 12 ᦋ tsa 24 ᦗ pa 36 ᦣ ha A Syllable-final forms of these characters: ᧅ -k, ᧂ -ng, ᧃ -n, ᧄ -m, ᧁ -u, ᧆ -d, ᧇ -b. See also Note D to Table II. II. Vowel characters (ᦀ stands for any consonant character) C 1 ᦀ a 6 ᦀᦴ u 11 ᦀᦹ ue 16 ᦀᦽ oi A 2 ᦰ ( ) 7 ᦵᦀ e 12 ᦵᦀᦲ oe 17 ᦀᦾ awy 3 ᦀᦱ aa 8 ᦶᦀ ae 13 ᦺᦀ ai 18 ᦀᦿ uei 4 ᦀᦲ i 9 ᦷᦀ o 14 ᦀᦻ aai 19 ᦀᧀ oei B D 5 ᦀᦳ ŭ,u 10 ᦀᦸ aw 15 ᦀᦼ ui A Indicates vowel shortness in the following cases: ᦀᦲᦰ ĭ [i], ᦵᦀᦰ ĕ [e], ᦶᦀᦰ ăe [ ∎ ], ᦷᦀᦰ ŏ [o], ᦀᦸᦰ ăw [ ], ᦀᦹᦰ ŭe [ ɯ ], ᦵᦀᦲᦰ ŏe [ ]. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
Tugboat, Volume 15 (1994), No. 4 447 Indica, an Indic Preprocessor
TUGboat, Volume 15 (1994), No. 4 447 HPXC , an Indic preprocessor for T X script, ...inMalayalam, Indica E 1 A Sinhalese TEXSystem hpx...inSinhalese,etc. This justifies the choice of a common translit- Yannis Haralambous eration scheme for all Indic languages. But why is Abstract a preprocessor necessary, after all? A common characteristic of Indic languages is In this paper a two-fold project is described: the first the fact that the short vowel ‘a’ is inherent to con- part is a generalized preprocessor for Indic scripts (scripts of languages currently spoken in India—except Urdu—, sonants. Vowels are written by adding diacritical Sanskrit and Tibetan), with several kinds of input (LATEX marks (or smaller characters) to consonants. The commands, 7-bit ascii, CSX, ISO/IEC 10646/unicode) beauty (and complexity) of these scripts comes from and TEX output. This utility is written in standard Flex the fact that one needs a special way to denote the (the gnu version of Lex), and hence can be painlessly absence of vowel. There is a notorious diacritic, compiled on any platform. The same input methods are called “vir¯ama”, present in all Indic languages, which used for all Indic languages, so that the user does not is used for this reason. But it seems illogical to add a need to memorize different conventions and commands sign, to specify the absence of a sound. On the con- for each one of them. Moreover, the switch from one lan- trary, it seems much more logical to remove some- guage to another can be done by use of user-defineable thing, and what is done usually is that letters are preprocessor directives. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Iiu I' I Ili $Liili'ffi+Ffiffi-.$If*Ffi**Li
ffirrjnsi"',,, H,i#.i:l l' iii.ii'.i:iiii. t$iiij:jiii :trjjji,r..:iiii ii ii,. ii:,i.i iiijjiljiliiil ..l..':::jilli;;i:i.: .il'll,,':,,- i i''t,t;,ilri,*ffi$il#ii#f$$$tii* ,iiui' i ili $liili'ffi+ffiffi-.$if*ffi**li iiii+li11ir.r..I Leykam 2000 Indo-Aryan'six' Alexander Lubotskv. Leiden 'six' 1. The onset of the Middle Indic word for and its family is a well-known crux of Indo-Aryan historical phonology. Whereas the Sanskrit forms always begin with 'six' 'sixth', p-, Pali and the major Prdkrits have ch- in the words for and and s- elsewhere.The Middle Indic forms are conveniently listed in NoRueN 1992, the most importantof which are given in the tablebelow': Sanskrit Pali+ maiorPrdkrits Northem Prdkrits six' sat cba Niya so, A5.sasu 'six' o, (incmp.) .sa!' cha( /) except As.sa( Q )- solba'6-fold' sal ay at ana'six sensefacilities' AMg. sadamga'6 const.parts' Inscr.(W) sanuuisa'26' 'sixth' sastha- cbattba('ma)2 Niya sodbama 'sixteen' sodaia solas a. sorasa. solasal Gdndhdrlsodasa 'sixteenth' sodaia- solasa(ma), solasama Khar. sodaia 'sixty' sasti- sattbi( m )u 'sixtieth' sastitama- sa[t bit ama, JM sal ! binxa Khar. sastibaa The difference between the Northern Prakrits and the rest is also reflected in Modern Indo-Aryan languages,where the Dardic languages (Shina [Kohistan] 5va, Gawar- Bati l'b, ,sd") and the Nuristani languages(Ashkun pu) continue the Northern form, whereasHindi, Sindhi cha'six' , etc. continuethe form of the other Prakrits. 'six' Initial ch- in the MI word for is incompatible with ,s-of Skt. -
Inflectional Morphology Analyzer for Sanskrit
Inflectional Morphology Analyzer for Sanskrit Girish Nath Jha, Muktanand Agrawal, Subash, Sudhir K. Mishra, Diwakar Mani, Diwakar Mishra, Manji Bhadra, Surjit K. Singh [email protected] Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi-110067 The paper describes a Sanskrit morphological analyzer that identifies and analyzes inflected noun- forms and verb-forms in any given sandhi-free text. The system which has been developed as java servlet RDBMS can be tested at http://sanskrit.jnu.ac.in (Language Processing Tools > Sanskrit Tinanta Analyzer/Subanta Analyzer) with Sanskrit data as unicode text. Subsequently, the separate systems of subanta and ti anta will be combined into a single system of sentence analysis with karaka interpretation. Currently, the system checks and labels each word as three basic POS categories - subanta, ti anta, and avyaya. Thereafter, each subanta is sent for subanta processing based on an example database and a rule database. The verbs are examined based on a database of verb roots and forms as well by reverse morphology based on Pāini an techniques. Future enhancements include plugging in the amarakosha ( http://sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/amara ) and other noun lexicons with the subanta system. The ti anta will be enhanced by the k danta analysis module being developed separately. 1. Introduction The authors in the present paper are describing the subanta and ti anta analysis systems for Sanskrit which are currently running at http://sanskrit.jnu.ac.in . Sanskrit is a heavily inflected language, and depends on nominal and verbal inflections for communication of meaning. A fully inflected unit is called pada .