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Isozyme Evidence on the Specific Distinctness and Phylogenetic Position of Vicia Incisa (Fabaceae)

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Isozyme Evidence on the Specific Distinctness and Phylogenetic Position of Vicia Incisa (Fabaceae) Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 3(2) • 2008 • 169–176 DOI: 10.2478/s11535-007-0049-3 Central European Journal of Biology Isozyme evidence on the specific distinctness and phylogenetic position of Vicia incisa (Fabaceae) Research article Vello Jaaska* Department of Botany, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Received 1 October 2007; Accepted 19 November 2007 Abstract: Vicia incisa is a taxonomically controversial species that has been also treated as a subspecies of V. sativa because of a great morpho- logical similarity. The phylogenetic position of V. incisa is uncertain because various DNA markers have provided contradictory results. Isozymes of V. incisa encoded by 15 loci and resolved with the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) are described and compared with those of seven related species belonging to sections Vicia, Sepium, Lathyroides and Pseudolathyrus in order to get new evidence about its taxonomic rank and phylogenetic position. Phylogenetic relationships are analyzed with maximum parsimony and neighbour joining methods. Vicia incisa is shown to differ from all three subspecies of V. sativa including, sativa, cordata and nigra, by alternate variants of ten isozymes out of 15 analysed. Instead, V. incisa has much more similarity to V. grandiflora and V. sepium by sharing eight isozyme variants which differ from the subspecies of V. sativa. The most parsimony and neighbour joining analyses of the isozyme variation placed V. incisa as basally linked to the V. grandiflora and V. sepium species couple in the clade of section Sepium (= sect. Atossa), while the subspecies of V. sativa together with V. lathyroides formed a separate clade of section Vicia. The isozyme data provide further support to the species status of V. incisa. Keywords: Vicia • Isozymes • Phylogenetic relationships • Systematics © Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 1. Introduction into a complex of up to seven subspecies. However, others have treated the subspecies of V. sativa along Vicia incisa Bieb. is a rare vetch species with sporadic with V. incisa as separate species, i.e. V. sativa sensu and restricted distribution in the Mediterranean stricto, V. angustifolia Reichard, V. segetalis Thuill., V. region, including Turkey, the Crimea of Ukraine, pilosa Bieb., V. cordata Wulf. ex Hoppe, V. macrocarpa Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and south of France [1-5]. (Moris) Berthol., and V. amphicarpa Dorthes [9-12]. It has been attributed to section Vicia together with Cytological studies have reported the somatic V. sativa L. sensu lato, V. barbazitae Ten. & Guss., chromosome number 2n = 14 for all samples of V. V. grandiflora Scop. and V. pyrenaica Pourret [6,7]. incisa from Bulgaria [3], Italy [4] and Turkey [13] and By morphology, V. incisa resembles most closely V. revealed distinct differences from the V. sativa complex sativa, being distinguishable from it mainly by incised in the chromosome morphology and karyotype, thus leaflets. Taxonomically, V. incisa is a controversial providing evidence for the species status of V. incisa. species because it has also been treated either as Among the V. sativa complex, 2n = 14 is characteristic a subspecies or variety of Vicia sativa, i.e. V. sativa of V. amphicarpa, whereas V. sativa sensu stricto and subsp. incisa (Bieb.) Arcang. or V. sativa var. incisa most samples of V. angustifolia, including V. segetalis, (Bieb.) Boiss. [1,2,7,8]. In these cases, because of have 2n = 12; V. cordata and some samples of V. great morphological diversity, V. incisa has been split segetalis have 2n = 10 [8,10,14,15]. Further evidence * E-mail: [email protected] 169 Isozyme evidence on the specific distinctness and phylogenetic position of Vicia incisa (Fabaceae) on the distinctness of V. incisa from the V. sativa analysed was then doubled or tripled for isozymes complex has been presented by van de Wouw et al. that revealed polymorphism. Eight individuals of [16] and Potokina et al. [17] on the basis of amplified V. pyrenaica, ten individuals of V. lathyroides and fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) electrophoretic twelve individuals of V. incisa and per accession markers. were analysed. The following ten enzymes were The phylogenetic position of V. incisa in subgenus assayed for isozymes: aspartate aminotransferase Vicia has been studied with two different types of (AAT, EC 2.6.1.1), formate dehydrogenase (FDH, DNA markers that gave contradictory results [18]. EC 1.2.1.2), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, The maximum likelihood tree based on chloroplast EC 1.4.1.2), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), showed V. incisa in an unresolved polytomy with other 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD, EC taxa of the V. sativa group, whereas the parsimony 1.1.1.44), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9), tree of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), shikimate data resolved V. incisa from the V. sativa taxa into a dehydrogenase (SKD, EC 1.1.1.25), superoxide separate clade together with V. lathyroides L. dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1). Previous isozyme studies of phylogenetic The following four gel-buffer systems and three relationships between species of Vicia subgenus catholytes were combined for different enzymes to Vicia placed species of section Vicia in one major achieve better band resolution: subgroup together with sections Sepium Radzhi. and Gel 1: 10% acrylamide, 0.2% N,N’-bisacrylamide Lathyroides (Buchenau) Tzvel., with V. bithynica (L.) (Bis), 0.25 M Tris, and 0.1 M HCl; applied for SOD L. of section Pseudolathyrus Tzvel. as basally linked with the glycine catholyte and for PGD and SKD with to all of them [19,20]. However, V. incisa was not the 2-alanine catholyte. studied in these papers. The current work extends Gel 2: 7.5% acrylamide, 0.2% Bis, 0.25 M Tris, and these previous studies by describing for the first 0.1 M HCl; applied for MDH and PGM with the glycine time isozymes encoded by 15 loci in V. incisa. The catholyte and for FDH and GDH with the 2-alanine isozyme characters of V. incisa are compared with catholyte. those of seven related species of sections Vicia, Gel 3: 7.5% acrylamide, 0.2% Bis, 0.125 M Tris, Sepium, Lathyroides and Pseudolathyrus in order to and 0.1 M HCl; applied for AAT with the glycine provide new evidence about the taxonomic rank and catholyte. phylogenetic position of V. incisa. Gel 4: 10% acrylamide, 0.2% Bis, 0.1% triethanolamine hydrochloride and 5 mM Trilon B (disodium EDTA); applied for IDH and PGI with the 2. Experimental Procedures asparagine catholyte and with the 20 minutes overflow of the dye front. 2.1. Plant material N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine (0.05 ml%), The list of species and accessions analysed for riboflavine (0.5 mg%) and ammonium persulfate (1 isozymes is given in Table 1. Taxonomic nomenclature mg%) were added to the gel mixtures to initiate and is combined from several sources [6,7,11,21]. catalyse their photopolymerization between two Notably, the priority rule of the International Code of day-light fluorescent bulbs during 1 h. Botanical Nomenclature is applied to the sectional The three catholytes used consisted of 80 mM names. The publication dates of the sectional names glycine, 2-ala nine or asparagine with 10 mM Tris. The are given in Table 1. Taxonomic identifications of lower anode buffer for gel systems 1- 3 was 0.1 M Tris accessions were verified by the morphology of plants with 0.02 M acetic acid, and it was used re peatedly grown from seeds in a greenhouse, following the while the pH remained over 7. The anolyte for the gel species descriptions in Ball [1], Davis and Plitmann system 4 consisted of 0.1 M triethanolamine with 0.02 [2], Tzvelev [5], Fedtschenko [9] and Potokina [12]. M acetic acid. Vouchers of species are preserved in the herbarium Electrophoresis in the anodal direction was carried of the Estonian Agricultural University (TAA). out in an ice-refrigerated plexiglass apparatus for 120 x 800 x 2 mm vertical gel slabs by applying a pulsed 2.2. Isozyme analysis and designation cur rent at 15 mA and 20-30 V/cm until the marker dye, Enzyme extracts for electrophoresis were made as bromophenol blue, reached the gel end (about 2.5-3 described previously [20,22]. Preliminary analyses hours). After electrophoresis, the gels were stained used two seeds per accession. The number of seeds for isozymes by applying standard histochemical 170 V. Jaaska Taxon name Geographical origin and accession numbers with key letters (in parentheses) Genus Vicia L. section Vicia. 1. V. incisa Bieb. Bulgaria (G696/74); Slovakia (G1001/84). = V. sativa subsp. incisa (Bieb.) Arc. 2. V. sativa L. s. str. France (BCA45/93); Greece, Crete (MHN48/02); Italy (BS41/03, BP53/03); = V. sativa subsp. sativa Syria VJ66/97); Turkey (IG 60668, TR57554, TR63181, TR63184, TR63199). 3. V. cordata Wulfen ex Hoppe Greece (G459/78, G461/75, G465/75, G468/74, G469/74, G470/75); France = V. sativa subsp. cordata (BCA15/93); Italy (BP29/94); Portugal (BCO41/88, BCO35/99); Turkey (Wulfen) Asch. & Graebn. (G453/77, G454/77, G455/77, G457/77). 4. V. angustifolia Reichard France (BCA130/88, MHN9/89, BD20/94, BCA30/96, BD3/97, BD4/97, = V. sativa subsp. nigra (L:) Ehrh. MHN47/02, MHN49/02, MHN50/02); Germany (BHU216/88, BHU219/88, BHU220/88, BHU114/96, BBD57/99, BH131/02, BH133/02); Italy (BGE51/93, BS28/94, BS77/96, BS78/96, BS50/97, BS42/03); Portugal (G431/75, BCO42/88, BCO129/96); Turkey (TAS7/93). 5. V. pyrenaica Pourret France (BBD35/93, BJL148/00, G59/90, G69/89).
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