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Download the Report Here! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IMANI Centre for Policy and Education wishes to acknowledge the immense support of the Royal Embassy of the Netherlands in Ghana for the conduct of this study. We would like to acknowledge the support of all the Local Government Experts, as well as, the national level institutions that supported this project. We remain truly grateful. IMANI CPE also wishes to extend gratitude to the research team; Mohammed Abubakari, Keshia Osei-Kufuor and Mudasiru Mahama as well as, the administrative support team made up of Josephine Tenkorang, Rosemary Noi and Enoch Osei who worked meticulously with all the different stakeholders to make this project a successful one. A special thanks to Patrick Stephenson (Head of Research,IMANI) for supporting the research process. To all the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs), we are grateful, and hope the insights serve as a point of reflection for further improvement in service delivery for all-inclusive growth and development. The views expressed are those of the Research Team and does not necessarily reflect those of the Royal Embassy of the Netherlands in Ghana that funded the study. ii This document contains the findings of a research project that seeks to assess spending efficiency at the local level, particularly Internally Generated Funds, and how best demand side accountability could be enhanced. The project focuses on 15 MMDAs in Ghana. iii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... x 1.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND: LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND EXPENDITURE INEFFICIENCIES IN GHANA ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose and Objectives of the study ................................................................... 3 1.3 Scope and Limitations ........................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.0 LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN GHANA AND EXPENDITURE DYNAMICS: AN INSIGHTFUL REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES ............................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Historical route of Local Government System in Ghana .................................... 9 2.2.1 The pre-colonial era ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 The colonial era .................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 The post-colonial era .......................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Fiscal Decentralisation in Ghana ........................................................................ 16 2.3.1 Local Government Budgets and Accounts .................................................................. 17 2.3.2 Local Government’s Internally Generated Funds (IGF) ............................................ 19 2.3.3 Delving into the expenditure dynamics of MMDAs in Ghana ............................... 20 2.4 The Local Government System in Ghana: MMDAs’ spending and social accountability nexus .................................................................................................. 24 2.4.1 Brief tracking of MMDAs’ IGF spending in Ghana: past reviews ......................... 27 2.5 Summary of Literature ......................................................................................... 29 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 30 iv 3.2 Stakeholder Mapping ........................................................................................... 31 3.3 The determination of sample of districts for the study ............................................... 41 3.4 Brief profile of selected districts ......................................................................... 45 3.4.1 Bawku Municipality ............................................................................................................. 45 3.4.2 Bodi District ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.4.3 Central Gonja District ......................................................................................................... 47 3.4.4 Kintampo North Municipality ........................................................................................... 48 3.4.5 Krachi West District ............................................................................................................ 49 3.4.6 Kumasi Metropolis ............................................................................................................... 50 3.4.7 Kumbungu District .............................................................................................................. 51 3.4.8 Nkwanta South Municipality ............................................................................................ 52 3.4.9 Offinso North District ......................................................................................................... 53 3.4.10 Prestea Huni Valley Municipality ................................................................................. 54 3.4.11 Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District ............................................................................................ 55 3.4.12 Sekondi Takoradi Metropolis ......................................................................................... 56 3.4.13 Sene East District .............................................................................................................. 57 3.4.14 Tamale Metropolis ............................................................................................................ 58 3.4.15 Techiman North District .................................................................................................. 59 3.5 Design of data collection instruments ............................................................... 60 3.6 Description of data and justification .................................................................. 60 3.7 Data collection and participants’ sampling ....................................................... 61 3.8 Data analysis and presentation ........................................................................... 73 4.0 ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED ............................................................................................ 74 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 74 4.2 Analysis of expenditure patterns of selected districts ..................................... 74 4.2.1 Bawku Municipal Assembly ............................................................................................. 74 4.2.2 Bodi District Assembly ...................................................................................................... 75 4.2.3 Central Gonja District Assembly ..................................................................................... 77 v 4.2.4 Kintampo North Municipal Assembly ............................................................................ 78 4.2.5 Krachi West District Assembly ....................................................................................... 80 4.2.6 Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly ...................................................................................... 81 4.2.7 Kumbungu District Assembly .......................................................................................... 83 4.2.8 Nkwanta South Municipal Assembly ............................................................................ 84 4.2.9 Offinso North District Assembly ..................................................................................... 85 4.2.10 Prestea Huni Valley Municipality ................................................................................. 86 4.2.11 Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District Assembly ........................................................................ 88 4.2.12 Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly ................................................................ 89 4.2.13 Sene East District Assembly ......................................................................................... 90 4.2.14 Tamale Metropolitan Assembly .................................................................................... 92 4.2.15 Techiman North District Assembly ............................................................................. 93 4.3 Citizens’ participation and their
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