TECHNICAL REPORT: OREGON HEALTH AUTHORITY’S PROCESS TO DETERMINE WHICH TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS TO TEST FOR IN CANNABIS PRODUCTS, AND LEVELS FOR ACTION

Author David G. Farrer, Ph.D. Public Health Toxicologist

PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION Technical Report: Oregon Health Authority’s Process to Determine Which Types of Contaminants to Test for in Cannabis Products, and Levels for Action* Author: David G. Farrer, Ph.D., Public Health Toxicologist

Acknowledgments OHA would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their valuable contributions to the development of cannabis testing Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR 333-7-0010 through 333-7-0100 and OAR 333-7-0400 and 333-7-0410 Exhibit A) and this report: Brian Boling Rose Kachadoorian Laboratory Program Manager Oregon Department of Agriculture Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Jeremy L. Sackett Cascadia Labs, Cannabis Safety Theodore R. Bunch, Jr. Institute, and Oregon Cannabis Pesticide Analytical and Response Association Center Coordination Leader Oregon Department of Agriculture Bethany Sherman Oregon Growers Analytical and Keith Crosby Cannabis Safety Institute Technical Director Synergistic Pesticide Lab Shannon Swantek Oregon Environmental Laboratory Ric Cuchetto Accreditation Program, Public The Cannabis Chemist Health Division, Oregon Health Authority Camille Holladay Lab Director Rodger B. Voelker, Ph.D. Synergistic Pesticide Lab Lab Director Oregon Growers Analytical Mowgli Holmes, Ph.D. Phylos Bioscience and Cannabis Safety Institute

For information on this report, contact David Farrer at [email protected].

* Please cite this publication as follows: Farrer DG. Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to decide which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis. Oregon Health Authority. 2015 December. TABLE OF CONTENTS Background...... 1 Microbiological...... 2 Water activity...... 2 Pesticides...... 3 Target analyte list development...... 3 Developing action levels...... 5 Uncertainties...... 6 Solvents...... 8 Background...... 8 Target analyte list development...... 8 Developing action levels...... 8 Uncertainties...... 9 References...... 12 Definitions...... 12 BACKGROUND This report describes the process the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) followed to establish the list of contaminants for cannabis testing. It also describes how OHA established an action level for each of these contaminants. These lists and action levels have now been implemented in Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR 333-7-0010 through 333-7-0100 and OAR 333-7-0400 and 333-7-0410 Exhibit A). This report documents the rationale and justifications for: • The selection of target contaminants for testing; and • Testing regimes for cannabis and cannabis-derived products. The three major categories of contaminants targeted for testing include: • Microbiological contaminants; • Pesticides; and • Solvents. OHA is committed to evidence-based decision making when drafting and implementing OARs. As research into cannabis use and safety advances, the OARs related to cannabis testing and this report will be revised and updated to reflect the state of the science. Not all types of cannabis products need testing for all three of these contaminant categories. Below is information on each of the three major categories of contaminants targeted for testing. In developing the OARs and this document, OHA relied on the expertise of individuals from various organizations named in the “Acknowledgments” section. Their expertise ranged from pesticide use in Oregon, pesticide regulation in Oregon, analytical chemistry, laboratory accreditation, microbiology, cannabis processing and cannabis cultivation. They also represented a range of organizations including the Oregon Department of Agriculture, commercial analytical chemistry laboratories, state laboratories and state laboratory accreditation personnel. Throughout this document, this group will be referred to as the “Technical Expert Work Group” or the “work group.”

1 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action MICROBIOLOGICAL The Technical Expert Work Group recommended that cannabis products be tested for E. coli and Salmonella. The work group also advised that products not be allowed to go to market if any Salmonella is detected or if E. coli is detected at levels higher than 100 CFU/g. In general, bacteria cannot survive either the drying or heating processes that occur when cannabis is prepared for smoking. Salmonella, however, can survive when very little moisture is present, and it can easily infect humans. E. coli does not usually pose a significant health risk; however, its presence indicates poor sanitary conditions and that other fecal bacteria may be present. Testing for both organisms in cannabis products will, therefore, protect public health. The only other microbial organisms of concern on cannabis are several species of Aspergillus mold. Aspergillus can cause respiratory infections in individuals who inhale it if they are severely immune-compromised. These individuals should avoid smoking cannabis. However, OHA Administrative Rules do not require testing for Aspergillus; the mold is so common in the environment that a person could pick it up many different ways. A positive test result would not mean the product is unsafe for most uses for most people. Therefore, the work group recommended that cannabis products intended for smoking and other inhalation uses include a warning about this risk for people with suppressed immune systems. Some states have required testing of cannabis for aflatoxins produced by certain Aspergillus species. Oil-rich seeds must be present to produce these toxins on plants. Commercial cannabis does not contain these seeds. As a result, the Technical Expert Work Group recommends against such testing. Water activity

Water activity is a measure of how moist something is in units called “Aw”. Most

pathogenic microbial organisms cannot grow when water activity is less than Aw 0.65.

Testing for water activity and requiring water activity levels to fall below Aw 0.65 will ensure the absence of microbial growth on cannabis products during storage and before sale.

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 2 PESTICIDES Target analyte list development Work group members established three lists of target analytes related to pesticides. OHA compiled the three lists and filtered it by criteria agreed upon by the work group. • Work group members created the first list as described in Appendix 1 of a white paper titled “Pesticide Use on Cannabis” published by the Cannabis Safety Institute in June 2015.(1) This list contained 123 active ingredients. • The work group generated the second list by identifying compounds that overlapped between various other lists. This included the first list described above; Oregon, Nevada or Colorado regulations for medical or recreational marijuana; and other lists. • The work group generated the third list based on integrated pest management guidance for several crops grown in the Pacific Northwest. It also included a search of the Pesticide Information Center Online (PICOL) database. Additionally, work group members made a list of the active ingredients in pesticide products available at a local hardware store. Once this information was compiled, work group members compared their master list to the first two lists described above and removed any redundancies. OHA compiled these three submitted lists and removed duplicates. This resulted in a starting list of 188 pesticide analytes. Table 1 describes the process by which the work group scored and filtered the compiled list of 188 pesticide analytes. First, they scored active ingredients based on general (human) toxicity, analytical capacity, detection frequency in cannabis samples in Oregon and general availability. All scoring parameters were reduced to a four-point scale (from zero to three). Then, OHA added scores across the parameters to get a composite score for each pesticide active ingredient. An OHA toxicologist initially scored active ingredients for toxicity. An Oregon State University toxicologist and an Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) representative with some training in toxicology reviewed and approved the toxicity scoring. Three analytical laboratories participating in the work group independently scored analytical capacity and detection frequency in Oregon’s cannabis. OHA averaged these independently submitted scores and rounded averaged analytical capacity and detection frequency scores to the nearest whole number (0.5 was rounded to 1). ODA scored general availability based on registration status and general knowledge of use patterns. Every pesticide product must be registered for specific uses with ODA. As a result, ODA has expert knowledge on which pesticides are used for which purposes in Oregon.

3 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action Table 1. Scoring process for each target pesticide analyte on OHA’s compiled list

Low (0) Priority to keep on list High (3)

0 1 2 3 General No data Fungicides, plant Pyrethroid, Organophosphate, toxicity growth regulators neonicotinoid, pyrazole organochlorinated and and pyrimidine, and carbamate insecticides. macrocyclic lactone insecticides and acaricides and insect growth regulators Analytical Not tested Expensive and/ Some labs said Multi-instrument, “easy” capability or analytically feasible, other labs said clean-up, all labs in challenging to test not feasible agreement in cannabis Detection Tested but never Not tested Single detection Multiple detections frequency detected (in cannabis) Availability Not available or ODA Restricted Restricted use pesticide General use pesticide experience suggested use pesticide registered for multiple (no license or other this analyte would not registered for a crops or uses certification needed be used or detected single crop or use to purchase or use in cannabis products with this active ingredient); ODA knowledge that the analyte is frequently used illegally and likely to be used on cannabis

Once scoring was complete, OHA applied an extra point to the composite score for each analyte that scored 2 or higher for detection frequency in cannabis. Detection frequency indicates this pesticide active ingredient is already being used in Oregon’s cannabis. As a result, OHA placed greater emphasis on detection frequency than on other parameters in cannabis. This weighting process ensured that composite scores would reflect this emphasis on pesticides known to be used in Oregon’s cannabis. Every analyte with a composite score of 8.5 or higher was retained on the final list. Analytes with composite scores below 8.5 were removed from the list. OHA selected 8.5 as the cutoff score because it was the highest score that captured all pesticide active ingredients that had ever been detected in cannabis in Oregon.

Pesticides, continued

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 4 After filtering out all analytes with a score lower than 8.5, OHA addressed work group experts’ special requests. • First, ODA and analytical laboratory representatives recommended not including any organochlorine insecticides on the list. For the most part, these compounds have been banned for decades. Any organochlorine contamination would be at low levels due to historical uses in the area from decades ago as opposed to direct, recent application to cannabis. This request removed chlordane from the list of target analytes. • Second, commercial analytical laboratory representatives recommended adding etoxazole, fenpyroximate, fludioxonil, methiocarb, methomyl, MGK-264, oxamyl, propiconazole, spinosad, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, thiacloprid and trifloxystrobin to the list of target analytes. This request was based on Technical Expert Work Group members’ special knowledge of cannabis grower practices and potential for use of these compounds. • Third, with two exceptions (piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins) OHA removed analytes from the list that will be included in ODA’s list of pesticides that may be allowed for use on cannabis. This step removed azadirachtin from the target analyte list for pesticides. Piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins may be allowed for use on cannabis. However, they remain on the target analyte list because of potential for misuse. OHA counterparts in Colorado, where some marijuana has already been tested for pesticide residues, reported to OHA that they have found very high concentrations of piperonyl butoxide (up to 50 parts per million [ppm]) in cannabinoid concentrates. They also report that piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins are typically used together. The resulting target analyte list, shown as Table 2, includes 59 target analytes along with their action levels. Developing action levels OHA set action levels for pesticide active ingredients based on presence/absence. Analytical chemistry laboratories can only certify the absence of an analyte down to each laboratory’s limit of quantification (LOQ). Therefore, OHA set action levels based on presence/absence listed as a reasonable LOQ that accredited laboratories should be able to achieve. Ideally, action levels would be based on human health and toxicity thresholds. However, health risk from pesticides results from a combination of: • The inherent toxicity of the pesticide; and • The level of exposure to the pesticide people have.

Pesticides, continued

5 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action OHA has a lot of information about the inherent toxicity of pesticide active ingredients. However, OHA does not currently have enough information about exposure levels to pesticides from the various uses of contaminated cannabis products. Therefore, OHA could not base action levels on health risk and instead set them on LOQs; OHA based the criterion for pass/fail on whether or not an analyte is detected above the action level. Cannabis samples with pesticide active ingredients detected above the action level fail and the product must be destroyed. To set action levels, OHA asked commercial analytical laboratories to submit their LOQs for each analyte on the target list in cannabis. Two labs submitted LOQs, while a third lab submitted limits of detection on the instrument types from published literature. For each instrument type, OHA multiplied the higher of the LOQs from the two laboratories by a factor of 2 to generate the action level. There were some analytes that no labs in Oregon had experience testing in cannabis, so there were no LOQs to submit. In those cases, OHA selected the highest action level from among analytes with the same published detection limits for the relevant analytical laboratory equipment. Piperononyl butoxide and pyrethrins are on both OHA’s target analyte list and ODA’s list of pesticides that may be allowed on cannabis. OHA adopted Nevada’s action levels for these analytes. Nevada’s action level for piperonyl butoxide is based on its state laboratory’s limit of quantification for this compound in the cannabis matrix. The Nevada lab’s action level of 1 ppm for pyrethrins is based on the lowest federal food tolerance for pyrethrins in edible plant material. The Washington Department of Health is also adopting Nevada’s action levels for these two compounds. OHA adopted Nevada’s action levels primarily to be consistent with policies in neighboring states. Uncertainties • Scoring system for pesticides – No scoring system is perfect. Each category of scoring has areas of uncertainty where professional judgment was applied. »» Toxicity scoring – The toxicity of pesticide active ingredients is highly variable within classes and dependent upon other compounds included in the final product formulation. No scoring system can perfectly condense the complexity of pesticide toxicology into a four-point ranking system. Some fungicides may, for instance, be more acutely toxic than some organophosphate pesticides. The work group did not have time or resources for an in-depth assessment of each active ingredient in all its formulations. Rather, compounds were ranked based on chemical class. This assumes that, generally, insecticides and acaricides are more toxic to mammals than fungicides and plant growth regulators. In addition, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamate insecticides will generally be more toxic than other insecticide classes. OHA and OSU toxicologists agreed that this rough ranking system was adequate for the purpose of screening and prioritizing active ingredients for inclusion in the target analyte list.

Pesticides, continued

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 6 »» Analytical capacity – This scoring relied heavily on the professional judgment and experience of the analytical chemists on the work group. This parameter was difficult to score because ease of analysis is highly dependent on the type of equipment used and extraction methods necessary for that instrument. Chemists on the work group tried to remain objective regarding the type of equipment used. »» Detection frequency – This was the most straightforward parameter to score. Laboratory representatives in the work group reported whether they had or had not detected or tested for each contaminant in cannabis samples. »» Availability – This parameter had less uncertainty than other scoring categories. It was generally based on registration status augmented with ODA’s knowledge of which pesticides are commonly used illegally and likely used on cannabis. • Action levels »» Because cannabis recently became legal in three states, scant research exists on exposure to establish toxicity-based tolerances for pesticide residues in cannabis products. The variety of uses and exposure routes is too great. There is also not enough information about the pyrolysis products of target pesticides relevant to cannabis products when smoked. »» Some analytes in cannabis have not been tested in cannabis by any Oregon analytical laboratory. For these analytes, OHA used surrogate analytes with similar published detection limits. This is not ideal, but represents the best available estimate at this time. Administrative Rules requiring that labs submit their LOQs along with sample results will allow OHA to update action levels in Administrative Rule based on data as appropriate in the future.

Pesticides, continued

7 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action Table 2. Pesticide analytes and their action levels Chemical Abstract Chemical Abstract Action Action Analyte Services (CAS) Analyte Services (CAS) level ppm level ppm Registry number Registry number Abamectin 71751-41-2 0.5 Imazalil 35554-44-0 0.2 Acephate 30560-19-1 0.4 Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 0.4 Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 2 Kresoxim-methyl 143390-89-0 0.4 Acetamiprid 135410-20-7 0.2 Malathion 121-75-5 0.2 Aldicarb 116-06-3 0.4 Metalaxyl 57837-19-1 0.2 Azoxystrobin 131860-33-8 0.2 Methiocarb 2032-65-7 0.2 Bifenazate 149877-41-8 0.2 Methomyl 16752-77-5 0.4 Bifenthrin 82657-04-3 0.2 Methyl parathion 298-00-0 0.2 Boscalid 188425-85-6 0.4 MGK-264 113-48-4 0.2 Carbaryl 63-25-2 0.2 Myclobutanil 88671-89-0 0.2 Carbofuran 1563-66-2 0.2 Naled 300-76-5 0.5 Chlorantraniliprole 500008-45-7 0.2 Oxamyl 23135-22-0 1 Chlorfenapyr 122453-73-0 1 Paclobutrazol 76738-62-0 0.4 Chlorpyrifos 2921-88-2 0.2 Permethrins* 52645-53-1 0.2 Clofentezine 74115-24-5 0.2 Phosmet 732-11-6 0.2 Cyfluthrin 68359-37-5 1 Piperonyl_butoxide 51-03-6 2 Cypermethrin 52315-07-8 1 Prallethrin 23031-36-9 0.2 Daminozide 1596-84-5 1 Propiconazole 60207-90-1 0.4 DDVP (Dichlorvos) 62-73-7 0.1 Propoxur 114-26-1 0.2 Diazinon 333-41-5 0.2 Pyrethrins† 8003-34-7 1 Dimethoate 60-51-5 0.2 Pyridaben 96489-71-3 0.2 Ethoprophos 13194-48-4 0.2 Spinosad 168316-95-8 0.2 Etofenprox 80844-07-1 0.4 Spiromesifen 283594-90-1 0.2 Etoxazole 153233-91-1 0.2 Spirotetramat 203313-25-1 0.2 Fenoxycarb 72490-01-8 0.2 Spiroxamine 118134-30-8 0.4 Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 0.4 Tebuconazole 80443-41-0 0.4 Fipronil 120068-37-3 0.4 Thiacloprid 111988-49-9 0.2 Flonicamid 158062-67-0 1 Thiamethoxam 153719-23-4 0.2 Fludioxonil 131341-86-1 0.4 Trifloxystrobin 141517-21-7 0.2 Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 1

* Permethrins should be measured as cumulative residue of cis- and trans-permethrin isomers (CAS numbers 54774-45-7 and 51877-74-8). † Pyrethrins should be measured as the cumulative residues of pyrethrin 1, cinerin 1 and jasmolin 1 (CAS numbers 121-21-1, 25402-06-6, and 4466-14-2 respectively).

Pesticides, continued

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 8 SOLVENTS Background Some producers of cannabis products use solvents to extract and/or concentrate the active ingredients from cannabis. Similar processes are also used to produce other pharmaceutical products. The Oregon Health Authority (OHA) adopted a list of target solvent analytes to be applied to cannabis extracts and concentrates (Table 3). The purpose of testing for these solvents and common solvent contaminants is to ensure that these compounds, if present, do not exceed levels that would be expected to harm cannabis users’ health. Target analyte list development A work group member representing a laboratory that does testing for residual solvents in other pharmaceuticals created the list that OHA adopted. This work group member is also familiar with common extraction and concentration techniques and solvents used in Oregon’s cannabis industry. Developing action levels The action levels are based on the “International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline, Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents Q3C(R5)” (ICH Q3C).(2) The only solvents commonly used in the cannabis industry for which no action levels have been established are butane, propane, 2-methylbutane, methylpropane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane. Butane, propane, 2-methylbutane and methylpropane are short-chain alkanes similar to pentane. Pentane falls into a class of solvents designated as class 3 by ICH Q3C. Class 3 solvents are less toxic and default to a health-based action level of 5,000 ppm residual. Because of the similarities to pentane, OHA assigned action levels of 5,000 ppm for butane, propane, 2-methylbutane and methylpropane. OHA assigned n-hexane’s action level of 290 ppm as the action level for 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane because they are isomers of n-hexane. The health-based action levels in the ICH Q3C are based on the toxicity of the individual solvent and on the magnitude of exposure likely to occur from consuming 10 grams of the pharmaceutical. Ten grams is a health-protective assumption. It is unlikely that anyone would consume more than 10 grams of cannabis extract or concentrate in a single day.

9 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action Uncertainties • Action levels »» No health-based solvent residual limits have been established specifically for cannabis extract or concentrate products. However, practices around pharmaceutical production and limits provide a reasonable model. This especially pertains to the oral consumption of cannabis products. »» We are uncertain whether the selected action levels for solvents in cannabis products sufficiently protect persons who smoke cannabis. However, the ICH Q3C does assume 100% absorption by any exposure route. This covers inhalation, which is how some pharmaceuticals are administered.

Solvents, continued

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 10 Table 3. List of solvents and their action levels Chemical Abstract Action Chemical Abstract Action Solvent Services (CAS) level Solvent Services (CAS) level Registry number (µg/g) Registry number (µg/g) 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 110-71-4 100 Ethanol 64-17-5 5000 1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 380 Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 5000 1-Butanol 71-36-3 5000 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 See 1-Pentanol 71-41-0 5000 Xylenes 1-Propanol 71-23-8 5000 Ethyl ether 60-29-7 5000 2-Butanol 78-92-2 5000 Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 620 2-Butanone 78-93-3 5000 Ethylene Oxide 75-21-8 50 2-Ethoxyethanol 110-80-5 160 Heptane 142-82-5 5000 2-methylbutane 78-78-4 5000* n-Hexane 110-54-3 290 2-Propanol (IPA) 67-63-0 5000 Isopropyl acetate 108-21-4 5000 Acetone 67-64-1 5000 Methanol 67-56-1 3000 Acetonitrile 75-05-8 410 Methylpropane 75-28-5 5000* Benzene 71-43-2 2 2-Methylpentane 107-83-5 290† Butane 106-97-8 5000* 3-Methylpentane 96-14-0 290† Cumene 98-82-8 70 N,N- 127-19-5 1090 Cyclohexane 110-82-7 3880 dimethylacetamide Dichloromethane 75-09-2 600 N,N- 68-12-2 880 2,2-dimethylbutane 75-83-2 290† dimethylfromamide 2,3-dimethylbutane 79-29-8 290† Pentane 109-66-0 5000 1,2-dimethylbenzene 95-47-6 See Propane 74-98-6 5000* Xylenes Pyridine 110-86-1 200 1,3-dimethylbenzene 108-38-3 See Sulfolane 126-33-0 160 Xylenes Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 720 1,4-dimethylbenzene 106-42-3 See Toluene 108-88-3 890 Xylenes Xylenes‡ 1330-20-7 2170 Dimethyl sulfoxide 67-68-5 5000

* Limit based on similarity to pentane. † Limit based on similarity with n-hexane. ‡ Combination of: 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, and ethyl benzene.

Solvents, continued

11 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action REFERENCES 1. Voelker R, Holmes M. Pesticide use on cannabis. Cannabis Safety Institute. 2015 June. Available at http://cannabissafetyinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ CSI-Pesticides-White-Paper.pdf.

2. International Council for Harmonisation. European Medicines Agency. ICH Guideline Q3C (R5) on impurities: Guideline for residual solvents. 2015 September. Available at www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_ guideline/2011/03/WC500104258.pdf.

DEFINITIONS Unless otherwise noted, definitions were provided by the author. acaricides: Pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass acari, which includes ticks and mites. action level: The level of a contaminant (pesticide or solvent) that, if found in a cannabis product, triggers agency action to prohibit that cannabis product from being sold. aflatoxins: A group of chemically similar fungal metabolites produced by certain strains of molds in the genus Aspergillus. They are a subset of the larger class of fungal metabolic toxins known as mycotoxins. analyte (from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/analyte): A substance or chemical component that is undergoing analysis. Aspergillus (from “American Heritage Dictionary”): Any of various fungi of the genus Aspergillus, which includes many common molds.

Aw: See “Water activity” definition. cannabinoid: A class of chemicals, unique to cannabis (marijuana), derived from cannabigerolic acid and known to interact with cannabinoid receptors. carbamate: A class of pesticides derived from carbamic acid that inhibits the acetylcholine esterase enzyme in the target species. CFU/g: Colony forming units per gram. Refers to a measure of the amount of living bacteria per given amount (1 gram) of a sample.

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 12 E. coli (Escherichia coli): A species of bacteria found in large quantities in the human digestive tract. Presence of E. Coli can indicate fecal contamination. fungicide: A chemical pesticide designed to kill or prevent the growth of fungus. isomer: A molecule with the same chemical formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure. limit of quantification (from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov): The lowest concentration at which the analyte can not only be reliably detected but at which some predefined goals for bias and imprecision are met. microbial (from “Stedman’s Medical Dictionary”): Relating to any minute organism. microbiological (from “Stedman’s Medical Dictionary”): Concerned with microorganisms, including fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses. organochlorine (from “American Heritage Dictionary” with modifications): Any of various hydrocarbon (containing carbon and hydrogen) pesticides, such as DDT, that contain chlorine as the dominant functional group. organophosphate: Any of several organic chemicals that contain an organophosphate or organo- thiophosphate ester as the primary functional group, some of which are used as fertilizers and pesticides. For more information on ester, go to www.merriam-webster. com/dictionary/ester.

Definitions, continued

13 — Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action pyrolysis (from “American Heritage Dictionary”): Decomposition or transformation of a compound caused by fire. Salmonella: A species of bacteria that causes illness in humans. solvent: A substance that can dissolve another substance, or in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution. For example, water can be used as a solvent to dissolve salt. In chemistry, various solvents are used to extract a chemical of interest from the substance in which it is naturally found. In the case of cannabis, some processors use solvents to dissolve THC (the active ingredient in marijuana) so it can be extracted or separated from the cannabis plant. surrogate analyte: Surrogates are compounds similar in chemical composition to the analytes of interest and spiked into environmental samples prior to preparation and analysis. They are used to evaluate extraction efficiency and matrix interference on a sample-specific basis. In some settings a surrogate analyte that is easy to measure may be used as a substitute to estimate the concentration or presence of another analyte that is difficult to measure but often co-occurs with the surrogate. target analyte: A chemical the lab must test for to see if it is present in cannabis.

water activity (or Aw): The partial vapor pressure of water in a substance divided by the standard state partial vapor pressure of water.

Definitions, continued

Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action — 14 Technical report: Oregon Health Authority’s process to determine which types of contaminants to test for in cannabis products, and levels for action

The marijuana universal symbol means a product contains marijuana and should be kept in its original packaging, out of the reach of children.

PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION

This document can be provided upon request in an alternate format for individuals with disabilities or in a language other than English for people with limited English skills. To request this publication in another format or language, contact the OHA Office of the State Public Health Director at 971-673-1222 (phone and TTY-TDD), 971-673-1299 (fax) or [email protected]. OHA 8964 (01/2016)