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INSIDE the PART FIVE: a WORLD WAR the Telegraph PAT R I C K THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 1 The Telegraph INSIDE THE Sunday, January 5, 2014 FIRST WORLD WAR PART FIVE: A WORLD WAR Sponsored by A MONTHLY 12-PART PATRICK NICK LLOYD TIM BUTCHER SERIES TO MARK BISHOP Amritsar massacre How brutal battles on THE WAR’S CENTENARY War in the furthest that marked the end the Eastern Front corners of the Empire of British rule in India changed history © IWM (Q 105525) 2 JANUARY 5 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 3 Sponsored by WELCOME CALL OF EMPIRE Patrick Bishop explores how, when the West went to war, so did nations from all corners of the Empire. P4-5 OUT OF AFRICA Anthony Richards, IWM head of documents, on a soldier’s letter home telling of a close shave in German East Africa. P6 he archetypal image GLOBAL WAR of the First World War is Alan Wakefield, IWM’s of the fields of Flanders head of photographs, illustrates how Europe’s and the horrors of trench colonial interests became Twarfare. Yet for two million soldiers a global struggle. P6-7 in Britain’s Commonwealth nations, their war took place thousands of LAMB’S VIEW Richard Slocombe, miles from the Western Front, in IWM senior art curator, on the Renaissance influence African bush and Middle Eastern behind Irish Troops in the desert, while on the 1,000-mile Judean Hills Surprised by a Turkish Bombardment Eastern Front that crossed Russia and by Henry Lamb MC. Eastern Europe, millions more died P8-9 in the clash of old against new orders. ACT OF A HERO Michael Ashcroft relates In this issue, we look at what drove the story of Commander so many to fight in a conflict not of Loftus W Jones VC, who their making and the indelible legacy put duty and honour first. P10-11 of these battles on 20th-century POST BOX history. As Nick Lloyd writes about Readers’ letters Amritsar, more than a million Indian recounting bravery from Russia to the Middle East. soldiers volunteered to fight in the P12-13 West and Middle East – but the BALKAN BLOOD impact on India’s economy and the Tim Butcher analyses the clash of old against fervour of its nationalists led to a new and chaotic battles massacre that would mark the on the Eastern Front. beginning of the end of the Raj. P14 Also we have readers’ moving END OF THE RAJ Nick Lloyd on how an stories of combatant relatives as “error of judgment” well as the Imperial War Museum’s marked the start of the end of British rule in India. regular features on wartime art, P14-15 poetry and letters from the front. IWM PODCAST And find out which famous Hear IWM’s Voices of the First World War podcast playwright, who served in on the wider war at the trenches, waited 50 www.1914.org/ years to call the war podcasts/podcast-36- the-wider-war/ a “huge, murderous public folly”. Front cover: Camel Corps in the Middle East, 1918 Zoe Dare Hall Left: an Australian soldier Series editor writes home from the Somme front in 1916 © IWM (E AUS 30) THE SPONSOR to remember those Special Forces Heroes, prestigious award for entrepreneur for the past International Democratic include being Vice Patron Lord Ashcroft KCMG PC who gave their lives in George Cross Heroes courage not in the face of four decades, launching, Union (IDU) and one of of the Intelligence Corps the conflict. and Heroes of the Skies. the enemy. He currently buying, building and Britain’s leading experts Museum, a Trustee of Inside the First World Lord Ashcroft has In each of the 12 new owns 14 GCs. selling companies — both on polling. Imperial War Museum, War, a 12-part series, established himself as a supplements, Lord Lord Ashcroft’s VC private and public — in Lord Ashcroft has an Ambassador for is sponsored by Lord champion of bravery, Ashcroft tells the and GC collections are on Britain and overseas. donated several million SkillForce and a Trustee Ashcroft KCMG PC, building up the world’s incredible stories behind display in a gallery that He is a former pounds to charities and of the Cleveland Clinic an international largest collection of First World War VCs from bears his name at IWM Treasurer and Deputy good causes. He founded in the US. businessman, Victoria Crosses his collection. London, along with VCs Chairman of the Crimestoppers (then the philanthropist and (VCs), Britain and the He purchased his first and GCs in the care of the Conservative Party. In Community Action Trust) ~For information about military historian. Commonwealth’s most VC in 1986 and currently museum. The gallery, built September 2012, he was in 1988. the Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Lord Ashcroft is prestigious award for owns more than 180 of with a £5 million donation appointed a member of He is the founder of visit www.iwm.org.uk/ sponsoring the monthly courage in the face of the decorations. Three from Lord Ashcroft, was the Privy Council and was the Ashcroft Technology heroes. For information supplements because the enemy. years ago, he began opened by HRH The made the Government’s Academy and Chancellor on Lord Ashcroft, visit he wants to promote a He has also written collecting George Crosses Princess Royal in 2010. Special Representative of Anglia Ruskin www.lordashcroft.com greater understanding of four books on bravery: (GCs), Britain and the Lord Ashcroft has for Veterans’ Transition. University. His numerous Follow him on Twitter: the First World War and Victoria Cross Heroes, Commonwealth’s most been a successful He is Treasurer of the other charity roles @LordAshcroft 4 JANUARY 5 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 5 Sponsored by AN EMPIRE AT WAR A COMMON CAUSE than that of those who commanded him, or what he Clockwise from main made of this quarrel between white men, we have no picture: soldiers from the way now of knowing. But the fact was that Britain’s West Indies Regiment, overseas soldiers fought with at least the same vigour circa 1917; Nigerian as home-grown troops. Brigade soldiers The Canadians and Anzacs in particular disembarking at Lindi in distinguished themselves by their courage and East Africa; an Indian fortitude. Like most soldiers, they were too busy soldier is taken to hospital; fighting to spend much time analysing their own Australian recruitment thoughts and motivations. Later, though, attempts poster, referring to the would be made to give meaning to sacrifices that Gallipoli campaign; Maori seem staggering today. Just over 100,000 New in the trenches in 1915 Zealanders served the British cause out of a population of a few more than a million. Of those, 16,697 were killed and 41,312 were wounded. This is an astonishing casualty rate and one that would surely be unacceptable today in anything other than an existential war – which, for New Zealand, “strategically the least vulnerable settled place on earth”, in John Keegan’s words, it was not. Nor were Australia and Canada directly threatened, yet their losses – roughly 60,000 dead each – were also extremely painful. What gave them the strength to carry on? After the war, the idea gained ground that, for these adolescent nations, participation was somehow a rite of passage. The efforts of their young men on the battlefield had proved they were the equal of the mother nation. Gallipoli and Vimy Ridge were spoken of as heroic episodes at which Australia and Canada ‘‘came of age’’. Certainly, the dominions’ contribution forced Britain to treat them with greater respect and grant them a louder voice in decision-making. In spring 1917, Lloyd George created an Imperial War Cabinet whose members included the prime ministers of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa and various Indian officials and potentates. There was also a pledge to readjust imperial relationships to create a ‘‘commonwealth’’ of autonomous nations. It was India that stood to gain CюћюёіюћѠ юћё ѡѕђ AћѧюѐѠ ёіѠѡіћєѢіѠѕђё ѡѕђњѠђљѣђѠ яѦ ѡѕђіџ ѐќѢџюєђ юћё ѓќџѡіѡѢёђ the most. Unlike the others, she was completely under British control. At the start of the war, the independence movement including Gandhi offered tactical support in the hope that Britain would feel morally obliged to offer significant concessions when it was over. As it was, the 1919 Government of India Bill fell below expectations, granting only a partial franchise. India lost more than 50,000 men, while at home the poor (but not Indian manufacturers and businessmen) had endured even greater than usual hardship. With peace, militancy intensified. The dominions’ initial enthusiasm for the war © IWM (ART.IWM PST 0398), (HU 57430), (Q 15370), GETTY wore off long before the end. After the disastrous battle of Passchendaele in the second half of 1917, wrote Christopher Pugsley, “the New Zealand public hen the war trumpets sounded in obligation to a place whose memory was still often Ridge where, in spring 1917, they captured a vital Indian contribution to Britain’s war. The 1914 Indian believed that the country was being bled white of the Britain in August 1914, the echoes comparatively fresh in the minds of their parents or high feature, suffering more than 10,000 casualties. Army was only slightly smaller than the British and best of its manhood”. Dean Oliver of the Canadian carried to the corners of the Empire. grandparents. Pugsley wrote that “to be a New The enthusiasm was not shared by French represented a vital element of the Empire’s military War Museum judged that in 1918, while “Canada was The call of The call brought forth an Zealander in 1914 was to be taught that ‘the Empire Canadians.
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