DOCSLIB.ORG

INSIDE the PART FIVE: a WORLD WAR the Telegraph PAT R I C K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 1 The Telegraph INSIDE THE Sunday, January 5, 2014 FIRST WORLD WAR PART FIVE: A WORLD WAR Sponsored by A MONTHLY 12-PART PATRICK NICK LLOYD TIM BUTCHER SERIES TO MARK BISHOP Amritsar massacre How brutal battles on THE WAR’S CENTENARY War in the furthest that marked the end the Eastern Front corners of the Empire of British rule in India changed history © IWM (Q 105525) 2 JANUARY 5 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 3 Sponsored by WELCOME CALL OF EMPIRE Patrick Bishop explores how, when the West went to war, so did nations from all corners of the Empire. P4-5 OUT OF AFRICA Anthony Richards, IWM head of documents, on a soldier’s letter home telling of a close shave in German East Africa. P6 he archetypal image GLOBAL WAR of the First World War is Alan Wakefield, IWM’s of the fields of Flanders head of photographs, illustrates how Europe’s and the horrors of trench colonial interests became Twarfare. Yet for two million soldiers a global struggle. P6-7 in Britain’s Commonwealth nations, their war took place thousands of LAMB’S VIEW Richard Slocombe, miles from the Western Front, in IWM senior art curator, on the Renaissance influence African bush and Middle Eastern behind Irish Troops in the desert, while on the 1,000-mile Judean Hills Surprised by a Turkish Bombardment Eastern Front that crossed Russia and by Henry Lamb MC. Eastern Europe, millions more died P8-9 in the clash of old against new orders. ACT OF A HERO Michael Ashcroft relates In this issue, we look at what drove the story of Commander so many to fight in a conflict not of Loftus W Jones VC, who their making and the indelible legacy put duty and honour first. P10-11 of these battles on 20th-century POST BOX history. As Nick Lloyd writes about Readers’ letters Amritsar, more than a million Indian recounting bravery from Russia to the Middle East. soldiers volunteered to fight in the P12-13 West and Middle East – but the BALKAN BLOOD impact on India’s economy and the Tim Butcher analyses the clash of old against fervour of its nationalists led to a new and chaotic battles massacre that would mark the on the Eastern Front. beginning of the end of the Raj. P14 Also we have readers’ moving END OF THE RAJ Nick Lloyd on how an stories of combatant relatives as “error of judgment” well as the Imperial War Museum’s marked the start of the end of British rule in India. regular features on wartime art, P14-15 poetry and letters from the front. IWM PODCAST And find out which famous Hear IWM’s Voices of the First World War podcast playwright, who served in on the wider war at the trenches, waited 50 www.1914.org/ years to call the war podcasts/podcast-36- the-wider-war/ a “huge, murderous public folly”. Front cover: Camel Corps in the Middle East, 1918 Zoe Dare Hall Left: an Australian soldier Series editor writes home from the Somme front in 1916 © IWM (E AUS 30) THE SPONSOR to remember those Special Forces Heroes, prestigious award for entrepreneur for the past International Democratic include being Vice Patron Lord Ashcroft KCMG PC who gave their lives in George Cross Heroes courage not in the face of four decades, launching, Union (IDU) and one of of the Intelligence Corps the conflict. and Heroes of the Skies. the enemy. He currently buying, building and Britain’s leading experts Museum, a Trustee of Inside the First World Lord Ashcroft has In each of the 12 new owns 14 GCs. selling companies — both on polling. Imperial War Museum, War, a 12-part series, established himself as a supplements, Lord Lord Ashcroft’s VC private and public — in Lord Ashcroft has an Ambassador for is sponsored by Lord champion of bravery, Ashcroft tells the and GC collections are on Britain and overseas. donated several million SkillForce and a Trustee Ashcroft KCMG PC, building up the world’s incredible stories behind display in a gallery that He is a former pounds to charities and of the Cleveland Clinic an international largest collection of First World War VCs from bears his name at IWM Treasurer and Deputy good causes. He founded in the US. businessman, Victoria Crosses his collection. London, along with VCs Chairman of the Crimestoppers (then the philanthropist and (VCs), Britain and the He purchased his first and GCs in the care of the Conservative Party. In Community Action Trust) ~For information about military historian. Commonwealth’s most VC in 1986 and currently museum. The gallery, built September 2012, he was in 1988. the Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Lord Ashcroft is prestigious award for owns more than 180 of with a £5 million donation appointed a member of He is the founder of visit www.iwm.org.uk/ sponsoring the monthly courage in the face of the decorations. Three from Lord Ashcroft, was the Privy Council and was the Ashcroft Technology heroes. For information supplements because the enemy. years ago, he began opened by HRH The made the Government’s Academy and Chancellor on Lord Ashcroft, visit he wants to promote a He has also written collecting George Crosses Princess Royal in 2010. Special Representative of Anglia Ruskin www.lordashcroft.com greater understanding of four books on bravery: (GCs), Britain and the Lord Ashcroft has for Veterans’ Transition. University. His numerous Follow him on Twitter: the First World War and Victoria Cross Heroes, Commonwealth’s most been a successful He is Treasurer of the other charity roles @LordAshcroft 4 JANUARY 5 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / JANUARY 5 2014 5 Sponsored by AN EMPIRE AT WAR A COMMON CAUSE than that of those who commanded him, or what he Clockwise from main made of this quarrel between white men, we have no picture: soldiers from the way now of knowing. But the fact was that Britain’s West Indies Regiment, overseas soldiers fought with at least the same vigour circa 1917; Nigerian as home-grown troops. Brigade soldiers The Canadians and Anzacs in particular disembarking at Lindi in distinguished themselves by their courage and East Africa; an Indian fortitude. Like most soldiers, they were too busy soldier is taken to hospital; fighting to spend much time analysing their own Australian recruitment thoughts and motivations. Later, though, attempts poster, referring to the would be made to give meaning to sacrifices that Gallipoli campaign; Maori seem staggering today. Just over 100,000 New in the trenches in 1915 Zealanders served the British cause out of a population of a few more than a million. Of those, 16,697 were killed and 41,312 were wounded. This is an astonishing casualty rate and one that would surely be unacceptable today in anything other than an existential war – which, for New Zealand, “strategically the least vulnerable settled place on earth”, in John Keegan’s words, it was not. Nor were Australia and Canada directly threatened, yet their losses – roughly 60,000 dead each – were also extremely painful. What gave them the strength to carry on? After the war, the idea gained ground that, for these adolescent nations, participation was somehow a rite of passage. The efforts of their young men on the battlefield had proved they were the equal of the mother nation. Gallipoli and Vimy Ridge were spoken of as heroic episodes at which Australia and Canada ‘‘came of age’’. Certainly, the dominions’ contribution forced Britain to treat them with greater respect and grant them a louder voice in decision-making. In spring 1917, Lloyd George created an Imperial War Cabinet whose members included the prime ministers of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa and various Indian officials and potentates. There was also a pledge to readjust imperial relationships to create a ‘‘commonwealth’’ of autonomous nations. It was India that stood to gain CюћюёіюћѠ юћё ѡѕђ AћѧюѐѠ ёіѠѡіћєѢіѠѕђё ѡѕђњѠђљѣђѠ яѦ ѡѕђіџ ѐќѢџюєђ юћё ѓќџѡіѡѢёђ the most. Unlike the others, she was completely under British control. At the start of the war, the independence movement including Gandhi offered tactical support in the hope that Britain would feel morally obliged to offer significant concessions when it was over. As it was, the 1919 Government of India Bill fell below expectations, granting only a partial franchise. India lost more than 50,000 men, while at home the poor (but not Indian manufacturers and businessmen) had endured even greater than usual hardship. With peace, militancy intensified. The dominions’ initial enthusiasm for the war © IWM (ART.IWM PST 0398), (HU 57430), (Q 15370), GETTY wore off long before the end. After the disastrous battle of Passchendaele in the second half of 1917, wrote Christopher Pugsley, “the New Zealand public hen the war trumpets sounded in obligation to a place whose memory was still often Ridge where, in spring 1917, they captured a vital Indian contribution to Britain’s war. The 1914 Indian believed that the country was being bled white of the Britain in August 1914, the echoes comparatively fresh in the minds of their parents or high feature, suffering more than 10,000 casualties. Army was only slightly smaller than the British and best of its manhood”. Dean Oliver of the Canadian carried to the corners of the Empire. grandparents. Pugsley wrote that “to be a New The enthusiasm was not shared by French represented a vital element of the Empire’s military War Museum judged that in 1918, while “Canada was The call of The call brought forth an Zealander in 1914 was to be taught that ‘the Empire Canadians.
Recommended publications
  • Commemorating the Overseas-Born Victoria Cross Heroes a First World War Centenary Event

    Commemorating the Overseas-Born Victoria Cross Heroes a First World War Centenary Event

    Commemorating the overseas-born Victoria Cross heroes A First World War Centenary event National Memorial Arboretum 5 March 2015 Foreword Foreword The Prime Minister, David Cameron The First World War saw unprecedented sacrifice that changed – and claimed – the lives of millions of people. Even during the darkest of days, Britain was not alone. Our soldiers stood shoulder-to-shoulder with allies from around the Commonwealth and beyond. Today’s event marks the extraordinary sacrifices made by 145 soldiers from around the globe who received the Victoria Cross in recognition of their remarkable valour and devotion to duty fighting with the British forces. These soldiers came from every corner of the globe and all walks of life but were bound together by their courage and determination. The laying of these memorial stones at the National Memorial Arboretum will create a lasting, peaceful and moving monument to these men, who were united in their valiant fight for liberty and civilization. Their sacrifice shall never be forgotten. Foreword Foreword Communities Secretary, Eric Pickles The Centenary of the First World War allows us an opportunity to reflect on and remember a generation which sacrificed so much. Men and boys went off to war for Britain and in every town and village across our country cenotaphs are testimony to the heavy price that so many paid for the freedoms we enjoy today. And Britain did not stand alone, millions came forward to be counted and volunteered from countries around the globe, some of which now make up the Commonwealth. These men fought for a country and a society which spanned continents and places that in many ways could not have been more different.
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs

    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs

    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
  • BULGARIA and HUNGARY in the FIRST WORLD WAR: a VIEW from the 21ST CENTURY 21St -Century Studies in Humanities

    BULGARIA and HUNGARY in the FIRST WORLD WAR: a VIEW from the 21ST CENTURY 21St -Century Studies in Humanities

    BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY 21st -Century Studies in Humanities Editor: Pál Fodor Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Editors GÁBOR DEMETER CSABA KATONA PENKA PEYKOVSKA Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 Technical editor: Judit Lakatos Language editor: David Robert Evans Translated by: Jason Vincz, Bálint Radó, Péter Szőnyi, and Gábor Demeter Lectored by László Bíró (HAS RCH, senior research fellow) The volume was supported by theBulgarian–Hungarian History Commission and realized within the framework of the project entitled “Peripheries of Empires and Nation States in the 17th–20th Century Central and Southeast Europe. Power, Institutions, Society, Adaptation”. Supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences NKFI-EPR K 113004, East-Central European Nationalisms During the First World War NKFI FK 128 978 Knowledge, Lanscape, Nation and Empire ISBN: 978-963-416-198-1 (Institute of History – Research Center for the Humanities) ISBN: 978-954-2903-36-9 (Institute for Historical Studies – BAS) HU ISSN 2630-8827 Cover: “A Momentary View of Europe”. German caricature propaganda map, 1915. Published by the Research Centre for the Humanities Responsible editor: Pál Fodor Prepress preparation: Institute of History, RCH, Research Assistance Team Leader: Éva Kovács Cover design: Bence Marafkó Page layout: Bence Marafkó Printed in Hungary by Prime Rate Kft., Budapest CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................... 9 Zoltán Oszkár Szőts and Gábor Demeter THE CAUSES OF THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN SERBIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY .................................. 25 Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics ISTVÁN TISZA’S POLICY TOWARDS THE GERMAN ALLIANCE AND AGAINST GERMAN INFLUENCE IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT WAR................................
  • Heritage, Landscape and Conflict Archaeology

    Heritage, Landscape and Conflict Archaeology

    THE EDGE OF EUROPE: HERITAGE, LANDSCAPE AND CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY by ROXANA-TALIDA ROMAN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham May 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The research presented in this thesis addresses the significance of Romanian WWI sites as places of remembrance and heritage, by exploring the case of Maramureș against the standards of national and international heritage standards. The work provided the first ever survey of WWI sites on the Eastern Front, showing that the Prislop Pass conflictual landscape holds undeniable national and international heritage value both in terms of physical preservation and in terms of mapping on the memorial-historical record. The war sites demonstrate heritage and remembrance value by meeting heritage criteria on account of their preservation state, rarity, authenticity, research potential, the embedded war knowledge and their historical-memorial functions. The results of the research established that the war sites not only satisfy heritage legal requirements at various scales but are also endangered.
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co

    1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co

    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
  • Victoria Cross Heroes of Wellingborough

    Victoria Cross Heroes of Wellingborough

    1914–2014 FIRST WORLD WAR CENTENARY SOUVENIR ISSUE The Link www.wellingborough.gov.uk Summer 2014 Victoria Cross heroes of Wellingborough Major Edward Corringham ‘Mick’ Mannock VC DSO** MC* BRITAIN’S most successful fighter pilot during the First World War lived in Welling- borough. His job as a tele phone engineer led him to lodge at 183 Mill Road prior to the war. He joined the Royal Engineers in March 1916, where he was awarded a commission and be- came a second lieutenant. In August 1916 he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and was sent to the Western Front in April 1917. On 22 July 1917, Mannock Major Mannock was promoted to captain and he became a flight commander. Lt-Col The Rev Vann He gave his men 15 rules about flying in combat, which became the bedrock not only for the RFC but also for the fighter pilots of the RAF of the future. Mannock was a highly skilled pilot. On his medals. They are now on display at the Foresters in April 1915. He was awarded 16 August 1917, he shot down four German Imperial War Museum in London. the Military Cross for his efforts in Kemmel aeroplanes in one day. Edward Mannock was awarded the when a small trench he occupied was blown The next day he shot down two other Military Cross (MC) twice, was one of the up and, although wounded and half buried, German aeroplanes. rare three-times winners of a Distinguished he organised the defence and rescued buried On 20 July 1918, Mannock shot down his Service Order (DSO) and was posthumously men under heavy fire, refusing to leave his 58th ‘kill’, making him Britain’s highest- awarded the Victoria Cross.

  • Medical Recipients of the Victoria Cross During The

    ORIGINAL ARTICLES 8. Crawforo ES. Bomberger RA. Glaeser OH. et al. Ao_iliac occlusive disease. Factors influencing. survival and function following reronstructi.ve operation over a 2>year period. Surgery 1981; 90: HISTORY OF MEDICIl'iE 1055-1067. 11I.. 9. Nevelsteen A. Wourers L. Suv R. Aortofemoral Dacron reconstruction for aorto-iliac occlusive disease. A25-year survey. E';" JVase Su')I 1991; S, 179-186. 10. Reddy E. Robbs jY, Human RR. Rajaruthnam P. Early results of aortobifemoral bypass - a comparison between Black and wlUte patients. S AIr JSu')I 1982; 2ft 283-288. MEDICAL RECIPIENTS OF THE 11. Seftel He The rarity of coronary heart disease in South African blacks. S AIr Med J1978; ~ 9'J. 105. 12. Seeda. YK. Maye! FGH. Khan S. et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Indians of VICTORIA CROSS DURING THE Durban. S AIr Med J1990; 78, 447-454. 13. Seedat Yl<. Mayet FGH. Gouws E. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the white ANGLO-BOER WAR, 1899 -1902 community in Durban. S AIr Med J1994; ~ 257·262. 14. Clarke RJ, Provan JL The Surgical treatment of aorto-iliac occlusion Br JSurg 1969; 56:: ~2.55. 15. Darling RC, Brewster DC, Hallet ]W, Darling RC ill. Aorta-iliac reconsl:ruction. SUTg CIin North Am 1979; 5~ 565-580. JC de Villiers, CV Small 16. Talkington CM. Thompson JE. Prevention and management of infected prostheses. Surg Clin North Am 1982; 6Z, 515-530. 17. Robbs jY, Reddy E, Ray R Antibiotic prophylaxis in aortic and peripheral arterial surgery in the presence of infected extremity lesions.
  • An Outlaw's Diary Be the Diary of Our Sufferings

    An Outlaw's Diary Be the Diary of Our Sufferings

    AN OUTLAW'S ' DIARY : REVOLUTION By CEC1LE TORMAY WITH A FOREWORD BY THE DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND 33 LONDON : PHILIP ALLAN & CO, QUALITY COURT BY THE SAME AUTHOR Crown 8vo. 6s. net. each THE OLD HOUSE : A Novel STONECROP : A Novel Published by PHILIP ALLAN &- CO. First published in 1923 PHIMf.O IN GIIKAT BRITAIN BY W. JOLLY AND SONS, LTD., ABERDEEN. TO A GENTLE VICTIM OF THE REVOLUTION MY UNFORGETTABLE MOTHER I DEDICATE THIS BOOK PREFACE IT was fate that dubbed this book An Out- for it itself outlawed at a time laws Diary , was when threat of death was hanging over every voice that gave expression to the sufferings of Hungary. It was in hiding constantly, fleeing from its parental roof to lonely castles, to pro- vincial villas, to rustic hovels. It was in hiding in fragments, between the pages of books, under the eaves of strange houses, up chimneys, in the recesses of cellars, behind furniture, buried in the ground. The hands of searching detectives, the boots of Red soldiers, have passed over it. It has escaped miraculously, to stand as a memento when the graves of the victims it describes have fallen in, when grass has grown over the pits of its gallows, when the writings in blood and bullets have disappeared from the walls of its torture chambers. And now that I am able to send the book forth in print, I am constrained to omit many facts and many details which as yet cannot stand the light of day, because they are the secrets of living men.
  • LCCC Thematic List

    LCCC Thematic List

    LONDON CIGARETTE CARD COMPANY LIMITED Last Updated: 3rd June 2021 Sutton Road, Somerton, Somerset TA11 6QP, England. Website: www.londoncigcard.co.uk Telephone: 01458 273452 Fax: 01458 273515 E-Mail: [email protected] Please tick items required. Prices, which include VAT (UK tax), are for very good condition unless otherwise stated. Orders for cards and albums dispatched to outside the United Kingdom will have 15% deducted. Size abbreviations: EL = Extra Large; LT = Large Trade (Size 89 x 64mm); L = Large; M = Medium; K = Miniature. Please see our catalogue for details of our stocks of 17,000 different series. 24-hour credit/debit card ordering 01458 273452. Why not sign up to our Free Newsletter giving you up to date special offers and Discounts not to mention new additions to stock and information on our current auctions. To sign up enter your e-mail address below and tick here _____ Please Note: Orders are sent post free to UK addresses, but for orders under £25.00 (or £15.00 for LCCC's Card Collectors Club members) please add a handling fee of £2.00. Overseas postage will be charged at cost with no handling fee. Please send items marked on enclosed pages. I enclose remittance of £ or we can accept Visa, Mastercard, Maestro, Visa Delta, Electron, JCB & American Express, credit/debit cards. Please quote Credit/Debit Expiry Valid From CVC Number Card Number...................................................................... Date .................... (if stated).................... (last 3 on back) .................. Name (capital
  • Russian Origins of the First World War

    Russian Origins of the First World War

    The Russian Origins of the First World War The Russian Origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, Eng land 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Sean McMeekin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data McMeekin, Sean, 1974– The Russian origins of the First World War / Sean McMeekin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-06210-8 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914–1918—Causes. 2. World War, 1914–1918—Russia. 3. Russia—Foreign relations—1894–1917. 4. Imperialism—History— 20th century. 5. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Eastern Front. 6. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Middle East. I. Title. D514.M35 2011 940.3'11—dc23 2011031427 For Ayla Contents Abbreviations ix Author’s Note xi Introduction: History from the Deep Freeze 1 1. The Strategic Imperative in 1914 6 2. It Takes Two to Tango: The July Crisis 41 3. Russia’s War: The Opening Round 76 4. Turkey’s Turn 98 5. The Russians and Gallipoli 115 6. Russia and the Armenians 141 7. The Russians in Persia 175 8. Partitioning the Ottoman Empire 194 9. 1917: The Tsarist Empire at Its Zenith 214 Conclusion: The October Revolution and Historical Amnesia 234 Notes 245 Bibliography 289 Acknowledgments 303 Index 307 Maps The Russian Empire on the Eve of World War I 8 The Polish Salient 18 The Peacetime Deployment of Russia’s Army Corps 20 The Initial Mobilization Pattern on the Eastern Front 83 Russian Claims on Austrian and German Territory 91 “The Straits,” and Russian Claims on Them 132 Russia and the Armenians 167 Persia and the Caucasian Front 187 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire 206 The Eastern Front 219 Abbreviations ATASE Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Arşivi (Archive of the Turkish Gen- eral Staff).
  • Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918

    Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918

    ABSTRACT Title of Document: BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 Stefan Sotiris Papaioannou, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe, Department of History This dissertation challenges the widely held view that there is something morbidly distinctive about violence in the Balkans. It subjects this notion to scrutiny by examining how inhabitants of the embattled region of Macedonia endured a particularly violent set of events: the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War. Making use of a variety of sources including archives located in the three countries that today share the region of Macedonia, the study reveals that members of this majority-Orthodox Christian civilian population were not inclined to perpetrate wartime violence against one another. Though they often identified with rival national camps, inhabitants of Macedonia were typically willing neither to kill their neighbors nor to die over those differences. They preferred to pursue priorities they considered more important, including economic advancement, education, and security of their properties, all of which were likely to be undermined by internecine violence. National armies from Balkan countries then adjacent to geographic Macedonia (Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) and their associated paramilitary forces were instead the perpetrators of violence against civilians. In these violent activities they were joined by armies from Western and Central Europe during the First World War. Contrary to existing military and diplomatic histories that emphasize continuities between the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War, this primarily social history reveals that the nature of abuses committed against civilians changed rapidly during this six-year period.
  • War in the Balkans, 1991-2002

    War in the Balkans, 1991-2002

    WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92.