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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Interventionary alliances in civil conflicts. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Fobanjong, John M. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 06:37:24 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184749 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ---- ---------- - - ---- -------------------------- Order Number 9000128 Interventionary alliances in civil conflicts Fobanjong, John M., Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1989 U·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 1 INTERVENTIONARY ALLIANCES IN CIVIL CONFLICTS by John Fobanjong A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementn For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1989 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read John M. Fobanjong the dissertation prepared by INTERVENTIONARY ALLIANCES IN CIVIL CONFLICTS entitled --------------------------- and\re~Ommend'that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement l Voc.tOfl. 06 Plu.fo.60phy for the Degree of --------------------------------------------------------- f\ \ \ \_j\~'" 5 \ z. I ?'1 J e.fl.fl.o)'.fd"V.r- Gfl.e.e.11 Date s/ 2-/?5~ Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited at the University Library to made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotation from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED T / 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I complete this dissertation, my fundamental scholarly debt goes to Professors Jerrold D. Green, Thomas J. Volgy, and Clifton E. Wilson. They have helped me to see better the overall design, pointing out where particular pieces fit or do not fit. The graduate seminars I took from these Professors at the University of Arizona were the crucibles within which my capacities to do comparative analysis were forged, even as I was allowed the space to develop my own interpretations. Specifically, I am thankful to Professor Jerrold Green, who has been at the forefront of the quest for the creation of an African Studies center at the university of Arizona, and whose dire efforts at inviting 'Africanist' specialists to give conferences at the University, have in the mean time helped given me insights to other cases of civil wars in the African continent, somewhat similar to the Angolan and the Chadian conflicts analyzed in the present study. My wholehearted appreciation goes to my mentor and academic adviser, Professor/Mayor Volgy, whose persuasive inspiration and astute guidance were heavily instrumental in both developing this project and carrying it to fruition. His work ethic, together with his willingness and open commitment at everything that he does makes him the model of every aspiring scholar. I equally wish to express my respectful appreciation to the learned guidance and personal inspiration of Professor Wilson. The constant pats he gave me on the back perked and kept me afloat when the tides were high and the waters were turbulent. My opportunity to pursue graduate education was made possible by a leave of absence obtained from the Cameroonian government. I therefore would also like to express appreciation to many of my superiors and colleagues in the Cameroon National Security for the multiple extensions to this leave of absence. Finally, as with all writers blessed with an understanding and devoted helpmate at home, a special tribute of loving appreciation is reserved for my beloved wife, Antoinette, mother of our two children, Collins and Siri, whose loyal support, patient understanding, and unswerving forbearance in adjusting their lives and our household to the variables inevitably associated with any such all-absorbing task will never be forgotten. Indeed, my wife' labor for our second child began in the middle of my Ph.D. Prelims, and this kept me shuttling, mentally and physically, between the exams and the hospital labor room. 4 ABSTRACT This study offers a .frame of reference for the analysis of interventionary alliances in civil wars. It uses comparative case studies to work out an explanation of the peculiarity of the Angolan and the Chadian civil Wars. Developed through critical reflection on assumptions and types of explanation common to most received theories of domestic instability and linkage politics, the principle of analysis sketched in the first chapter are meant to re-orient our senses of what is characteristic of, and problematic about, foreign intervention as it actually has been traditionally studied. Existing theories of foreign intervention are found inadequate for the analysis of factional civil warfare, and an attempt has been made to develop an alternative theoretical approach and explanatory hypotheses. The remainder of the study attempts to make the tenets of chapter come alive in application. In their broad sweep, the civil wars of Chad and Angola are treated as two comparable instances of a single, coherent, pattern of interventionary alliance. Some contrast of the two case studies with the cases of Grenada and Czechoslovakia are used to clarify my critic of the inadequacies of existing theories of foreign 5 intervention. I should make it clear that I do not outrightly reject existing theories of foreign intervention. I simply find them inadequate to address all cases of foreign involvement in domestic crises. Indeed, some studies present fresh evidence; others make arguments that urge the reader to see old problems in a new light. This study is decidedly of the latter sort. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION. • . 9 PREVALENCE OF CIVIL CONFLICTS IN THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SySTEM ..•.......... 18 CIVIL WARS AND U.S. THINKING .......•.........• 27 PROPOSED RESEARCH............................. 29 ASSUMPTIONS, PROPOSITIONS, AND HyPOTHESES ..... 32 GENERAL APPROACH. • . • . • . • . 38 DEFINITION AND JUSTIFICTION OF CONCEPTS ....... 40 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOICE OF CASE STUDIES ..•... 52 FRAMEWORK OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH .•.......... 61 2. BACKGROUND AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE ANGOLAN CONFLICT.............................. 79 INTRODUCTION. • . • . 79 PORTUGUESE COLONIAL RULE IN AFRICA ............ 83 The Collapse of the Portuguese Regime .... 86 BACKGROUND TO THE THREE LIBERATION MOVEMENTS .. 92 ANGOLAN INDEPENDENCE AND THE EXIT OF THE PORTUGUESE. 103 EXTERNAL ALLIES IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR ..... 105 THE SOVIET INVOLVEMENT ....................... 106 THE U. S. INVOLVEMENT......................... 107 THE CUBAN INVOLVEMENT ........................ 113 THE SOUTH AFRICAN INVOLVEMENT ................ 116 THE INVOLVEMENT OF AFRICAN STATES .......•...• 121 THE CHADIAN
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