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Texto Completo (Pdf) IGLESIAS RECOLETAS HOY EN FILIPINAS1 1Pablo PANEDAS , oAR «Todo lo han hecho los frailes»2 La frase es del general Alaminos, aunque lo mismo afirmaron algunos ilustres visitantes en el pasado. El que fuera capitán general de Filipinas, al comienzo de su estancia en el Archipiélago no salía de su asombro. —Salgo por los pueblos ‑decía‑, pregunto: «¿Quién hizo este puente?», y me contestan: —El padre Fulano. —¿Y aquella escuela? —El padre Mengano. Y concluía: —Así me ocurre siempre. Aquí todo lo han hecho los frailes. 1 BI B LIOGRAFÍA : ALARCÓN ALARCON , Norma I., Philippine Architecture during the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Periods, Manila (University of Santo Tomas) 1991. Álbum 375 Los Agustinos Recoletos. 375 años en las Islas Filipinas. 1606-1981, [Manila 1981]. Álbum 400 ORDER OF A UGUSTINIAN RECOLLECTS , 400. Augustinian Recollection. 1588-1988 [Quezon City 1990]. A travel PETERS , Jens, Philippines, a travel survival kit, Hawthorn (Australia) (Lonely survival kit Planet Publications) 1994. BP SN Boletín de la Provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino, Marcilla (Navarra, España) 1909 ss. COSETENG COSETENG , Alicia M., Spanish Churches in the Philippines, Quezon City 1972. DE BLAS De BLAS , Gregorio Fidel, Labor evangélica de los Padres Agustinos Recoletos en las Islas Filipinas…, 2ª ed., Zaragoza 1910. ECHAÚZ ECHAÚZ , Robustiano, Apuntes de la Isla de Negros, Manila (Cofre) 1894. Façades GALENDE , Pedro G., Philippine Church Façades, Quezon City (San Agustín Museum‑Filipiniana Net) 2007. Fast Facts LANCION , Conrado M., Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces, 3ª ed., Manila (Tahanan Books) 1995. Fortress JAVELLANA , René B., Fortress of Empire. Spanish Colonial Fortifications of of Empire the Philippines. 1565-1898. Photographs by Jose Ma. Lorenzo P. Tan, Makati (Bookmark) 1997. GALENDE - GALENDE , Pedro, G.–JAVELLANA , René B., Great Churches of the Philippines, JAVELLANA Makati, Metro Manila (Bokmark) 1993, 71. JARAUTA JARAUTA , Ricardo, Álbum de la Orden de Agustinos Recoletos, Zaragoza 1931. JAVELLANA JAVELLANA , René B., Wood & Stone for God’s Greater Glory. Jesuit Art & Architecture in the Philippines, Quezon City (Ateneo de Manila University Press) 1991. Kabilin ALUNAN , Merlie M. – FLORES VILLASIS , Bobby, Kabilin. Legacies of a Hundred Years of Negros Oriental, Negros Oriental (Negros Oriental Centennial Foundation) 1993 LEGARRA LEGARRA , Martín, Recuerdos de Bohol, en BP SN 30 (1940) 152‑155; 174‑177; 199‑200; 224‑226. RECOLLECTIO 31-32 (2008-2009) 267-348 268 pablo panedas Eso era verdad en 1874 y, en buena parte, es verdad todavía hoy. En conjunto, puede decirse que el patrimonio artístico e histórico de Filipinas es obra de los misioneros. La fe cristiana que éstos predicaban no era algo ex‑ clusivamente espiritual, desencarnado; al contrario, anunciaba a un Dios he‑ cho carne y, en consecuencia, investía todos los aspectos de la vida humana. La evangelización suponía un cambio de vida, abandonar la vida errante y dispersa por sementeras y montes, e instalarse en un poblado; dejar las cos‑ tumbres primitivas propias de un indio montaraz para asentarse y abrirse a la civilización y a la cultura. Parte y expresión de este cambio de vida son las construcciones, religiosas y civiles, de las que ahora nos ocupamos.2 De ninguna forma se quiere decir, con todo, que los frailes hayan cons‑ truido, ellos solos y sin colaboración, todos estos edificios. Con frecuencia, ellos trabajaron con sus propias manos. Pero lo realmente importante es la iniciativa, la perseverancia y la dirección y gestión de las obras, y esto es lo que hay que atribuirles a los religiosos. Ellos eran los que tenían la idea y le daban forma sobre el papel, en un proyecto; tenían luego que solicitar los permisos y buscar ayudas, aunar voluntades y organizar el trabajo de la gente a lo largo de meses y años. En realidad, cualquiera de los monumentos de Filipinas no sólo tiene un interés artístico, mayor o menor; tiene sobre todo un valor simbólico como producto colectivo que es, fruto del esfuerzo mancomunado de todo un pueblo o una ciudad. Ese esfuerzo de todos era lo que el religioso dirigía. LICINIO RUIZ , Licinio, Sinopsis histórica de la Provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino de las Islas Filipinas de la Orden de Agustinos Recoletos, I‑II, Manila (Santo Tomás) 1925. MARCELLÁN [MARCELLÁN , Patricio], Provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino de Agustinos Descalzos de la Congregación de España e Indias, Manila (Santo Tomás) 1879. MARÍN MARÍN Y M ORALES , Valentín, Ensayo de una síntesis de los trabajos realizados por las corporaciones religiosas españolas de Filipinas, I‑II, Manila (Santo Tomás) 1901. Philippines HAR P ER , Peter – PE P LOW , Evelyn Sebastion, Philippines Handbook, Chico handbook (California) (Moon Publications) 1991. RO M ANILLOS RO M ANILLOS , Emmanuel Luis A., Bohol History (1521-1898). Essays, Notes and Sources, Quezon City (Recoletos Communications, Inc.) 2006. SÁDA B A SÁDA B A , Francisco, Catálogo de los religiosos agustinos recoletos de la provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino de Filipinas desde el año 1906, en que llegó la primera Misión a Manila, hasta nuestros días, Madrid (Asilo Huérfanos) 1906. SÁENZ SÁENZ , José Luis, Los Agustinos Recoletos y la Revolución Hispano-Filipina, Marcilla, Navarra (Boletín de la Provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino) 1998. Simbahan TROTA JOSÉ , Regalado, Simbahan: Church Art in Colonial Philippines, 1565- 1898, Manila (Ayala Museum) 1991. TROTA JOSÉ TROTA J OSÉ , Regalado, The Augustinian Recollect Contribution to Engineering and Architecture: The Legacy of Bohol, en Recoletos. History, Legacy and Culture, [Manila 2005] 131‑170. 2 MARÍN 1, 376‑377. IGLESIAS recoletas hoy EN FILIPINAS 269 1. Pueblos recoletos Los edificios concretos, monumentales o no, religiosos o civiles, no se entienden si no es en el contexto de una población, dentro de la organización social que ésta supone. Ésta es la primera labor de los misioneros, fundar los pueblos. Lo mismo que había hecho el padre Rodrigo de San Miguel por Zambales a principios del siglo XVII , le tocó hacer a san Ezequiel Moreno junto a los ríos de Palawan, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX : subían por los ríos contactando con los nativos asentados en sus orillas, tratando de con‑ vencerles para que se instalaran juntos en un poblado. Y, como ellos, tantos otros a lo largo de cuatro siglos. En un primer momento, estos poblados son atendidos esporádicamen‑ te por el sacerdote, que reside en un núcleo mayor; por eso, se denominan visitas. A medida que las visitas van tomando auge, pueden llegar a auto‑ nomizarse y convertirse, a su vez, en parroquia y pueblo. Así se han creado muchos de los pueblos de raigambre recoleta. Por ejemplo, Corella, en Bohol, se desgajó de Baclayón y Tagbilaran (1884); Compostela, en Cebú, de Dánao (1862); en Misamis, Jiménez de la actual Ozámiz (1858). Son pueblos que nacen como tales a impulsos del desarrollo que se da en un determinado tiempo y lugar. Así nace, por ejemplo, la mayor parte de los pueblos de la isla de Negros. En tal o cual caso, pueden darse circunstancias particulares. Bilar, Ba‑ lilihan y otros dos pueblos próximos de la isla de Bohol, se crearon en 1831 como asentamiento de los seguidores de Dagohoy, que se habían rebelado contra España y llevaban 85 años por los montes. Las parroquias zamba‑ leñas de San Marcelino, San Antonio, San Narciso y San Felipe nacieron entre 1849 y 1875 para servir a los inmigrantes ilocanos. Y, en fin, un caso totalmente particular es el de Imus. Aunque hasta 1785 no fue reconocido como pueblo y parroquia, en todos los órdenes se asienta sobre la hacienda comprada por los recoletos en 1695. Otras veces, no se trata de fundar un pueblo, sino de trasladarlo, re‑ construyéndolo de nueva planta. Esto ha sido muy frecuente en la historia de Filipinas y en la de los ministerios recoletos. Las razones podían ser mu‑ chas, y los traslados múltiples a lo largo de los siglos. Alaminos, en Panga‑ sinán, por ejemplo, fue fundado por los recoletos en 1610 con el hombre de San José de Soyang; a mediados del siglo XVIII , el pueblo se trasladó junto al mar y pasó a llamarse San José de Casborran; después quedó reducido a cenizas en un incendio; se reedificó y el pueblo nuevo se llamó Sarapsap; en fin, en 1872 fue honrado con la visita del Gobernador General del Ar‑ chipiélago, Juan de Alaminos, y adoptó su nombre. Algo parecido se podría decir de Catmon, en Cebú; de Bonbon/Catarman, en Camiguín, y de tantos otros lugares. 270 pablo panedas 2. Edificios, calles y caminos Siguiendo el modelo español impuesto en América, la plaza es siempre el corazón del pueblo, de donde arranca la cuadrícula de calles trazadas a cordel. La preside la iglesia, con el convento3 o casa cural al lado. El ayunta‑ miento y las escuelas ocupan los otros lados. En el centro suele haber enor‑ mes acacias o narras, que en muchos casos se conservan hoy día. No eran éstas las únicas instalaciones que había que edificar. Por lo ge‑ neral, también se construía el cementerio, y se hacían otras obras de interés general, como el mercado o la cárcel. Una de las primeras cosas que solían tener en cuenta era procurar el agua. Tanto el agua de riego, para lo que tuvieron que construir canales kilométricos –por ejemplo, en Lazi (Siquijor)–. Como el agua potable, que muchas veces estaba muy distante o había que pagar a buen precio a los aguadores. En 1894, por ejemplo, el padre Francisco Gómez instaló en la plaza del pueblo de Siquijor una fuente de ocho caños. El agua venía cana‑ lizada por tubería de caña desde más de 6 km. de distancia4. Estaba después el capítulo de las comunicaciones, sin las cuales el pro‑ greso es imposible. Ello suponía construir puentes y calzadas hasta conectar cada pueblo con los vecinos.
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