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Studies in Airline and Aviation Efficiency DISSERTATION Studies in Airline and Aviation Efficiency DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yongha Park, M.A. Graduate Program in Geography The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Morton E. O’Kelly, Advisor Harvey J. Miller Ningchuan Xiao Copyrighted by Yongha Park 2017 Abstract Operations in air transportation systems are the consequence of complex interactions among passengers, operators, and policy makers, within their respective local and global contexts. This research investigates the aviation operations and passenger trip flows in air transportation networks by utilizing a variety of empirical sources at varying geographic scales. It focuses on two key aspects of airline/aircraft operations: operational efficiency, and the impacts of current operational practices on passenger trips. To explore the first topic, empirical assessments of aircraft operations in US and global aviation markets are conducted, based on aircraft fuel burn and operating cost performance models. These models are also utilized to examine the cost-efficient fleet configuration problem in an optimization framework. Seating configuration and flight length are observed as key factors differentiating the empirical aircraft fuel burn rates, across geographic markets and operating aircraft types. The resulting heterogeneity of aircraft operational efficiency is an empirical indication based on the current operational practices of airlines for their aircraft fleets and seating configurations, and should be considered as a substantial factor in current emission-related debates over airline carbon tax policies. Also, through a comparative analysis of cost-efficient fleets given the operational reality in the US aviation markets, the study demonstrates gaps between ii actual use and fleet deployments designed to minimize operating costs, suggesting that combining large and small aircraft to reduce operating costs is a viable alternative for a wide range of segment markets of varying sizes and lengths. To investigate the leverage of operational practices on passenger journeys, the differential roles of hub and local airports in the US aviation markets are focused. The author designed an air transport-focused OD synthesis model to predict US domestic and international passenger trips at a disaggregated level, by reconciling public and commercial air traffic databases within different geographic boundaries. This model is validated with empirical domestic trip samples. Also, sensitivity tests for the model’s core terms are conducted, which allow us to examine the possible range of prediction, particularly for international trips. The results show that the hub facilities’ roles are geographically uneven, functioning disproportionally for domestic and international connecting trips. For local airports, on the other hand, a bivariate accessibility measure is used to analyze spatio-temporal variations in trip demand and the trip efficiency of local passengers. Overall, the study demonstrates a vulnerability in service quality at the local airports, affected by airlines’ changeable routing strategies and local/global situations. The results also highlight the need to reevaluate the Essential Air Service (EAS) program, a subsidy policy for rural airports. iii Acknowledgments I would never have been able to finish my Ph.D. journey without the support and encouragement from many people around me. First and foremost, I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my adviser, Dr. Morton E. O’Kelly for his intellectual support, encouragement, and guidance throughout my graduate study at the Ohio State University. His passion to research and teaching has established a life-long standard for me to follow. My sincere gratitude also goes to my committee members, Drs. Ningchuan Xiao and Harvey J. Miller for their constructive comments and suggestions for valuable future research agendas. I am very grateful to all of my colleagues and friends for their encouragement and help. I will never forget the happy memories of our reunion trips. I would like to thank my parents, Byeong-Man Park and Chun-Ok Kim. They were always supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes. I always miss you. Finally, my special thanks go to my wife, Minkyung Koh, who is the best colleague and friend as well as the lovely woman of mine. My journey here could not have been possible without her endless support and dedication. iv Vita February 2001 ................................................Pyeong-taek Pubilc High school, Korea 2008................................................................B.A. Geography Education, Seoul National University, Korea 2010................................................................M.A. Geography Education, Seoul National University, Korea 2011 to present ..............................................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, USA v Publications Park, Y., O’Kelly, M.E. (2017). Origin-Destination Synthesis for Aviation Network Data: Examining Hub Operations in the Domestic and International US markets. Journal of Advanced Transportation. doi: 10.1002/atr.1459 Park, Y., O’Kelly, M.E. (2017). Examination of Cost-efficient Aircraft Fleets Using Empirical Operation Data in US Aviation Markets. Journal of Air Transport Management. doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.02.002. Park, Y., O’Kelly, M.E. (2016). Exploring Accessibility from Spatial Interaction Data: an Evaluation of the Essential Air Service (EAS) Program in the Contiguous US Air Transport System. Environment and Planning A, 49(4), 930-951. Park, Y., O’Kelly, M.E. (2014). Fuel Burn Rates of Commercial Passenger Aircraft: Variations by Seat Configuration and Stage Distance. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 137-147. Fields of Study Major Field: Geography vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The growing importance of air transport in urban interaction .................................. 1 1.2 Characteristics of air transportation systems ............................................................. 4 1.2.1 Operational practices of airlines ......................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Differential roles of airports in passenger journeys............................................ 5 1.3 Research objectives ................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Dissertation overview ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2: Fuel burn rates of commercial passenger aircraft: variations by seat configuration and stage distance ....................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11 vii 2.2 Related literature ..................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Data ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Data sources ...................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Examples of variations in seat density ............................................................. 19 2.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Results ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.5.1 The aggregate context of short-, medium-, and long-haul markets .................. 23 2.5.2 Fleet operation and variations of seat configurations ....................................... 25 2.5.3 The relationship between fuel use and stage distance ...................................... 28 2.6 Outliers of fuel use rate in long-haul market ........................................................... 30 2.7 Validation analysis .................................................................................................. 34 2.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3: Examination of cost-efficient aircraft fleets using empirical operation data in US aviation markets .......................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 40 3.2
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