Senior Thesis Writers in History
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Discovering the History of Measurement Through Words
CONTENT BASED TEACHING + PLURILINGUAL/CULTURAL AWARENESS CONBAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Gayane Hovhannisyan and Áine Furlong DISCOVERING THE HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT THROUGH WORDS WORKSHEET 4 Timing: 2 hours Material required: worksheet 3 Grouping: History of measurement From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1.a. Find synonyms (similar words) or explanations for each word in bold print: Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed measures for constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or exchanging food or raw materials. Earliest: Dwellings: Appropriate: Fashioning: Raw materials: 1.b. Something’s wrong! The spaces between the words have disappeared! Can you put a line between each word and re-write the sentences correctly? Theearliestsystemsofweightsandmeasuresseemtohavebeencreatedsometime betweenthe4thand3rdmillenniaBCbytheancientpeopleslivingbetweenEgyptand theIndusValley.Theeasternpeoplesachievedgreataccuracyinmeasuringlength,mass,andti me. 1.c. The weight units have been mixed up. Can you put them in the correct order? Check http://www.etymonline.com to discover the origin of the word ounce and why it is abbreviated as oz. The smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age was approximately 1.704mm. Weights were based on units of 100, 0.2, 500 , 20 , 2, 5, 10, 50 , 0.5 , 0.05, CONTENT BASED TEACHING + PLURILINGUAL/CULTURAL AWARENESS CONBAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Gayane Hovhannisyan and Áine Furlong 200, 1 and 0.1, with each unit weighing -
From Criminal to Citizen: How the Evolution of Public Opinion Won Gay Marriage in the Courtroom
From Criminal to Citizen: How The Evolution of Public Opinion Won Gay Marriage In The Courtroom Sabrina Singer Senior Thesis Department of History Barnard College, Columbia University Advisor: Robert McCaughey Singer 1 Prologue A warm tropical breeze brushed my face as I stood in the Miami Beach Botanical Gardens waiting for the mayor to begin. The crowd murmured with excitement, looking around at each other with anticipation as the sun set behind the palm trees. I glanced over at the couple I had met earlier in the evening. They were dressed in matching tuxedos, holding hands, waiting. The drag queen next to me shifted her weight back and forth, impatient. Then, finally, the speeches were over and the ceremonies could begin. The judge had only lifted the stay on gay marriage in the early hours of the morning, yet hundreds of gay couples lined-up to walk down the makeshift aisle to the hastily constructed altar to be married by the mayor. Dressed in suits, biking clothes, jean shorts, and bathing suits, couple after couple affirmed their love and commitment. Same-sex marriage had come to Florida. I had witnessed similar jubilation in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building two summers prior when the Court issued its momentous ruling in United States vs. Windsor, overturning the Defense of Marriage Act that had prevented the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriage. Beholding the relief and joy on the faces of the people swarming the steps of the Supreme Court building, I knew that I had chosen the right issue to believe in. -
Table of Contents
Division of Measurement Standards Department of Food and Agriculture FIELD REFERENCE MANUAL 2014 California Code of Regulation Title 4, Division 9 Chapter 1 National Uniformity, Exceptions and Additions Part 7: NIST Handbook 44 Appendices A through D CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER This document represents the Division of Measurement Standards’ field manual for enforcing regulations pertaining to weights and measures in California. This field manual is not to be considered as the official Code of Regulations, as published by Barclays Law Publishers. NOTE: Language in Handbook 44 that is not adopted is annotated “[NOT ADOPTED]” in this document. NOTE: Requirements are different than, or in addition to, the requirements of Handbook 44 are included in the appropriate section this document. They are shaded, bordered, and numbered in the 4002 series to differentiate them from the Handbook 44 requirements. To find the latest online version of the California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 4, Division 9, visit the California Office of Administration Law at: http://ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/default.asp?SP=CCR-1000&Action=Welcome The CCR may also be accessed at http://oal.ca.gov/ by selecting the link Titled “California Code of Regulations” under the list of “Sponsored Links” in the left column on the OAL Home page. For information concerning the contents of this document, please contact the Division of Measurement Standards by e-mail at [email protected]. Links to NIST Handbook 44 (2014 Edition) - Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices as adopted by the 98th National Conference on Weights and Measures 2013 are available for viewing and downloading by simultaneously holding the “Ctrl” key and clicking the mouse on the desired format. -
The History of Measurements
Helicobacter pylori Some Historical Units of Measurement History of Measurement • Objects were initially measured for convenience, to aid commerce and prevent fraud. • The Egyptians among other civilizations were the first to begin recording measurements around 3200 BC. • Early measurement units were based on body parts or common objects. Historical Units of Length and their equivalence chart ➢ Digit: the breadth of a finger (Egyptian) ➢ Barleycorn: the length of a barleycorn seed ➢ Inch: the width of a man’s thumb or 3 barleycorns ➢ Foot: the length of a man’s foot ➢ Cubit: elbow to fingertip length (Egyptian) ➢ Yard: nose to fingertip length ➢ Mile: 5000 pedes (feet, Roman) ➢ League: 7500 pedes Historical Units of Mass/Volume and their equivalence chart ➢ Grain: the weight of a grain of wheat or barleycorn ➢ Pound (libra): ~5000 grains (Roman) or ~7000 grains (English) ➢ Talent: 100 libra ➢ Stone: 14 pounds (English/British) ➢ Troy Ounce: 1/12 of a pound ➢ Carat: weight of a carob seed The Cubit The cubit is the measure from your elbow to the tip of your middle finger when your arm is extended. The cubit was the measurement used by the Egyptians to build the pyramids. The Palm The palm is the width of your four fingers when they are placed together. The Fathom The fathom is the measure from fingertip to fingertip when your arms are stretched sideways as far as they will go. The fathom was used by sailors to measure the depth of water so that boats would not run aground. The Hand-span The hand-span is the measure from the tip of your pinky to the tip of your thumb when your hand is stretched out. -
When the Periphery Became More Central: from Colonial Pact to Liberal Nationalism in Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914 Steven Topik
When the Periphery Became More Central: From Colonial Pact to Liberal Nationalism in Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914 Steven Topik Introduction The Global Economic History Network has concentrated on examining the “Great Divergence” between Europe and Asia, but recognizes that the Americas also played a major role in the development of the world economy. Ken Pomeranz noted, as had Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx before him, the role of the Americas in supplying the silver and gold that Europeans used to purchase Asian luxury goods.1 Smith wrote about the great importance of colonies2. Marx and Engels, writing almost a century later, noted: "The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America [north and south] trade with the colonies, ... gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known. "3 Many students of the world economy date the beginning of the world economy from the European “discovery” or “encounter” of the “New World”) 4 1 Ken Pomeranz, The Great Divergence , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000:264- 285) 2 Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776, rpt. Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 1998) noted (p. 643) “The colony of a civilized nation which takes possession, either of a waste country or of one so thinly inhabited, that the natives easily give place to the new settlers, advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society.” The Americas by supplying silver and “by opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art….The productive power of labour was improved.” p. -
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS © 2019, 2004, 1990 by David A
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS © 2019, 2004, 1990 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT Measurement was among one of the first intellectual achievements of early humans. People learned to measure centuries before they learned how to write and it was through measurement that people learned to count. People of the Peking and Neanderthal periods had implements constructed from materials individually determined to be the right length or weight for a particular purpose. A tool that worked well became the model and standard for another. (See Figure 1) To measure distance, they used their fingers, hands, arms, legs, etc... Measurement of weights were based on use of certain containers or what a person or beast could haul. Each unit was separate and unrelated since their ability to count was not developed. Figure 1. A stone ax and stones cut to the same size by comparison Since humans have ten fingers, we learned to count measurements from the Hittite by tens, and ways were soon found to relate units to Museum in Cappadocia, Turkey. each other. Some of the most well known of the early units of measurement were: inch - the width of the thumb. digit - the width of the middle finger (about 3/4 inch) palm - the width of four fingers (about 3 inches) span - the distance covered by the spread hand (about 9 inches) foot - the length of the foot. Later expressed as the length of 36 -barleycorns taken from the middle of the ear (about 12 inches). cubit - distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger (about 18 inches). -
S2-History Readings
DOCUMENT 10-A “Life on the Sea Islands” Charlotte Forten Atlantic Monthly, (May 1864) ... Te school was opened in September. Many of the children had, however, received instruction during the summer. It was evident that they had made very rapid improvement, and we noticed with pleasure how bright and eager to learn many of them seemed... ... Te first day at school was rather trying. Most of my children were very small, and consequently restless. Some were too young to learn the alphabet. Tese little ones were brought to school because the older children — in whose care their parents leave them while at work — could not come without them. We were therefore willing to have them come, although they seemed to have discovered the secret of perpetual motion, and tried one’s patience sadly. But after some days of positive, though not severe treatment, order was brought out of chaos, and I found but little difficulty in managing and quieting the tiniest and most restless spirits. I never before saw children so eager to learn, although I had had several years’ experience in New England schools. Coming to school is a constant delight and recreation to them. Tey come here as other children go to play. Te older ones, during the summer, work in the fields from early morning until eleven or twelve o’clock, and then come into school, after their hard toil in the hot sun, as bright and as anxious to learn as ever. Of course there are some stupid ones, but these are the minority. Te majority learn with wonderful rapidity. -
Drag at Male College and University Campuses During the Progressive Era
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE College Chorus “Girls:” Drag at Male College and University Campuses During the Progressive Era A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education by Danielle Mireles June 2017 Thesis Committee: Dr. Begoña Echeverria, Co-Chairperson Dr. Margaret Nash, Co-Chairperson Dr. John Wills Copyright by Danielle Mireles 2017 The Thesis of Danielle Mireles is approved by: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Committee Co-Chairperson _____________________________________________________ Committee Co-Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Margaret Nash for her continuous support, generous guidance, and encouragement throughout every stage of this process. Her expertise has been an invaluable resource and I am greatly indebted to her. I sincerely thank Dr. Begoña Echeverria and Dr. John Wills for serving as members on my committee, their time, and their flexibility. I also want to thank the Graduate Student Writing Center, Micki Lin, Kyle McMillen and other members of my cohort for proofreading, listening, and assisting me in refining this manuscript. iv Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 “I am not gay, I just like pearls:” Gender in Progressive Era America .......................... 7 Historiography ............................................................................................................. -
Nbs Metric Publications
] 10 11 12 13 14 15 National Bureau of Standards from the *Joz (jood WleaAure Washington, D. C. 20234 2 3 5 inches I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f I I I I I I I I I ihhlilililili I I I I I 6. 10 11 12 13 14 15 7oz $ood VHeatuze from the National Bureau of Standa rds Washington, D. C. inches 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I lllllhlllllll 'lllllllll JiIiIUjI, llllh Lt-I 1 I I 1 1 1 UjJUJUJLlIj . S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ational Bureau of Standards NBS Special Publication 365 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards NBS Special Publication 365 ashington. D. C. 20234 Revised May 1976 CO: METRIC CONVERSION CARD Washington, D. C. 20234 Revised May 1976 CO: METRIC CONVERSION CARD Approximate Conversions to Metric Measures Metric Measures ymbol When Yuu Know Multiply by To Find Symbo Approximate Conversions to LENGTH When You Kn To Find Symbol 1 1 \t.i;i inn inches 2.5 centimeters cm in inches 2.5 centimeters cm lit feet 30 centimeters cm ft feet 30 centimeters cm idrd yards 0.9 meters m yd yards 0.9 meters m ' ni miles 1.6 kilometers km AREA mi miles 1.6 kilometers km AREA .<n' square inches 6.5 2 CD: square centimeters cm 2 CO in square inches 6.5 square centimeters cm" k¥ square feet 0.09 square meters m" 2 J 2 ft square feet 0.09 square meters m ,d square yards 0.8 square meters m* 2 2 1' yd square yards 0.8 square meters m «ini" square miles 2.6 square kilometers km 2 mi2 square miles 2.6 square kilometers km acres 0.4 hectares ha in: acres 0.4 hectares ha lO: MASS (we Rht) MASS (weight) miz ounces 28 grams g oz ounces 28 grams lib pounds 0.45 kilograms kg lb pounds 0.45 kilograms kg short tons 0.9 metric ton t short tons 0.9 metric ton t (2000 lb) VOLUME (20001b) VOLUME ;P teaspoons 5 milliliters ml. -
Qua~Er Thought and Life Today
Qua~er Thought and Life Today VOLUME 10 JUNE 15, 1964 NUMBER 12 @uR period h"' dedded Painter of Peaceable Kingdoms for a secular world. That was by Walter Teller a great and much-needed deci sion . .. It gave consecration and holiness to our daily life and work. Yet it excluded those deep things for which UN Experiments in Peacekeeping religion stands: the feeling for by Robert H. Cory, Jr. the inexhaustible mystery of life, the grip of an ultimate meaning of existence, and the invincible power of an uncon A Fable for Friends drtional devotion. These things cannot be excluded. If by James J. Pinney we try to expel them in their divine images, they re-emerge in demonic images. - PAUL TILLICH What About Irish Friends? by Helen F. Campbell Civil DisobediJence: A Student View THIRTY CENTS $5.00 A YEAR Letter from England 266 · FRIENDS JOURNAL June 15, 1964 Civil Disobedience-A Student View FRIENDS JOURNAL (A report by Friends' Select School seniors) N three occasions early this spring, Friends' Select School 0 in Philadelphia was presented with the gentle challenge of George Lakey, secretary of the Friends' Peace Committee. A most effective speaker, he was immediately popular, even with those who radically disapproved of his viewpoint. He attempted an explanation and defense of nonviolent civil dis obedience, both as a social tactic and as an individual ethic, illustrating his talks with such profound examples as his own Published semimonthly, on the first and fifteenth of each recent experiences in Albany, Georgia. month, at 1515 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PennSYlvania 19102, by Friends Publishing Corporation (LO 3-7669). -
History of Measurement
BUILDING INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY ACADEMY: YEAR ONE CURRICULUM Short History of Measurement Directions: Working with a partner read the following statements concerning the history of our modern measurement terms. Clues to solving each statement are contained within each statement and the measurement vocabulary can be found in the Word Bank below. yard inch cubit kerosene acre hand foot metric system tobacco 1. This measurement of approximately 4 inches is still used to calculate how tall a horse is. It is the ______________________________. 2. Tired of relying on the length of the previous king’s girdles in determining the length of this unit of measurement, Henry the First decreed: “Henceforth, the shall be the distance from the tip of my nose to the tip of my thumb.” 3. The most common unit of measurement in the United States, the Romans referred to it as “one- twelfth of a foot.” It roughly equals the width of a person’s thumb, but since 1959, the has officially equaled 2.54 Dcentimeters. 4. In 1812, Napoleon noted that the French people were still clinging to traditional units of measurement; even though the was officially adopted by the French government in 1795. This system of Dmeasurement originally derived its name from the Greek word “metron”, meaning “measure”. Today it is also known by the initials SI, or System International, and was legalized in the United States in 1866. 5. The is one of the earliest known units of measurement. It was the standard unit of measurement for thousands of years in many civilizations, though it has widely gone out of popular use today. -
Gay Political Activism in Washington, DC, 1961-1973 Peter Bonds James Madison University
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2016 Stonewall on the Potomac: Gay political activism in Washington, DC, 1961-1973 Peter Bonds James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Bonds, Peter, "Stonewall on the Potomac: Gay political activism in Washington, DC, 1961-1973" (2016). Masters Theses. 455. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/455 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stonewall on the Potomac: Gay Political Activism in Washington, DC, 1961-1973 Peter Bonds A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History May 2016 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Dr. Evan Friss Committee Members/ Readers: Dr. Emily Westkaemper Dr. Christian Davis Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the tremendous help I received from the Historical Society of Washington, and Philip Clark of its Rainbow History Project. In addition, I owe a debt of gratitude to Paul Kuntzler, who was kind enough to let me interview him about his years of experience on the front lines of gay political activism in Washington, DC. Finally, thank you to my incredible friends and family, Ashley, Anthony, Bruce, Cameron, Karl, Kyle, Michael, Patrick, Mom, Dad, and Andrew, I would never have finished this without your love and support.