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Drusius Dissertatie.Indd De nieuwtestamentische commentaren van Johannes Drusius (1550-1616) Korteweg, P. Citation Korteweg, P. (2006, October 25). De nieuwtestamentische commentaren van Johannes Drusius (1550-1616). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4953 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral License: thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4953 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). DE NIEUWTESTAMENTISCHE COMMENTAREN VAN JOHANNES DRUSIUS (1550-1616) De nieuwtestamentische commentaren van Johannes Drusius (1550-1616) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 25 oktober 2006 klokke 13.45 uur door PETER KORTEWEG geboren te Geertruidenberg in 1969 Melissant 2006 Promotiecommissie: promotor: prof. dr. H.J. de Jonge referent: dr. J. Tromp overige leden: prof. dr. A. van der Kooij prof. dr. A. de Reuver, Universiteit Utrecht prof. dr. E.G.E. van der Wall ISBN-10: 90-811081-1-5 ISBN-13: 978-90-811081-1-9 JOHANNES DRUSIUS (1550-1616) (foto: Iconografisch Bureau, ’s-Gravenhage) 6 INHOUDSOPGAVE Woord vooraf 9 Inleiding Johannes Drusius 11 Het gangbare beeld: Drusius als late humanist 12 1. L. Fuks 13 2. J.C.H. Lebram 14 3. H.J. de Jonge 16 4. A.L. Katchen 17 5. Evaluatie 18 Begrenzing 19 Indeling 19 1. Christelijke hebraïstiek 1. Christelijke hebraïstiek in renaissance en humanisme 21 2. De studie van de bijbel in de hoge middeleeuwen en de scholastiek 23 3. Humanistische filologie van de bijbel en systematische theologie 25 4. Motieven voor de christelijke hebraïstiek 27 5. Letterlijk-historische exegese ten dienste van theologie en kerk 29 2. Johannes Drusius Inleiding 31 1. Jeugd en opleiding, 1550-1567 32 2. Engelse periode, 1567-1576 34 3. Leidse periode, 1577-1585 35 4. Franeker periode, 1585-1616 38 3. Annotaties 1. Het genre annotationes 45 2. Drusius en de bijbelvertaling 51 3. Drusius’ annotaties op het Nieuwe Testament 52 1. Ad voces Hebraicas Novi Testamenti commentarius 52 2. Ad voces Ebraicas Novi Foederis commentarius 53 3. Annotationum in totum Jesu Christi Testamentum, sive praeteritorum libri decem 53 4. Annotationum in Novum Testamentum pars altera 56 7 4. Drusius’ nieuwtestamentische commentaren Inleiding 57 1. Filologische aantekeningen 58 1. Visie op de talen 58 2. Semitische talen 59 3. Bijbelse passages in de grondtaal 60 4. Joods exegetisch materiaal 60 5. Oude vertalingen 61 6. Niet-christelijke auteurs 62 7. Oude christelijke en patristische auteurs 63 8. Contemporaine auteurs 65 9. Historische achtergronden 67 10. Tekstuele kwesties 68 11. Stijlfiguren en spreekwoorden 70 12. Aantekeningen van andere aard 70 2. Persoonlijk getinte uitlatingen 71 3. Theologische aantekeningen 73 5. Verhouding van filologie tot theologie Inleiding 77 1. Nieuwtestamentische commentaren 77 2. Overige geschriften 79 Conclusies 83 Appendix 1. Excerpten uit werken van Drusius betreffende zijn visie op de verhouding filologie – theologie 87 Appendix 2. Inventaris van Drusius’ correspondentie 101 Index op deze correspondentie 122 Appendix 3. Lijst van Drusius’ werken 129 Geraadpleegde literatuur Afkortingen 137 Bronnen tot 1800 137 Overige literatuur 143 Index 159 Summary 171 Curriculum vitae 175 8 Woord vooraf Graag wil ik mijn erkentelijkheid uitspreken jegens enige personen die hebben bijgedragen aan de totstandkoming van dit proefschrift: prof. dr. A. de Reuver, dr. W.J. van Asselt, dr. P.W. van Boxel, prof. dr. W.J. op ’t Hof, drs. P.E. van der Dussen, mr. F.P. Visser, drs. S.J. van den Brink, dr. A. Goudriaan, F.W. Huisman, de leden van het Werkgezelschap Promovendi Gereformeerd Protestantisme te Utrecht, M.H.H. Engels, dr. J. van Sluis, dr. J.A. Gruys, dr. D.K.W. van Miert en M. Hervé Genton, licencié en lettres te Genève. De heer drs. C. van Haaften te Utrecht dank ik voor het verzorgen van de Engelse samenvatting. Ten slotte noem ik hier met dankbaarheid mijn ouders, mijn schoonouders en mijn vrouw Maartje. 9 10 Inleiding Johannes Drusius Johannes Drusius (1550-1616) was zonder enige twijfel ‘un fort docte personnage parmi les protestants’, zoals Pierre Bayle hem in zijn Dictionnaire historique et critique noemde.1 Drusius’ grote geleerdheid, met name op het gebied van de joodse studiën, is tot uitdrukking gekomen in een uitgebreid aantal wetenschappelijke geschriften van zijn hand. Deze hebben het licht gezien vanaf 1581 tot ver na zijn dood in 1616.2 De meeste van zijn werken werden waardig gekeurd opgenomen te worden in de Critici sacri, een selectie van de waardevolste filologische commentaren op de bijbel uit de vijftiende tot de zeventiende eeuw uit heel West-Europa, voor het eerst uitgegeven te Londen in 1660.3 1 P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, Nouvelle édition augmentée de notes extraites de Chaufepié, Joly, La Monnoie, Leduchat, L.-J. Leclerc, Prosper Marchand, Paris 1820-1824, Tome VI, 28 s.v. Drusius. Bayle (1647- 1706), Frans refugié in de Republiek, publiceerde de eerste editie van zijn Dictionnaire in 1695-1697. 2 Drusius’ De particulis rabbinicis verscheen nog in 1702 in de Analecta rabbinica van Adriaan Reland (1676- 1718), die voorts in 1707 Drusius’ Tetragrammaton opnieuw publiceerde. Drusius’ De Hasidaeis werd in 1703 opnieuw uitgegeven door Jacobus Trigland jr. (1652-1705) in zijn Trium scriptorum illustrium de tribus sectis Judaeorum syntagma, Delft 1703. Zie voor Reland, hoogleraar Oosterse talen te Utrecht van 1701 tot 1718: ‘Een bescheiden onderkomen’. Historisch overzicht van de studie van de Oosterse talen en kulturen aan de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, Vakgroep Oosterse Talen en Kulturen, Utrecht 1981, 11-16; J. van Amersfoort, W.J. van Asselt, Liever Turks dan Paaps? De visies van Johannes Coccejus, Gisbertus Voetius en Adrianus Relandus op de Islam, Zoetermeer 1997, 12, 23-28; J. van Amersfoort, ‘Adrianus Reland als filoloog en godsdiensthistoricus’, in: A. de Groot, O.J. de Jong (red.), Vier eeuwen theologie in Utrecht. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van de theologische faculteit aan de Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht 2001, 131-140. Zie voor Trigland jr., hoogleraar theologie te Leiden van 1686 tot 1705: F.S. Knipscheer, in: NNBW, deel 6, Leiden 1924, 1284. Over de abominabele kwaliteit van Triglands heruitgave, zie J. Bernays, Joseph Justus Scaliger, Berlin 1855, 207. 3 De Critici sacri werden heruitgegeven te Frankfurt in 1695 en te Amsterdam in 1698. 11 De gezaghebbende Franse criticus Richard Simon (1638-1712) noemde Drusius zelfs de geleerdste en voornaamste exegeet die in de Critici sacri was opgenomen, en wel vanwege zijn enorme kennis van de Hebreeuwse en rabbijnse literatuur, de oude vertalingen van de bijbel en de kerkvaders.4 Drusius is een groot deel van zijn leven professor in de oosterse talen aan de universiteit van Franeker geweest. Hij heeft als geleerde een belangrijke positie ingenomen in het academisch bedrijf van zijn tijd. Vanuit vele West-Europese landen kwamen studenten naar Franeker om daar aan de Academie zijn onderwijs te volgen. Drusius is vanaf het eerste uur van deze universiteit (1585) aan deze instelling verbonden geweest en heeft aanzienlijk bijgedragen aan de opgang van deze Academie en de goede naam die zij aan het begin van de zeventiende eeuw verwierf. Toch is er betrekkelijk weinig wetenschappelijk onderzoek gewijd aan de geschriften en opvattingen van Drusius. Wel is er onderzoek verricht naar de christelijke hebraïstiek in het algemeen, zowel die in de Republiek als die in andere landen, maar de plaats van Drusius daarin is hoofdzakelijk summier beschreven. In de volgende paragraaf wordt een overzicht gegeven van de studiën die eerder verricht zijn naar de wetenschappelijke uitgangspunten van Drusius. Daarin vindt men het gangbare beeld van Drusius als late humanist. Er is hier echter wel een beperking aangelegd. De studies die vooral biografisch van aard zijn, en daar vallen ook de artikelen in de handboeken onder, worden hier niet besproken. Zij krijgen hun plaats aan het begin van hoofdstuk twee, waar een biografie van Drusius geboden wordt. De onderzoeken die gewijd zijn aan de totstandkoming van de Statenvertaling en de betrokkenheid van Drusius daarbij, komen aan de orde in hoofdstuk drie. Het gangbare beeld: Drusius als late humanist Toen Bayle in zijn lexicografische artikel Drusius beschreef, deed hij dat congeniaal. Hij legde vooral de nadruk op Drusius als grammaticus en linguïst. Bayle rechtvaardigde deze visie op Drusius met een citaat uit Drusius’ Tetragrammaton: ‘Ik ben geen theoloog. Ik weet niet of ik kan volhouden dat ik grammaticus ben, zoals mij denigrerend wordt voorgeworpen.’5 Dat betekent overigens dat de theologische tegenstanders van Drusius door Bayle negatiever beoordeeld werden. Hij waardeerde speciaal Drusius’ historische en filologische attitude. Volgens Bayle heeft Drusius namelijk primair de geschiedenis en de grammatica bestudeerd, 4 Voor het oordeel van Simon, zie: Joh.H. Maius (professor theologie te Giessen, 1653-1719), ‘Praefatio eivsagw,gikh in Synopsin criticorum’, in M. Polus, Synopsis criticorum aliorumque Sacrae Scripturae interpretum et commentatorum, Frankfurt 16943, fo. ****2ro-vo. 5 ‘Non sum theologus: an grammatici nomen, quod aliquando probrose mihi objectum, tueri possim nescio.’ Dit citaat is reeds te vinden bij [A. Curiander,] Vitae operumque Ioh. Drusii editorum et nondum editorum, delineatio, et tituli, Franeker, 1616, 21. Het is een deel van Drusius’ antwoord op een vraag van een student over de betekenis van een bijbeltekst. Drusius vervolgt: ‘Amici quos nosti, negant, ego non contradico. Quid igitur es, inquies? Christianus sum, filalhqh,j sum, qui scribendo proficio, et proficiendo scribo’, Tetragrammaton, 81. Dit citaat wordt door H.J. de Jonge gebruikt om te demonstreren dat het onderscheid tussen de filologische en de theologische werkwijze zeventiende-eeuwse exegeten wel degelijk bekend was. H.J. de Jonge, ‘The Study of the New Testament.
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