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Scholastic Discourse Johannes Maccovius (1588–1644) on Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules

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Scholastic Discourse Johannes Maccovius (1588–1644) on Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules Scholastic Discourse Johannes Maccovius (1588–1644) on Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules Publicaties van het Instituut voor Reformatieonderzoek Publications of the Institute for Reformation Research Editor William den Boer PIRef 4 Instituut voor Reformatieonderzoek Apeldoorn 2009 Scholastic Discourse Johannes Maccovius (1588–1644) on Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules Willem J. van Asselt Michael D. Bell Gert van den Brink Rein Ferwerda Instituut voor Reformatieonderzoek Apeldoorn 2009 © Instituut voor Reformatieonderzoek Apeldoorn 2009 (Theologische Universiteit Apeldoorn) ISBN 978-90-79771-05-9 NUR 704 On the cover: University of Franeker, ca. 1700, in: Andries Schoemaker, ‘Be- schrijving van Friesland’. Ms 998 Tresoar, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Printed by: Drukkerij Verloop, Alblasserdam, The Netherlands Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enige andere manier, zonder vooraf- gaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recor- ding or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Preface One of the best ways to acquaint oneself with an unfamiliar (or even suppos- edly familiar) view is to allow its advocates to speak for themselves. This book by Johannes Maccovius (1588-1644) does just that; it presents a new critical Latin edition and an English translation of his seminal work on theological and philosophical distinctions. During most of the seventeenth century it was used as a classroom book at Reformed universities and academies from England to Transylvania. The present volume fulfils the urgent need for an English translation of Maccovius’ treatise. Moreover, it provides an answer to the question: What did the seventeenth-century scholastic discourse in theology and philosophy mean in its own context? Following Quentin Skinner, the Cambridge historian and philosopher, the authors of this volume emphasize that when reading an histo- rical text, one should not simply ask what the writer of the text was saying; one must also, and more importantly, ask what the writer was doing. By applying this principle to the study of Maccovius’ writings, especially his Distinctiones, we are able to think anew about why the Reformed scholastics in general and Maccovius in particular, organized their thoughts and writings in a certain way, why they developed a certain vocabulary, and why certain argu- ments were particularly popular. Maccovius presents us the main topics of early seventeenth century Reformed theology and its basic conceptual frame- work and tools. Therefore, Maccovius’ Distinctiones still are immensely helpful for students of Post-Reformation theology who try to understand Maccovius and his contemporaries in light of their own concerns, vocabulary and context. The English translation of this work will allow greater access to a very critical corpus of writings that has nowadays become obscure to most of us. The present book is the outcome of several years of scholarship on the works of Johannes Maccovius by individuals in Europe and the United States of VI [Geef tekst op] Scholastic Discourse America. The authors all share a passion for Maccovius’ scholastic enterprise. Thus, prof. Michael Bell, theologian and church historian (formerly at West- minster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia), wrote his doctoral dissertation on Maccovius’ teaching on predestination in 1986. Prof. Willem van Asselt, theologian and church historian at Utrecht University and the Evangelical Theological Faculty, Louvain, published several articles on Maccovius’ writings. Mr. Gert van den Brink, a Ph.D. candidate at Utrecht University, published on Herman Witsius. The classical scholar dr. Rein Ferwerda took care of the disen- tanglement of the often difficult and terse scholastic Latin of both Arnoldus and Maccovius. We are grateful to the Research Group Classical Reformed Theology (Werk- gezelschap oude Gereformeerde Theologie) in Utrecht for a critical reading of the manuscript and to drs. Gerben Groenewoud, retired associate professor of Medieval Philosophy at the Free University of Amsterdam, for correcting the English translation of the Distinctiones Finally, we must express our gratitude to dr. William den Boer of the Theo- logical University of Apeldoorn for his editing of this volume and accepting it in the Apeldoorn series PIRef (Publications of the Institute for Reformation Re- search). The authors Utrecht, Fall 2008 Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................. V Translators’ Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Johannis Maccovii: Distinctiones et Regulæ Theologicæ ac Philosophicæ ......... 40 Johannes Maccovius: Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules ..... 41 [Dedicatio] ..................................................................................................................... 42 [Dedication] ................................................................................................................... 43 Ad Lectorem ................................................................................................................... 50 To the Reader ................................................................................................................. 51 Index Capitum ............................................................................................................... 52 Index of Chapters .......................................................................................................... 53 Johannis Maccovii Distinctiones Theologicæ ........................................................... 54 The Theological Distinctions of Johannes Maccovius ............................................. 55 Centuria Distinctionum Generalissimarum ............................................................ 288 A Hundredfold Most General Distinctions .............................................................. 289 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 365 Index of Names and Places ...................................................................................... 371 Index of Subjects ...................................................................................................... 376 Translators’ Introduction What the Angelic doctor, the subtle mystic, the profound poet and the chief master or all the other scholastics have ever said: the one and only Makowsky now at last has bequeathed it to posterity.1 1. Present state of Maccovius Research In ecclesiastical historiography the Polish aristocrat and theologian Jan Ma- kowsky (1588–1644) – who Latinized his name as Johannes Maccovius – does not rank among the most popular theologians of the seventeenth century.2 Many textbooks on the history of theology include references to him as a super- scholastic whose defense of scholastic method and logical distinctions in theol- ogy engendered an excessive form of ‘rationalism’ resulting in an extreme emphasis upon the doctrine of predestination, which was seen as a perversion of the ‘biblical theology’ of the reformers. Authors like W.B.S. Boeles, Paul Al- thaus, Otto Ritschl, Otto Weber, G.C. Berkouwer, and Keith L. Sprunger, to name just a few, time and again used Maccovius as a sort of ‘whipping boy’ in order to express their own aversion of the scholastic method and logic in Post- Reformation Reformed theology. According to these authors, the introduction of the scholastic method by authors like Maccovius implied a substantial modi- fication of the theological framework, which the Reformation theologians had 3 set forth in their works. 1 Part of a poem on Maccovius by his pupil Andreas Petri, in: MACCOVIUS, Loci Communes (1650): ‘Angelicus ille doctor, subtilis ille mysta; profundus ille vates; magister ille primus, Scholastici vel omnes dixere quicquid unquam: id unus hic Makousky iam posteris relinquit’ (references to Thomas Aquinas, Johannes Duns Scotus, Thomas Bradwardine and Peter Lombard?). 2 According to the custom of his days there is a great variety in spelling his name. In Polish: Makkowski, Makowsky, Makowski, Makousky, Makouski. In the Album of the university of Franeker he was matriculated as Johannes Makowsky. His Latin name is also spelled different- ly: Makkovius, Mackovius, Makovius, Maccovius, Maccowius etc. He himself always used the Latin name Maccovius. 3 BOELES, Hoogeschool 2, 90–94 refers to Maccovius as ‘Calvinista tam rigidus et paradoxus, ut aliis rigidis displiceret’; ALTHAUS, Prinzipien, 262–265; RITSCHL, Dogmengeschichte 3, 306–310; WEBER, 2 Scholastic Discourse Nevertheless, this negative attitude toward Maccovius’ theological work was not universal. Theologians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were much more positive.4 John Owen, for example, wrote of him as being ‘judicious’ and as ‘the veteran leader, so well trained to the scholastic field.’5 And when Richard Baxter claimed that Maccovius’ arguments (in the case of justification) were ‘weak
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